ABSTRACT The objective of the paper was to propose a new business model for an open innovation pl... more ABSTRACT The objective of the paper was to propose a new business model for an open innovation platform especially geared to the mobile phone sector in developing countries. Open innovation has in many cases proven to be a superior means to innovate, but in developing countries open innovation has so far been utilized only scantly. The ways to use open innovation that have been successful in developed countries can not directly be used in developing countries. Thus, a new business model is proposed. Increased potential in innovation development and penetration of mobile phones in developing countries are discussed in the paper. The proposed platform will offer both indirect and direct financial benefits. Indirect benefits are attained as the service provider operating the platform is able to develop new and better services based on a better understanding of its customer needs. Direct financial benefits take the form of revenue from advertisements on the platform, subscriber fees, and commissions from trading done by using the platform. Initial investment costs of the platform as well as platform maintenance and promotion costs are considered in the paper. It seems very likely that the business model of the open innovation platform would be profitable. Challenges faced by open innovation platforms are pointed out.
A living lab is a physical or virtual space in which to solve societal challenges, especially for... more A living lab is a physical or virtual space in which to solve societal challenges, especially for urban areas, by bringing together various stakeholders for collaboration and collective ideation. Although the notion has received increasing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy makers, its essence remains unclear to many. We therefore performed a systematic literature review of a sample of 114 scholarly articles about living labs to understand the central facets discussed in the nascent literature. In particular, we explored the origin of the living lab concept and its key paradigms and characteristics, including stakeholder roles, contexts, challenges, main outcomes, and sustainability. While doing this, we discovered that the number of publications about living labs has increased significantly since 2015, and several journals are very active in publishing articles on the topic. The living lab is considered a multidisciplinary phenomenon and it encompasses various research domains despite typically being discussed under open and user innovation paradigms. What is more, the existing literature views living labs simultaneously as landscapes, real-life environments, and methodologies, and it suggests that they include heterogeneous stakeholders and apply various business models, methods, tools and approaches. Finally, living labs face some challenges, such as temporality, governance, efficiency, user recruitment, sustainability, scalability and unpredictable outcomes. In contrast, the benefits include tangible and intangible innovation and a broader diversity of innovation. Based on our analysis, we provide some implications and suggestions for future research.
This study aims to review the frugal innovation literature in order to understand the main source... more This study aims to review the frugal innovation literature in order to understand the main sources, theories, and overlapping concepts, as well as the input, success factors, impeding factors, and output of frugal innovations (FIs). A systematic research approach was applied in this study to synthesize the frugal innovation literature. Using a standard research review protocol, 101 relevant articles were extracted from 11 publication databases. We found that even though frugal innovation literature is in an embryonic stage there are over a dozen of definitions of it. This study analyses various definition of frugal innovation. The FI concept overlaps with a large number of other concepts, thus hindering the pace of FI research. Combining many overlapping concepts into one-frugal innovation-would help to develop frugal innovation as a well-established discipline. The theoretical development of frugal innovation discipline is still in an early stage. Hence, theory-driven studies are necessary. FIs are emerging from numerous sources as such exploring it from various levels and units of analysis are important. FI requires a significant change in a firm's approach to innovation. It plays an important role in sustainability. Based on the analysis of the extant frugal innovation literature, this study points out research agenda.
The objective of this study is to identify motivations, challenges, and opportunities of successf... more The objective of this study is to identify motivations, challenges, and opportunities of successful solvers participating in virtual teams of innovation contests (ICs) organized by an innovation intermediary. Based on 82 interviews of successful solvers, this study provides novel insights into ICs. The main motivational factors of successful solvers engaged in problem solving are money, learning, fun, sense of achievement, passion, and networking. Major challenges solvers face include unclear or insufficient problem description, lack of option for communication, language barrier, time zone differences, difficulties in finding suitable team members, framing the results, and difficulties in becoming quick learners and team players. Despite challenges, solvers have many opportunities, such as diversified knowledge, learning culture, developing a different way of thinking, gaining insights from other experts, the ability to work in a diverse environment, options of work after retirement and from distant locations, and a new source of income.
This study aims at mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon. The study reveals that scholars affi... more This study aims at mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon. The study reveals that scholars affiliated with Indian institutes and originated from India have played a key role in this research discipline. Country wise, the highest number of frugal innovation cases is from India. The articles on frugal innovation have published in a wide range of disciplines and journals. Scholars, practitioners, and policy-makers have understood frugal innovation concept in various ways. Studies are predominantly in sectors, such as healthcare, electric and electronics, transport, finance, ICT, and energy. On the contrary, despite high importance, agriculture and education sectors have received limited attention.
Digital platforms, along with their supporting tools and features, have emerged as important enab... more Digital platforms, along with their supporting tools and features, have emerged as important enablers for firms to leverage distributed knowledge (Sedera et al., 2016), because they offer new ways for organizations to collaborate with the external environment for ideas, technologies, and knowledge. Indeed, studies have explored efforts to promote such collaboration on digital platforms with various popular names, such as crowdsourcing platforms (Afuah & Tucci, 2012), open innovation platforms (Frey et al., 2011), and online marketplaces (Dushnitsky & Klueter, 2011). Among others, the open innovation phenomenon highlights that these platforms have a far-reaching impact on how various parties innovate together through alliances, networks, and ecosystems (West & Bogers, 2014). This impact is observable in the explosive surge in the popularity over the last decade of digital platforms for research and development (R&D), idea generation, prediction, freelance work, peer production, co-creation, product design, and public engagement, to name but a few. For example, Dell’s IdeaStorm (Hossain & Islam, 2015a) and Starbucks’ MyStarbucksIdea (Hossain & Islam, 2015b) are two digital crowdsourcing platforms that are used to engage crowds to solicit ideas from them (Bayus, 2013; Chua & Banerjee, 2013). Moreover, intermediary platforms, such as InnoCentive and IdeaConnection, are organizing online competitions to solve the problems of various organizations (Hossain, 2012). Although digital platforms provide new possibilities and competence, they however also bring new challenges for organizations, which call for new ways of organizing in order to fully embrace their potential. Understanding the role of these platforms in digital transformation is therefore crucial. We must recognize equally the opportunities and challenges digital platforms provide for organizations, and we need to understand the mechanisms and potential outcomes of various digital platforms. Consequently, we should consider digital platforms as a mechanism for accelerating the digital transformation endeavours many organizations are undertaking today (Berman, 2012). Despite the high significance of various digital platforms, there is limited knowledge in the extant literature about the effect of digital platforms on the organization. Thus, here we attempt to discuss how digital platforms for ideas, technologies, and knowledge transfer act as enablers for digital transformation.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about business model... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about business model innovation (BMI) and suggest avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review approach was adopted with thematic analysis being conducted on 92 articles. Findings – The body of knowledge for this concept is in its infancy and is highly fragmented. This study therefore attempts to consolidate this fragmented knowledge. It reveals dominant themes, establishes coherence, and identifies conflicting arguments in the current literature. It also points out gaps in the research and highlights new directions for research Q1. Research limitations/implications – This study analyzed articles that were found based on a systematic literature review approach. Practical implications – This study identifies some fundamental issues that managers need to understand regarding BMI. Originality/value – The main value of this study lies in its synthesis of the current knowledge of BMI.
Crowdfunding is an emerging phenomenon that has attracted significant interest from scholars and
... more Crowdfunding is an emerging phenomenon that has attracted significant interest from scholars and practitioners alike, mainly due to its appeal as an alternative source of funding. As crowdfunding has grown exponentially, so have the associated challenges and opportunities. In this conceptual paper, we define crowdfunding and discuss its characteristics, related terminologies, and key elements. We also propose a typology for crowdfunding and indicate the ethical issues associated with it. We conclude this study by presenting the implications for scholars and practitioners, as well as a suggested roadmap for future research. We believe this paper clarifies many of the issues related to crowdfunding. It also aims to inspire a scholarly debate and further develop the theoretical foundations of the crowdfunding literature. This may also prompt practitioners to take note of the emerging concerns as the crowdfunding phenomenon transforms from a marginal to a mainstream discipline.
The objective of this study is to investigate how the non-core ideas and technologies (IaTs) of a... more The objective of this study is to investigate how the non-core ideas and technologies (IaTs) of a large corporation can be utilized by start-ups. Many IaTs are not valuable or useful for the parent corporations. For various reasons, these IaTs become obsolete and therefore non-core IaTs remain unused and eventually perish. However, there are new possibilities to create business from these non-core IATs. We found out that an intermediary organization acting as a catalyst can be useful in order to bring the corporation who possesses IaTs and seeker parties together and to reduce the information asymmetry between them. Funding mechanism is also crucial to appropriate the non-core IaTs. Moreover, the underlying market and economic conditions have a natural role in the transfer of non-core IaTs.
The concepts of frugal and reverse innovation are recent entrants to the innovation literature. F... more The concepts of frugal and reverse innovation are recent entrants to the innovation literature. Frugal innovation conveys the important idea of innovating under circumstances of resource scarcity. Reverse innovation refers to another significant turn in thinking and practice – innovations from low-income contexts can enter wealthier markets, a major shift from the previous innovation paradigm. There are some hallmark examples of these types of innovation but the current academic literature is still limited. The purpose of this article is to study these concepts and present a conceptual framework that combines underlying drivers. We also present ideas for future research avenues.
Frugal innovations are often associated with sustainable development. These connections, however,... more Frugal innovations are often associated with sustainable development. These connections, however, are based on anecdotal assumptions rather than empirical evidence. This article evaluates the sustainability of four frugal innovations from water and energy sectors. For the purposes of the evaluation, a set of indicators was developed. Indicators are drawn from sustainable development goals by the United Nations and they encompass central dimensions of sustainability: ecological, social and economic. In this article, frugal innovations are compared to solutions that are currently used in similar low-income contexts. Studied frugal innovations were found more sustainable in terms of energy production and water purification capacity than the existing solutions. In terms of social sustainability, larger differences between innovations were found. For example, business models of frugal energy solutions focus on capacity building and the inclusion of marginalized low-income people, whereas business models of water purification solutions focus on more traditional corporate social responsibility activities, such as marketing awareness campaigns and cooperation with non-governmental organizations. Three major sustainability challenges for frugal innovators were identified: (1) the proper integration of material efficiency into product or service systems; (2) the patient promotion of inclusive employment; and (3) the promotion of inclusive and sustainable local industrialization. The article concludes that despite indisputable similarities between frugality and sustainability, it is problematic to equate the two conceptually.
This paper explores diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. Frugal innovation refers to product... more This paper explores diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. Frugal innovation refers to products or services that are affordable, easy-to-use, and innovated under conditions of resource scarcity. When such innovations migrate from resource-scarce contexts to developed countries they are termed reverse innovation. The diffusion of frugal innovation is, however, uncharted territory. While practitioners show growing interest in scaling up frugal innovations, scholars have dedicated limited attention to their diffusion. Exploring four purposefully selected cases, we identify four main diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. We label these diffusion patterns local diffusion, proximity diffusion, distance diffusion, and global diffusion. Local diffusion refers to a frugal innovation that diffuses within its country of origin. Proximity diffusion indicates a frugal innovation that diffuses to neighbouring and nearby countries along with its country of origin. Distance diffusion is a frugal innovation that diffuses in distant countries, in addition to its country of origin. Both proximity diffusion and distance diffusion take place predominantly where the socio-economic environment is similar in diffusion countries. In rare cases, frugal innovation can diffuse globally, including into developed markets. This study ushers scholars into an emerging research domain and provides new insights for practitioners keen on scaling up frugal innovations
The objective of this study is to explore the factors that are keys for an idea to be implemented... more The objective of this study is to explore the factors that are keys for an idea to be implemented on an online crowdsourcing platform. A data set of 320 implemented ideas from My Starbucks Idea – an online crowdsourcing platform – has been analyzed. We find that only one out of 500 users’ submitted ideas are selected for implementation. The number of implemented ideas increases significantly at the early stage of the platform. At the mature stage, even though an increasing number of ideas are submitted, implemented ideas are proportionately low. Among the three categories of ideas – product, experience, and involvement – ideas of the product category are implemented with lower values of some associated variables than that of the experience category whereas those values in the involvement category are higher. Linked ideas need lower scores than sole ideas to get implemented. The chance that an idea to be implemented largely depends on votes received by and points earned on that idea.
ABSTRACT The objective of the paper was to propose a new business model for an open innovation pl... more ABSTRACT The objective of the paper was to propose a new business model for an open innovation platform especially geared to the mobile phone sector in developing countries. Open innovation has in many cases proven to be a superior means to innovate, but in developing countries open innovation has so far been utilized only scantly. The ways to use open innovation that have been successful in developed countries can not directly be used in developing countries. Thus, a new business model is proposed. Increased potential in innovation development and penetration of mobile phones in developing countries are discussed in the paper. The proposed platform will offer both indirect and direct financial benefits. Indirect benefits are attained as the service provider operating the platform is able to develop new and better services based on a better understanding of its customer needs. Direct financial benefits take the form of revenue from advertisements on the platform, subscriber fees, and commissions from trading done by using the platform. Initial investment costs of the platform as well as platform maintenance and promotion costs are considered in the paper. It seems very likely that the business model of the open innovation platform would be profitable. Challenges faced by open innovation platforms are pointed out.
A living lab is a physical or virtual space in which to solve societal challenges, especially for... more A living lab is a physical or virtual space in which to solve societal challenges, especially for urban areas, by bringing together various stakeholders for collaboration and collective ideation. Although the notion has received increasing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy makers, its essence remains unclear to many. We therefore performed a systematic literature review of a sample of 114 scholarly articles about living labs to understand the central facets discussed in the nascent literature. In particular, we explored the origin of the living lab concept and its key paradigms and characteristics, including stakeholder roles, contexts, challenges, main outcomes, and sustainability. While doing this, we discovered that the number of publications about living labs has increased significantly since 2015, and several journals are very active in publishing articles on the topic. The living lab is considered a multidisciplinary phenomenon and it encompasses various research domains despite typically being discussed under open and user innovation paradigms. What is more, the existing literature views living labs simultaneously as landscapes, real-life environments, and methodologies, and it suggests that they include heterogeneous stakeholders and apply various business models, methods, tools and approaches. Finally, living labs face some challenges, such as temporality, governance, efficiency, user recruitment, sustainability, scalability and unpredictable outcomes. In contrast, the benefits include tangible and intangible innovation and a broader diversity of innovation. Based on our analysis, we provide some implications and suggestions for future research.
This study aims to review the frugal innovation literature in order to understand the main source... more This study aims to review the frugal innovation literature in order to understand the main sources, theories, and overlapping concepts, as well as the input, success factors, impeding factors, and output of frugal innovations (FIs). A systematic research approach was applied in this study to synthesize the frugal innovation literature. Using a standard research review protocol, 101 relevant articles were extracted from 11 publication databases. We found that even though frugal innovation literature is in an embryonic stage there are over a dozen of definitions of it. This study analyses various definition of frugal innovation. The FI concept overlaps with a large number of other concepts, thus hindering the pace of FI research. Combining many overlapping concepts into one-frugal innovation-would help to develop frugal innovation as a well-established discipline. The theoretical development of frugal innovation discipline is still in an early stage. Hence, theory-driven studies are necessary. FIs are emerging from numerous sources as such exploring it from various levels and units of analysis are important. FI requires a significant change in a firm's approach to innovation. It plays an important role in sustainability. Based on the analysis of the extant frugal innovation literature, this study points out research agenda.
The objective of this study is to identify motivations, challenges, and opportunities of successf... more The objective of this study is to identify motivations, challenges, and opportunities of successful solvers participating in virtual teams of innovation contests (ICs) organized by an innovation intermediary. Based on 82 interviews of successful solvers, this study provides novel insights into ICs. The main motivational factors of successful solvers engaged in problem solving are money, learning, fun, sense of achievement, passion, and networking. Major challenges solvers face include unclear or insufficient problem description, lack of option for communication, language barrier, time zone differences, difficulties in finding suitable team members, framing the results, and difficulties in becoming quick learners and team players. Despite challenges, solvers have many opportunities, such as diversified knowledge, learning culture, developing a different way of thinking, gaining insights from other experts, the ability to work in a diverse environment, options of work after retirement and from distant locations, and a new source of income.
This study aims at mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon. The study reveals that scholars affi... more This study aims at mapping the frugal innovation phenomenon. The study reveals that scholars affiliated with Indian institutes and originated from India have played a key role in this research discipline. Country wise, the highest number of frugal innovation cases is from India. The articles on frugal innovation have published in a wide range of disciplines and journals. Scholars, practitioners, and policy-makers have understood frugal innovation concept in various ways. Studies are predominantly in sectors, such as healthcare, electric and electronics, transport, finance, ICT, and energy. On the contrary, despite high importance, agriculture and education sectors have received limited attention.
Digital platforms, along with their supporting tools and features, have emerged as important enab... more Digital platforms, along with their supporting tools and features, have emerged as important enablers for firms to leverage distributed knowledge (Sedera et al., 2016), because they offer new ways for organizations to collaborate with the external environment for ideas, technologies, and knowledge. Indeed, studies have explored efforts to promote such collaboration on digital platforms with various popular names, such as crowdsourcing platforms (Afuah & Tucci, 2012), open innovation platforms (Frey et al., 2011), and online marketplaces (Dushnitsky & Klueter, 2011). Among others, the open innovation phenomenon highlights that these platforms have a far-reaching impact on how various parties innovate together through alliances, networks, and ecosystems (West & Bogers, 2014). This impact is observable in the explosive surge in the popularity over the last decade of digital platforms for research and development (R&D), idea generation, prediction, freelance work, peer production, co-creation, product design, and public engagement, to name but a few. For example, Dell’s IdeaStorm (Hossain & Islam, 2015a) and Starbucks’ MyStarbucksIdea (Hossain & Islam, 2015b) are two digital crowdsourcing platforms that are used to engage crowds to solicit ideas from them (Bayus, 2013; Chua & Banerjee, 2013). Moreover, intermediary platforms, such as InnoCentive and IdeaConnection, are organizing online competitions to solve the problems of various organizations (Hossain, 2012). Although digital platforms provide new possibilities and competence, they however also bring new challenges for organizations, which call for new ways of organizing in order to fully embrace their potential. Understanding the role of these platforms in digital transformation is therefore crucial. We must recognize equally the opportunities and challenges digital platforms provide for organizations, and we need to understand the mechanisms and potential outcomes of various digital platforms. Consequently, we should consider digital platforms as a mechanism for accelerating the digital transformation endeavours many organizations are undertaking today (Berman, 2012). Despite the high significance of various digital platforms, there is limited knowledge in the extant literature about the effect of digital platforms on the organization. Thus, here we attempt to discuss how digital platforms for ideas, technologies, and knowledge transfer act as enablers for digital transformation.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about business model... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about business model innovation (BMI) and suggest avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review approach was adopted with thematic analysis being conducted on 92 articles. Findings – The body of knowledge for this concept is in its infancy and is highly fragmented. This study therefore attempts to consolidate this fragmented knowledge. It reveals dominant themes, establishes coherence, and identifies conflicting arguments in the current literature. It also points out gaps in the research and highlights new directions for research Q1. Research limitations/implications – This study analyzed articles that were found based on a systematic literature review approach. Practical implications – This study identifies some fundamental issues that managers need to understand regarding BMI. Originality/value – The main value of this study lies in its synthesis of the current knowledge of BMI.
Crowdfunding is an emerging phenomenon that has attracted significant interest from scholars and
... more Crowdfunding is an emerging phenomenon that has attracted significant interest from scholars and practitioners alike, mainly due to its appeal as an alternative source of funding. As crowdfunding has grown exponentially, so have the associated challenges and opportunities. In this conceptual paper, we define crowdfunding and discuss its characteristics, related terminologies, and key elements. We also propose a typology for crowdfunding and indicate the ethical issues associated with it. We conclude this study by presenting the implications for scholars and practitioners, as well as a suggested roadmap for future research. We believe this paper clarifies many of the issues related to crowdfunding. It also aims to inspire a scholarly debate and further develop the theoretical foundations of the crowdfunding literature. This may also prompt practitioners to take note of the emerging concerns as the crowdfunding phenomenon transforms from a marginal to a mainstream discipline.
The objective of this study is to investigate how the non-core ideas and technologies (IaTs) of a... more The objective of this study is to investigate how the non-core ideas and technologies (IaTs) of a large corporation can be utilized by start-ups. Many IaTs are not valuable or useful for the parent corporations. For various reasons, these IaTs become obsolete and therefore non-core IaTs remain unused and eventually perish. However, there are new possibilities to create business from these non-core IATs. We found out that an intermediary organization acting as a catalyst can be useful in order to bring the corporation who possesses IaTs and seeker parties together and to reduce the information asymmetry between them. Funding mechanism is also crucial to appropriate the non-core IaTs. Moreover, the underlying market and economic conditions have a natural role in the transfer of non-core IaTs.
The concepts of frugal and reverse innovation are recent entrants to the innovation literature. F... more The concepts of frugal and reverse innovation are recent entrants to the innovation literature. Frugal innovation conveys the important idea of innovating under circumstances of resource scarcity. Reverse innovation refers to another significant turn in thinking and practice – innovations from low-income contexts can enter wealthier markets, a major shift from the previous innovation paradigm. There are some hallmark examples of these types of innovation but the current academic literature is still limited. The purpose of this article is to study these concepts and present a conceptual framework that combines underlying drivers. We also present ideas for future research avenues.
Frugal innovations are often associated with sustainable development. These connections, however,... more Frugal innovations are often associated with sustainable development. These connections, however, are based on anecdotal assumptions rather than empirical evidence. This article evaluates the sustainability of four frugal innovations from water and energy sectors. For the purposes of the evaluation, a set of indicators was developed. Indicators are drawn from sustainable development goals by the United Nations and they encompass central dimensions of sustainability: ecological, social and economic. In this article, frugal innovations are compared to solutions that are currently used in similar low-income contexts. Studied frugal innovations were found more sustainable in terms of energy production and water purification capacity than the existing solutions. In terms of social sustainability, larger differences between innovations were found. For example, business models of frugal energy solutions focus on capacity building and the inclusion of marginalized low-income people, whereas business models of water purification solutions focus on more traditional corporate social responsibility activities, such as marketing awareness campaigns and cooperation with non-governmental organizations. Three major sustainability challenges for frugal innovators were identified: (1) the proper integration of material efficiency into product or service systems; (2) the patient promotion of inclusive employment; and (3) the promotion of inclusive and sustainable local industrialization. The article concludes that despite indisputable similarities between frugality and sustainability, it is problematic to equate the two conceptually.
This paper explores diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. Frugal innovation refers to product... more This paper explores diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. Frugal innovation refers to products or services that are affordable, easy-to-use, and innovated under conditions of resource scarcity. When such innovations migrate from resource-scarce contexts to developed countries they are termed reverse innovation. The diffusion of frugal innovation is, however, uncharted territory. While practitioners show growing interest in scaling up frugal innovations, scholars have dedicated limited attention to their diffusion. Exploring four purposefully selected cases, we identify four main diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. We label these diffusion patterns local diffusion, proximity diffusion, distance diffusion, and global diffusion. Local diffusion refers to a frugal innovation that diffuses within its country of origin. Proximity diffusion indicates a frugal innovation that diffuses to neighbouring and nearby countries along with its country of origin. Distance diffusion is a frugal innovation that diffuses in distant countries, in addition to its country of origin. Both proximity diffusion and distance diffusion take place predominantly where the socio-economic environment is similar in diffusion countries. In rare cases, frugal innovation can diffuse globally, including into developed markets. This study ushers scholars into an emerging research domain and provides new insights for practitioners keen on scaling up frugal innovations
The objective of this study is to explore the factors that are keys for an idea to be implemented... more The objective of this study is to explore the factors that are keys for an idea to be implemented on an online crowdsourcing platform. A data set of 320 implemented ideas from My Starbucks Idea – an online crowdsourcing platform – has been analyzed. We find that only one out of 500 users’ submitted ideas are selected for implementation. The number of implemented ideas increases significantly at the early stage of the platform. At the mature stage, even though an increasing number of ideas are submitted, implemented ideas are proportionately low. Among the three categories of ideas – product, experience, and involvement – ideas of the product category are implemented with lower values of some associated variables than that of the experience category whereas those values in the involvement category are higher. Linked ideas need lower scores than sole ideas to get implemented. The chance that an idea to be implemented largely depends on votes received by and points earned on that idea.
The objective of this study is to review the extant sharing economy (SE) literature. Applying a s... more The objective of this study is to review the extant sharing economy (SE) literature. Applying a systematic literature review approach, this study thematically synthesizes the findings of 219 articles on sharing economy. It explores the definitional dilemma, sharing economy as a phenomenon and key theories used in the literature. It analyses the stakeholders and their motivations for participating in SE, which is mainly present in the accommodation and transportation sectors. We discuss various facets of these two sectors. The study shows how SE firms operate with novel business models with unique revenue streams. It synthesizes the challenges that SE faces. This study points out SE's economic, social, and environmental impacts. It highlights the lack of regulations and policies for SE around the world. Finally, we provide the implications of this work and suggest future research avenues.
People at the grassroots level have been developing a growing number of frugal innovations (FIs).... more People at the grassroots level have been developing a growing number of frugal innovations (FIs). Many of them do not have formal education and access to science and technologies. FIs are playing important roles for inclusive development. Open innovation (OI) has been studied in the context of large firms, small and medium-sized firms, or high-tech industries. However, OI has not been explored in the context of FIs. In this chapter, I explore the role of open innovation in three frugal innovation cases that emerged in rural India. I also explore the role of these cases for inclusive development. The chapter enhances our knowledge about OI and expands the scope of OI to new application areas. I find that small firms that develop frugal innovations at the grassroots level need more support in the development stage than in the commercialization stage. They need extensive engagement in open innovation activities, such as networking, collaboration with different partners, and scouting. FIs play a significant role for inclusive development.
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about business model... more Purpose – The purpose of this study is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about business model innovation and suggest avenues for future research.
Design – A systematic literature review approach was adopted with thematic analysis being conducted on 92 articles.
Findings – The body of knowledge for this concept is in its infancy and is highly fragmented. This study therefore attempts to consolidate this fragmented knowledge. It reveals dominant themes, establishes coherence, and identifies conflicting arguments in the current literature. It also points out gaps in the research and highlights new directions for research.
Research limitations – This study analyzed articles that were found based on a systematic literature review approach.
Practical implications – This study identifies some fundamental issues that managers need to understand regarding business model innovation.
Originality/value – The main value of this study lies in its synthesis of the current knowledge of business model innovation.
Grassroots innovation (GI) is an important strand for cleaner production and sustainable developm... more Grassroots innovation (GI) is an important strand for cleaner production and sustainable development. Studies have explored various facets of grassroots innovation. Despite two decades of research, however, there is no systematic review of the GI literature. The objective of this study is to synthesize the existing literature on GI. It identifies the main theories, characteristics, stakeholders, challenges, diffusion, and potential of GI, among others. The study points out how GI contributes to sustainability. It shows that only a few scholars have a significant contribution, which limits the broad expansion of the GI discipline. Moreover, GI literature has not been linked with the mainstream innovation literature. Even though GI is significant for sustainable development, its impact is limited in reality.
This study reviews the progress of brand orientation literature in twenty years. A systematic lit... more This study reviews the progress of brand orientation literature in twenty years. A systematic literature review approach has been applied in this study. Four major publication databases have been used to extract pertinent articles for the review purpose. Four major areas in the literature have been examined: publication activity, integration of brand orientation, research design, and contribution of empirical findings. Based on the synthesis of the current literature, ten future research recommendations are suggested for the advancement of literature on brand orientation. Thus, this study deepens our understanding of the current literature and recommends future research avenues on brand orientation.
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Papers by Mokter Hossain
solvers participating in virtual teams of innovation contests (ICs) organized by an innovation
intermediary. Based on 82 interviews of successful solvers, this study provides novel insights into
ICs. The main motivational factors of successful solvers engaged in problem solving are money,
learning, fun, sense of achievement, passion, and networking. Major challenges solvers face
include unclear or insufficient problem description, lack of option for communication, language
barrier, time zone differences, difficulties in finding suitable team members, framing the results,
and difficulties in becoming quick learners and team players. Despite challenges, solvers have
many opportunities, such as diversified knowledge, learning culture, developing a different way
of thinking, gaining insights from other experts, the ability to work in a diverse environment,
options of work after retirement and from distant locations, and a new source of income.
Although digital platforms provide new possibilities and competence, they however also bring new challenges for organizations, which call for new ways of organizing in order to fully embrace their potential. Understanding the role of these platforms in digital transformation is therefore crucial. We must recognize equally the opportunities and challenges digital platforms provide for organizations, and we need to understand the mechanisms and potential outcomes of various digital platforms. Consequently, we should consider digital platforms as a mechanism for accelerating the digital transformation endeavours many organizations are undertaking today (Berman, 2012). Despite the high significance of various digital platforms, there is limited knowledge in the extant literature about the effect of digital platforms on the organization. Thus, here we attempt to discuss how digital platforms for ideas, technologies, and knowledge transfer act as enablers for digital transformation.
practitioners alike, mainly due to its appeal as an alternative source of funding. As crowdfunding has
grown exponentially, so have the associated challenges and opportunities. In this conceptual paper, we
define crowdfunding and discuss its characteristics, related terminologies, and key elements. We also
propose a typology for crowdfunding and indicate the ethical issues associated with it. We conclude
this study by presenting the implications for scholars and practitioners, as well as a suggested roadmap
for future research. We believe this paper clarifies many of the issues related to crowdfunding. It also
aims to inspire a scholarly debate and further develop the theoretical foundations of the crowdfunding
literature. This may also prompt practitioners to take note of the emerging concerns as the
crowdfunding phenomenon transforms from a marginal to a mainstream discipline.
or services that are affordable, easy-to-use, and innovated under conditions of resource scarcity.
When such innovations migrate from resource-scarce contexts to developed countries they are
termed reverse innovation. The diffusion of frugal innovation is, however, uncharted territory.
While practitioners show growing interest in scaling up frugal innovations, scholars have dedicated
limited attention to their diffusion. Exploring four purposefully selected cases, we identify four
main diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. We label these diffusion patterns local diffusion,
proximity diffusion, distance diffusion, and global diffusion. Local diffusion refers to a frugal
innovation that diffuses within its country of origin. Proximity diffusion indicates a frugal
innovation that diffuses to neighbouring and nearby countries along with its country of origin.
Distance diffusion is a frugal innovation that diffuses in distant countries, in addition to its country
of origin. Both proximity diffusion and distance diffusion take place predominantly where the
socio-economic environment is similar in diffusion countries. In rare cases, frugal innovation can
diffuse globally, including into developed markets. This study ushers scholars into an emerging
research domain and provides new insights for practitioners keen on scaling up frugal innovations
online crowdsourcing platform. A data set of 320 implemented ideas from My Starbucks Idea – an online
crowdsourcing platform – has been analyzed. We find that only one out of 500 users’ submitted ideas are
selected for implementation. The number of implemented ideas increases significantly at the early stage of
the platform. At the mature stage, even though an increasing number of ideas are submitted, implemented
ideas are proportionately low. Among the three categories of ideas – product, experience, and involvement
– ideas of the product category are implemented with lower values of some associated variables than that
of the experience category whereas those values in the involvement category are higher. Linked ideas
need lower scores than sole ideas to get implemented. The chance that an idea to be implemented largely
depends on votes received by and points earned on that idea.
solvers participating in virtual teams of innovation contests (ICs) organized by an innovation
intermediary. Based on 82 interviews of successful solvers, this study provides novel insights into
ICs. The main motivational factors of successful solvers engaged in problem solving are money,
learning, fun, sense of achievement, passion, and networking. Major challenges solvers face
include unclear or insufficient problem description, lack of option for communication, language
barrier, time zone differences, difficulties in finding suitable team members, framing the results,
and difficulties in becoming quick learners and team players. Despite challenges, solvers have
many opportunities, such as diversified knowledge, learning culture, developing a different way
of thinking, gaining insights from other experts, the ability to work in a diverse environment,
options of work after retirement and from distant locations, and a new source of income.
Although digital platforms provide new possibilities and competence, they however also bring new challenges for organizations, which call for new ways of organizing in order to fully embrace their potential. Understanding the role of these platforms in digital transformation is therefore crucial. We must recognize equally the opportunities and challenges digital platforms provide for organizations, and we need to understand the mechanisms and potential outcomes of various digital platforms. Consequently, we should consider digital platforms as a mechanism for accelerating the digital transformation endeavours many organizations are undertaking today (Berman, 2012). Despite the high significance of various digital platforms, there is limited knowledge in the extant literature about the effect of digital platforms on the organization. Thus, here we attempt to discuss how digital platforms for ideas, technologies, and knowledge transfer act as enablers for digital transformation.
practitioners alike, mainly due to its appeal as an alternative source of funding. As crowdfunding has
grown exponentially, so have the associated challenges and opportunities. In this conceptual paper, we
define crowdfunding and discuss its characteristics, related terminologies, and key elements. We also
propose a typology for crowdfunding and indicate the ethical issues associated with it. We conclude
this study by presenting the implications for scholars and practitioners, as well as a suggested roadmap
for future research. We believe this paper clarifies many of the issues related to crowdfunding. It also
aims to inspire a scholarly debate and further develop the theoretical foundations of the crowdfunding
literature. This may also prompt practitioners to take note of the emerging concerns as the
crowdfunding phenomenon transforms from a marginal to a mainstream discipline.
or services that are affordable, easy-to-use, and innovated under conditions of resource scarcity.
When such innovations migrate from resource-scarce contexts to developed countries they are
termed reverse innovation. The diffusion of frugal innovation is, however, uncharted territory.
While practitioners show growing interest in scaling up frugal innovations, scholars have dedicated
limited attention to their diffusion. Exploring four purposefully selected cases, we identify four
main diffusion patterns of frugal innovations. We label these diffusion patterns local diffusion,
proximity diffusion, distance diffusion, and global diffusion. Local diffusion refers to a frugal
innovation that diffuses within its country of origin. Proximity diffusion indicates a frugal
innovation that diffuses to neighbouring and nearby countries along with its country of origin.
Distance diffusion is a frugal innovation that diffuses in distant countries, in addition to its country
of origin. Both proximity diffusion and distance diffusion take place predominantly where the
socio-economic environment is similar in diffusion countries. In rare cases, frugal innovation can
diffuse globally, including into developed markets. This study ushers scholars into an emerging
research domain and provides new insights for practitioners keen on scaling up frugal innovations
online crowdsourcing platform. A data set of 320 implemented ideas from My Starbucks Idea – an online
crowdsourcing platform – has been analyzed. We find that only one out of 500 users’ submitted ideas are
selected for implementation. The number of implemented ideas increases significantly at the early stage of
the platform. At the mature stage, even though an increasing number of ideas are submitted, implemented
ideas are proportionately low. Among the three categories of ideas – product, experience, and involvement
– ideas of the product category are implemented with lower values of some associated variables than that
of the experience category whereas those values in the involvement category are higher. Linked ideas
need lower scores than sole ideas to get implemented. The chance that an idea to be implemented largely
depends on votes received by and points earned on that idea.
Design – A systematic literature review approach was adopted with thematic analysis being conducted on 92 articles.
Findings – The body of knowledge for this concept is in its infancy and is highly fragmented. This study therefore attempts to consolidate this fragmented knowledge. It reveals dominant themes, establishes coherence, and identifies conflicting arguments in the current literature. It also points out gaps in the research and highlights new directions for research.
Research limitations – This study analyzed articles that were found based on a systematic literature review approach.
Practical implications – This study identifies some fundamental issues that managers need to understand regarding business model innovation.
Originality/value – The main value of this study lies in its synthesis of the current knowledge of business model innovation.