Background Due to some unique physical, social and psychological features in the adolescent popul... more Background Due to some unique physical, social and psychological features in the adolescent population, adolescents can be a time of heightened caries activity and periodontal disease. Oral health-related behaviors can be modified to improve oral health status. The family networks and the built environment can promote or inhibit health behaviors. The aim of this study is to implement and evaluate a behavior theory-based, integrated family intervention via mobile messaging to improve oral health of adolescents. Methods This is a three-arm parallel-design cluster-randomized controlled trial. This trial will allocate 12 local secondary schools (clusters) in Hong Kong to three test or comparison groups with a ratio 1:1:1. The enrolled Form II to IV students (ages 12 to 15) will be eligible for participation. The intervention to three study groups will be (i) Health Belief Model (HBM)-based mobile messaging to the adolescents and their parents, which will consist of several blocks of HBM...
Purpose To investigate the impact of sleep on the development of early childhood caries (ECC). Me... more Purpose To investigate the impact of sleep on the development of early childhood caries (ECC). Methods Seven electronic databases and grey literature were searched with various keyword combinations. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. The studies were included if they evaluated the impact of sleep parameters on the caries experience or severity of ECC in children under 6 years of age. Results Four cross-sectional studies and two longitudinal studies were included. Children who had irregular bedtimes had a 66–71% higher chance of developing ECC. Children who slept after 11 pm might have a 74–85% higher chance of developing ECC. Children who slept less than 8 h during the night had a 30% increased risk of caries than children who slept more than 11 h. Conclusion Irregular or late bedtime and fewer sleeping hours could be an independent risk factor for ECC. The risk of ECC might be related inverse...
International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 2021
BackgroundDemineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment is a well‐known pro... more BackgroundDemineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment is a well‐known problem.AimTo systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of enamel demineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment.DesignSystematic reviews (with or without meta‐analysis) that have appraised the primary studies on the prevention of demineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment were searched systematically and included as per pre‐defined eligibility criteria. The risk of bias of the included reviews was assessed by two authors using the ROBIS tool and AMSTAR‐2 tool.ResultsTwenty‐nine reviews conducted on 128 exclusive primary studies were included for the present overview; 23 of these reviews were assessed to be of a high risk of overall bias, 5 were of low risk, and 1 review was of unclear risk of bias.ConclusionsPredominantly, the published reviews have focused on fluorides, whereas some reviews have also studied the role of casein ph...
To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based (Papacárie) and sodium-hypochlorite-based (Carisolv) chemo... more To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based (Papacárie) and sodium-hypochlorite-based (Carisolv) chemomechanical caries removal methods on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin, in comparison to the standard rotary-instrument caries removal method. Seventy-eight carious permanent molars exhibiting frank cavitation into dentin were used. Forty-eight teeth were randomly divided into three groups, according to the caries excavation methods: (i) Papacárie, (ii) Carisolv and (iii) a round steel bur. After caries removal, each group was subdivided into two groups for two-step (Clearfil SE Bond) or one-step (Clearfil S3 Bond) self-etching adhesive application and resin composite buildups. Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength testing. Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. For interfacial nanoleakage evaluation using a field-emission scanning electron microscope, caries was similarly removed from the...
Biomineralization in vertebrates is initiated via amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors. T... more Biomineralization in vertebrates is initiated via amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors. These precursors infiltrate the extracellular collagen matrix where they undergo phase transformation into intrafibrillar carbonated apatite. Although it is well established that ACP precursors are released from intracellular vesicles through exocytosis, an unsolved enigma in this cell-mediated mineralization process is how ACP precursors, initially produced in the mitochondria, are translocated to the intracellular vesicles. The present study proposes that mitophagy provides the mechanism for transfer of ACP precursors from the dysfunctioned mitochondria to autophagosomes, which, upon fusion with lysosomes, become autolysosomes where the mitochondrial ACP precursors coalesce to form larger intravesicular granules, prior to their release into the extracellular matrix. Apart from endowing the mitochondria with the function of ACP delivery through mitophagy, the present results indicate tha...
Skin infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi are difficult to treat by conventional topi... more Skin infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi are difficult to treat by conventional topical administration because of poor drug penetration across the stratum corneum. This results in low bioavailability of drugs to the infection site, as well as the lack of prolonged release. Emerging antimicrobial transdermal and ocular microneedle patches have become promising medical devices for the delivery of various antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral therapeutics. In the present review, skin anatomy and its barriers along with skin infection are discussed. Potential strategies for designing antimicrobial microneedles and their targeted therapy are outlined. Finally, biosensing microneedle patches associated with personalized drug therapy and selective toxicity toward specific microbial species are discussed.
Purpose: To systematically evaluate the horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in childr... more Purpose: To systematically evaluate the horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in children and analyze its relationship with dental caries. Methods: Seven databases were searched for observational studies that have determined the transmission of S. mutans among children younger than seven years. Selection of included studies, data extraction, and quality assessment using Downs and Black's (1998) scoring system were performed. The inverse variance random-effect approach was used to pool the results, and statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using I-squared statistics. Results: Fifteen studies were included for qualitative synthesis, five of which were pooled for quantitative analysis. The risk ratio (RR) of sharing only one genotype in caries-free children versus children with caries was found to be 0.60 (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] equals 0.45 to 0.80; P ≤ 0.001). The RR of sharing more than one genotype was 1.46 (95% CI equals 1.13 to 1.89; P=0.004) in ch...
Background Due to some unique physical, social and psychological features in the adolescent popul... more Background Due to some unique physical, social and psychological features in the adolescent population, adolescents can be a time of heightened caries activity and periodontal disease. Oral health-related behaviors can be modified to improve oral health status. The family networks and the built environment can promote or inhibit health behaviors. The aim of this study is to implement and evaluate a behavior theory-based, integrated family intervention via mobile messaging to improve oral health of adolescents. Methods This is a three-arm parallel-design cluster-randomized controlled trial. This trial will allocate 12 local secondary schools (clusters) in Hong Kong to three test or comparison groups with a ratio 1:1:1. The enrolled Form II to IV students (ages 12 to 15) will be eligible for participation. The intervention to three study groups will be (i) Health Belief Model (HBM)-based mobile messaging to the adolescents and their parents, which will consist of several blocks of HBM...
Purpose To investigate the impact of sleep on the development of early childhood caries (ECC). Me... more Purpose To investigate the impact of sleep on the development of early childhood caries (ECC). Methods Seven electronic databases and grey literature were searched with various keyword combinations. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. The studies were included if they evaluated the impact of sleep parameters on the caries experience or severity of ECC in children under 6 years of age. Results Four cross-sectional studies and two longitudinal studies were included. Children who had irregular bedtimes had a 66–71% higher chance of developing ECC. Children who slept after 11 pm might have a 74–85% higher chance of developing ECC. Children who slept less than 8 h during the night had a 30% increased risk of caries than children who slept more than 11 h. Conclusion Irregular or late bedtime and fewer sleeping hours could be an independent risk factor for ECC. The risk of ECC might be related inverse...
International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 2021
BackgroundDemineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment is a well‐known pro... more BackgroundDemineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment is a well‐known problem.AimTo systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of enamel demineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment.DesignSystematic reviews (with or without meta‐analysis) that have appraised the primary studies on the prevention of demineralization during multi‐bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment were searched systematically and included as per pre‐defined eligibility criteria. The risk of bias of the included reviews was assessed by two authors using the ROBIS tool and AMSTAR‐2 tool.ResultsTwenty‐nine reviews conducted on 128 exclusive primary studies were included for the present overview; 23 of these reviews were assessed to be of a high risk of overall bias, 5 were of low risk, and 1 review was of unclear risk of bias.ConclusionsPredominantly, the published reviews have focused on fluorides, whereas some reviews have also studied the role of casein ph...
To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based (Papacárie) and sodium-hypochlorite-based (Carisolv) chemo... more To evaluate the effect of enzyme-based (Papacárie) and sodium-hypochlorite-based (Carisolv) chemomechanical caries removal methods on bonding of self-etching adhesives to caries-affected dentin, in comparison to the standard rotary-instrument caries removal method. Seventy-eight carious permanent molars exhibiting frank cavitation into dentin were used. Forty-eight teeth were randomly divided into three groups, according to the caries excavation methods: (i) Papacárie, (ii) Carisolv and (iii) a round steel bur. After caries removal, each group was subdivided into two groups for two-step (Clearfil SE Bond) or one-step (Clearfil S3 Bond) self-etching adhesive application and resin composite buildups. Bonded specimens were sectioned into beams for microtensile bond strength testing. Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. For interfacial nanoleakage evaluation using a field-emission scanning electron microscope, caries was similarly removed from the...
Biomineralization in vertebrates is initiated via amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors. T... more Biomineralization in vertebrates is initiated via amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursors. These precursors infiltrate the extracellular collagen matrix where they undergo phase transformation into intrafibrillar carbonated apatite. Although it is well established that ACP precursors are released from intracellular vesicles through exocytosis, an unsolved enigma in this cell-mediated mineralization process is how ACP precursors, initially produced in the mitochondria, are translocated to the intracellular vesicles. The present study proposes that mitophagy provides the mechanism for transfer of ACP precursors from the dysfunctioned mitochondria to autophagosomes, which, upon fusion with lysosomes, become autolysosomes where the mitochondrial ACP precursors coalesce to form larger intravesicular granules, prior to their release into the extracellular matrix. Apart from endowing the mitochondria with the function of ACP delivery through mitophagy, the present results indicate tha...
Skin infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi are difficult to treat by conventional topi... more Skin infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi are difficult to treat by conventional topical administration because of poor drug penetration across the stratum corneum. This results in low bioavailability of drugs to the infection site, as well as the lack of prolonged release. Emerging antimicrobial transdermal and ocular microneedle patches have become promising medical devices for the delivery of various antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral therapeutics. In the present review, skin anatomy and its barriers along with skin infection are discussed. Potential strategies for designing antimicrobial microneedles and their targeted therapy are outlined. Finally, biosensing microneedle patches associated with personalized drug therapy and selective toxicity toward specific microbial species are discussed.
Purpose: To systematically evaluate the horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in childr... more Purpose: To systematically evaluate the horizontal transmission of Streptococcus mutans in children and analyze its relationship with dental caries. Methods: Seven databases were searched for observational studies that have determined the transmission of S. mutans among children younger than seven years. Selection of included studies, data extraction, and quality assessment using Downs and Black's (1998) scoring system were performed. The inverse variance random-effect approach was used to pool the results, and statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using I-squared statistics. Results: Fifteen studies were included for qualitative synthesis, five of which were pooled for quantitative analysis. The risk ratio (RR) of sharing only one genotype in caries-free children versus children with caries was found to be 0.60 (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] equals 0.45 to 0.80; P ≤ 0.001). The RR of sharing more than one genotype was 1.46 (95% CI equals 1.13 to 1.89; P=0.004) in ch...
Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia associated with m... more Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia associated with myotonia. The manifestations of SJS include short stature, blepharophimosis, and skeletal anomalies. The combination of skeletal and muscular abnormalities may result in oro-dental manifestations such as atypical facies, with micrognathia, microstomia, pursed lips, crossbite, cleft palate, as well as mandibular hypoplasia, the risk of dentigerous cysts, and impacted teeth. The use of general anesthesia in patients with SJS is dangerous, as there is a risk of malignant hyperthermia. The purpose of this paper is to describe a 3-year-old Chinese boy diagnosed with SJS at birth. His intra-oral examination revealed significant dental findings such as dentin defects with generalized attrition and hypodontia of the permanent dentition. Comprehensive dental treatment was provided at the same time as lower right limb surgery to reduce the potential complications with general anesthesia.
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