Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005
... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center... more ... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center for Emerging Contaminants (University of Missouri-Rolla). 6962 Page 7. REFERENCES Campagnolo, ER; Johnson, KR; Karpati, A.; Rubin, CS; Kolpin, DW; Meyer, MT; Esteban, JM ...
Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC, Jan 12, 2015
Pharmaceuticals are present in low concentrations (<100 ng/L) in most municipal wastewater eff... more Pharmaceuticals are present in low concentrations (<100 ng/L) in most municipal wastewater effluents but may be elevated locally because of factors such as input from pharmaceutical formulation facilities. Using existing concentration data, the authors assessed pharmaceuticals in laboratory exposures of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and added environmental complexity through effluent exposures. In the laboratory, larval and mature minnows were exposed to a simple opioid mixture (hydrocodone, methadone, and oxycodone), an opioid agonist (tramadol), a muscle relaxant (methocarbamol), a simple antidepressant mixture (fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine), a sleep aid (temazepam), or a complex mixture of all compounds. Larval minnow response to effluent exposure was not consistent. The 2010 exposures resulted in shorter exposed minnow larvae, whereas the larvae exposed in 2012 exhibited altered escape behavior. Mature minnows exhibited altered hepatosomatic indices, with the s...
The intense application of nitrogen-fert ilizer to cropland in the midwestern United States has c... more The intense application of nitrogen-fert ilizer to cropland in the midwestern United States has created concern about nitrate contamination of the region's aquifers. Since 1991, the US Geological Survey has used a network of 303 wells to investigate the regional distribution of nitrate in near- surface aquifers of the midwestern United States. Detailed land use and soil data were compiled
Previous state and national surveys conducted in the mid- continental USA have produced a wide ra... more Previous state and national surveys conducted in the mid- continental USA have produced a wide range in results regarding the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater. At least some of these differences can be attributed to inconsistencies between the surveys, such as different analytical reporting limits. The US Geological Survey has designed a sampling network that is geographically and hydrogeologi-
The evolution of animal agriculture to meet the needs of a rapidly growing world population is ev... more The evolution of animal agriculture to meet the needs of a rapidly growing world population is evidenced by a consistent trend toward the replacement of small-to-midsize animal farms with large,industrial-scale animal feeding operations (AFOs) that maximize the number of livestock confined per acre of land. Confinement of large numbers of animals in such operations can result in large loadings of animal feed- and waste-related substances (animal residuals) to the environment. The consequences of waste-management practices at AFOs on ecosystem viability and human health are poorly understood. Potential effects of AFOs on the quality of surface water, ground water, and air, and the implications of such effects on human health pose issues of national concern that require science-based assessment and response. As part of the 1999 Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding developed under mandate of the Clean Water Action Plan, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Environmen...
The drinking water and wastewater cycles are integrally linked. Chemicals that are present in hou... more The drinking water and wastewater cycles are integrally linked. Chemicals that are present in household wastewater may be sufficiently mobile and persistent to survive on-site or municipal wastewater treatment and post-discharge environmental processes. Such compounds have the potential to reach surface and ground waters. To determine which wastewater chemicals persist through drinking water treatment, a joint USEPA / USGS study examined source and finished waters for nine drinking water treatment plants from across the United States known to be impacted by wastewater. All water samples were analyzed for 84 different emerging contaminants, including 24 pharmaceuticals, at sub-g/L levels. The sample collection was designed to account for residence time within the plant in order to match waters before and after treatment. The investigated utilities used varying source waters (surface or ground water), disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, ozone or UV), and produced di...
Interest has been expressed in tracing possible sources of contamination (e.g. from human or othe... more Interest has been expressed in tracing possible sources of contamination (e.g. from human or other waste) by using compounds such as pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and sterols in waste as potential source markers. This pilot study was designed to identify and measure a limited set of compounds in aqueous environmental samples to determine possible relations between these compounds to animal and human activity. Field samples were collected quarterly for one year from three stream basins – a control stream; a stream potentially affected by concentrated swine production, and a stream potentially affected by concentrated cattle production. In addition, samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plant discharges in an urban area. Samples were analyzed for 34 organic wastewater compounds. A preliminary examination of the data suggests that caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and diethyl phthalate, have the strongest relatio...
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005
... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center... more ... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center for Emerging Contaminants (University of Missouri-Rolla). 6962 Page 7. REFERENCES Campagnolo, ER; Johnson, KR; Karpati, A.; Rubin, CS; Kolpin, DW; Meyer, MT; Esteban, JM ...
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005
... the continued efforts by the USGS to collect baseline information on the environmental occurr... more ... the continued efforts by the USGS to collect baseline information on the environmental occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other OWCs in the Nation's water resources, samples were collected from a network of 47 ground-water sites across 18 states in 2000 (Barnes et al ... az ole ...
Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Municipal Waste, 2008
... po-tentially adverse effects of the product and on a scientific risk assessment [8]. With ...... more ... po-tentially adverse effects of the product and on a scientific risk assessment [8]. With ... since they are significantly lower than the values derived on the basis of acute toxicity. ... WWTP effluents because they are truly persistent under the conditions of an activated sludge process or ...
Groundwater vulnerability is a central concept in pollution risk assessment, yet its estimation h... more Groundwater vulnerability is a central concept in pollution risk assessment, yet its estimation has been largely a matter of expert judgment. This work applies a method for the direct calculation of vulnerability from monitoring well observations of pesticide concentrations. The method has two major advantages: it is independent of the compounds being examined, and it has a direct probabilistic interpretation making it ideal for risk assessment. The methodology was applied to data from a groundwater monitoring program in the midwestern United States. The distribution of the vulnerabilities was skewed toward zero. Spatial distribution of the vulnerabilities shows them to be controlled by both regional and local factors. Methods are presented for estimating the necessary sample sizes for vulnerability studies. The further application of the approach developed in this study to understanding groundwater pollution is discussed.
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005
... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center... more ... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center for Emerging Contaminants (University of Missouri-Rolla). 6962 Page 7. REFERENCES Campagnolo, ER; Johnson, KR; Karpati, A.; Rubin, CS; Kolpin, DW; Meyer, MT; Esteban, JM ...
Environmental toxicology and chemistry / SETAC, Jan 12, 2015
Pharmaceuticals are present in low concentrations (<100 ng/L) in most municipal wastewater eff... more Pharmaceuticals are present in low concentrations (<100 ng/L) in most municipal wastewater effluents but may be elevated locally because of factors such as input from pharmaceutical formulation facilities. Using existing concentration data, the authors assessed pharmaceuticals in laboratory exposures of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and added environmental complexity through effluent exposures. In the laboratory, larval and mature minnows were exposed to a simple opioid mixture (hydrocodone, methadone, and oxycodone), an opioid agonist (tramadol), a muscle relaxant (methocarbamol), a simple antidepressant mixture (fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine), a sleep aid (temazepam), or a complex mixture of all compounds. Larval minnow response to effluent exposure was not consistent. The 2010 exposures resulted in shorter exposed minnow larvae, whereas the larvae exposed in 2012 exhibited altered escape behavior. Mature minnows exhibited altered hepatosomatic indices, with the s...
The intense application of nitrogen-fert ilizer to cropland in the midwestern United States has c... more The intense application of nitrogen-fert ilizer to cropland in the midwestern United States has created concern about nitrate contamination of the region's aquifers. Since 1991, the US Geological Survey has used a network of 303 wells to investigate the regional distribution of nitrate in near- surface aquifers of the midwestern United States. Detailed land use and soil data were compiled
Previous state and national surveys conducted in the mid- continental USA have produced a wide ra... more Previous state and national surveys conducted in the mid- continental USA have produced a wide range in results regarding the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in groundwater. At least some of these differences can be attributed to inconsistencies between the surveys, such as different analytical reporting limits. The US Geological Survey has designed a sampling network that is geographically and hydrogeologi-
The evolution of animal agriculture to meet the needs of a rapidly growing world population is ev... more The evolution of animal agriculture to meet the needs of a rapidly growing world population is evidenced by a consistent trend toward the replacement of small-to-midsize animal farms with large,industrial-scale animal feeding operations (AFOs) that maximize the number of livestock confined per acre of land. Confinement of large numbers of animals in such operations can result in large loadings of animal feed- and waste-related substances (animal residuals) to the environment. The consequences of waste-management practices at AFOs on ecosystem viability and human health are poorly understood. Potential effects of AFOs on the quality of surface water, ground water, and air, and the implications of such effects on human health pose issues of national concern that require science-based assessment and response. As part of the 1999 Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding developed under mandate of the Clean Water Action Plan, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Environmen...
The drinking water and wastewater cycles are integrally linked. Chemicals that are present in hou... more The drinking water and wastewater cycles are integrally linked. Chemicals that are present in household wastewater may be sufficiently mobile and persistent to survive on-site or municipal wastewater treatment and post-discharge environmental processes. Such compounds have the potential to reach surface and ground waters. To determine which wastewater chemicals persist through drinking water treatment, a joint USEPA / USGS study examined source and finished waters for nine drinking water treatment plants from across the United States known to be impacted by wastewater. All water samples were analyzed for 84 different emerging contaminants, including 24 pharmaceuticals, at sub-g/L levels. The sample collection was designed to account for residence time within the plant in order to match waters before and after treatment. The investigated utilities used varying source waters (surface or ground water), disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, ozone or UV), and produced di...
Interest has been expressed in tracing possible sources of contamination (e.g. from human or othe... more Interest has been expressed in tracing possible sources of contamination (e.g. from human or other waste) by using compounds such as pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and sterols in waste as potential source markers. This pilot study was designed to identify and measure a limited set of compounds in aqueous environmental samples to determine possible relations between these compounds to animal and human activity. Field samples were collected quarterly for one year from three stream basins – a control stream; a stream potentially affected by concentrated swine production, and a stream potentially affected by concentrated cattle production. In addition, samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plant discharges in an urban area. Samples were analyzed for 34 organic wastewater compounds. A preliminary examination of the data suggests that caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and diethyl phthalate, have the strongest relatio...
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005
... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center... more ... for providing to the graduate research assistant stipend at the Environmental Research Center for Emerging Contaminants (University of Missouri-Rolla). 6962 Page 7. REFERENCES Campagnolo, ER; Johnson, KR; Karpati, A.; Rubin, CS; Kolpin, DW; Meyer, MT; Esteban, JM ...
Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2005
... the continued efforts by the USGS to collect baseline information on the environmental occurr... more ... the continued efforts by the USGS to collect baseline information on the environmental occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other OWCs in the Nation's water resources, samples were collected from a network of 47 ground-water sites across 18 states in 2000 (Barnes et al ... az ole ...
Emerging Contaminants from Industrial and Municipal Waste, 2008
... po-tentially adverse effects of the product and on a scientific risk assessment [8]. With ...... more ... po-tentially adverse effects of the product and on a scientific risk assessment [8]. With ... since they are significantly lower than the values derived on the basis of acute toxicity. ... WWTP effluents because they are truly persistent under the conditions of an activated sludge process or ...
Groundwater vulnerability is a central concept in pollution risk assessment, yet its estimation h... more Groundwater vulnerability is a central concept in pollution risk assessment, yet its estimation has been largely a matter of expert judgment. This work applies a method for the direct calculation of vulnerability from monitoring well observations of pesticide concentrations. The method has two major advantages: it is independent of the compounds being examined, and it has a direct probabilistic interpretation making it ideal for risk assessment. The methodology was applied to data from a groundwater monitoring program in the midwestern United States. The distribution of the vulnerabilities was skewed toward zero. Spatial distribution of the vulnerabilities shows them to be controlled by both regional and local factors. Methods are presented for estimating the necessary sample sizes for vulnerability studies. The further application of the approach developed in this study to understanding groundwater pollution is discussed.
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