Sea cucumber contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including phenolics. This study invest... more Sea cucumber contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including phenolics. This study investigated the free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolics of sea cucumber body wall as affected by high-pressure processing (HPP) pretreatment. Sea cucumber body wall was subjected to HPP (200, 400, and 600 MPa for 5, 10, and 15 min), followed by the extraction of phenolics. The contents of total phenolics and antioxidant activity were monitored. Compared to untreated samples, those treated with HPP exhibited significantly higher total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. Treatment of 600 MPa for 10 min offered the optimal results. The highest amount of phenolics was observed in the free phenolic fraction, followed by esterified and insoluble-bound phenolic fractions. Moreover, phenolic extracts showed inhibitory effects against cupric ion-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol oxidation, peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA scission, α-glucosidase activity, and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a quadrupole time of fight and mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) identified 20 phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids, from the body wall of this species for the first time. Thus, sea cucumber may lead to the production of a multitude of value-added products.
Abstract: Problem statement: Solid fish waste is generated from the unwanted parts of fish includ... more Abstract: Problem statement: Solid fish waste is generated from the unwanted parts of fish including heads, tails, fins, frames, offal (guts, kidney and liver) and skin. It accounts for up to 80 % of material from production of surimi, 66 % from production of fillet and 27 % from production of headed and gutted fish. Currently, fish wastes are disposed off in land-based waste disposal systems or at sea generating toxic by-products during the decomposition process. However, fish processing waste can be used to produce commercially valuable by-products, such as chymotrypsin. Approach: A comperehensive review of the literature on the extraction, purification and characeterization of fish chymotrypsin was performed. Results: Chymotrypsin is an endopeptidase secreted by the pancreatic tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. It has 3 different structures (chymotrypsin A, B and C) varying slightly in solubility, electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point and cleavage specificity. Only c...
Removal of minerals from crustacean shells during chitin extraction is traditionally achieved usi... more Removal of minerals from crustacean shells during chitin extraction is traditionally achieved using hydrochloric acid. However, the environmental, health and safety concerns of hydrochloric acid have led to investigation of...
The following report represents the efforts of the Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development... more The following report represents the efforts of the Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD) research team in characterizing marine oils to identify its potential use as biodiesel feedstock and establish technology in the area of energy and waste management, enhance the competitiveness of Newfoundland and Labrador’s biofuels and help Canada to meet its commitment to GHG emission building the renewable fuels. To date, biodiesel is not readily available in Newfoundland and Labrador, and there are no biodiesel producers operating within the province. The scope of this project is the development of an economically viable and environmentally sustainable biodiesel production system for rural communities in Newfoundland and Labrador and to help marine processing plants cut down their operating cost, by diminishing the problem of fish waste disposal, and by providing alternative fuel for the operation of feed barges, marine vessels and generators located at their remote location...
Cucumaria frondosa is the main sea cucumber species harvested from Newfoundland waters. During pr... more Cucumaria frondosa is the main sea cucumber species harvested from Newfoundland waters. During processing, the viscera of sea cucumber are usually discarded as waste. As a matter of fact, sea cucumber viscera are abundant in various nutrients and promising for valorization. In the present study, sea cucumber viscera were pretreated by air drying and freeze drying, and the nutritional compositions of the dried products were investigated, including proximate composition, lipid class, fatty acid profile, and amino acid composition. The dried viscera had similar levels of ash, lipids, and proteins compared to fresh viscera. Both air- and freeze-dried viscera had total fatty acid composition similar to fresh viscera, with high levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (30–31%), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (27–28%), and low levels of omega-6 PUFAs (~1%). The dried samples were abundant in essential amino acids (46–51%). Compared to air-dried viscera, freeze-dried viscera ...
Seafood is very perishable and can quickly spoil due to three mechanisms: autolysis, microbial de... more Seafood is very perishable and can quickly spoil due to three mechanisms: autolysis, microbial degradation, and oxidation. Primary commercial sectors within the North Atlantic fisheries include demersal, pelagic, and shellfish fisheries. The preservation techniques employed across each sector can be relatively consistent; however, some key differences exist across species and regions to maintain product freshness. Freezing has long been employed as a preservation technique to maintain product quality for extended periods. Freezing allows seafood to be held until demand improves and shipped long distances using lower-cost ground transportation while maintaining organoleptic properties and product quality. Thawing is the opposite of freezing and can be applied before additional processing or the final sale point. However, all preservation techniques have limitations, and a properly frozen and thawed fish will still suffer from drip loss. This review summarizes the general introduction...
The enzymatic transesterification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) oil was carried out using Novo... more The enzymatic transesterification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) oil was carried out using Novozym 435 (immobilized lipase from Candida antartica) to produce biodiesel. A response surface modelling design was performed to investigate the relationship between biodiesel yield and several critical factors, including enzyme concentration (5, 10, or 15%), temperature (40, 45, or 50 °C), oil/alcohol molar ratio (1:3, 1:4, or 1:5) and time (8, 16, or 24 h). The results indicated that the effects of all the factors were statistically significant at p-values of 0.000 for biodiesel production. The optimum parameters for biodiesel production were determined as 10% enzyme concentration, 45 °C, 16 h, and 1:4 oil/alcohol molar ratio, leading to a biodiesel yield of 87.23%. The step-wise addition of methanol during the enzymatic transesterification further increased the biodiesel yield to 94.5%. This is the first study that focused on Atlantic salmon oil-derived biodiesel production, which creat...
This study assessed the storage quality of dried salmon by-products in terms of microbial quality... more This study assessed the storage quality of dried salmon by-products in terms of microbial quality, color and water activity and stored frozen salmon by-products in terms of oil and fatty acids yields. Microbial count and water activity were very low during the entire storage period in case of dried salmon by-products. The color of the dried sample didn’t change significantly over the storage period. The oil yield of salmon frames harvested at different time periods increased with increase in storage period. Saturated fatty acids increased and Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs) decreased with increase in storage period. However, Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and omega-3 fatty acids were least affected by the storage period.
Abstract Six operational parameters (fish part, antioxidant addition, water addition, enzyme spec... more Abstract Six operational parameters (fish part, antioxidant addition, water addition, enzyme species, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time) were studied for their effect on yield and quality of enzymatically extracted oil from farmed Atlantic salmon by-products. The highest oil yield of 26.0% (93.6% recovery) was obtained from salmon viscera using 1% Flavourzyme for 2 h without addition of water or the antioxidant. Averagely, salmon viscera produced more oil compared to mixture of salmon heads and frames. However, viscera oil had higher levels of oxidation and hydrolysis, indicating inferior quality. The use of Alcalase resulted in the highest oil quality compared to Flavourzyme and SEBPro, due to less oil oxidation and free fatty acids in the alkaline environment using Alcalase (pH 8). The enzyme concentration studied (0.1 and 1%) didn’t have any significant effect on oil yield or oxidation. At 1% enzyme concentration, the oil extracted from 4 h hydrolysis had higher levels of oxidation but lower level of free fatty acids compared to the oil extracted from 2 h hydrolysis. Addition of water significantly decreased both oil yield and quality. The use of antioxidant (0.15%) didn’t affect oil yield but significantly inhibited oil oxidation.
Abstract The proximate composition and astaxanthin content in different samples (cooked shells, c... more Abstract The proximate composition and astaxanthin content in different samples (cooked shells, cooked meat, cooked whole and raw whole) of Atlantic shrimp Pandalus borealis were investigated. The moisture percentage for all samples was similar within a range of 74–76%. The ash percentage was highest in cooked shells (26.57%). Raw whole shrimp had the highest lipid percentage (14.79%) and cooked meat had the highest protein percentage (92.93%). The amount of astaxanthin extracted from cooked shells was superior (284.48 μg/g) compared to other samples. The use of moderately polar solvent (acetone) or solvent combination (hexane/isopropanol, 3:2 (v:v)) resulted in higher yield of astaxanthin from all shrimp parts studied, compared to the use of methanol, which has stronger polarity. Cooking showed no significant effect on astaxanthin yield under studied conditions. The high astaxanthin content in shrimp shells indicates the great potential of valorization of shrimp processing materials and development of astaxanthin-enriched products.
Abstract Six operational parameters, including fish part, antioxidant use, water addition, enzyme... more Abstract Six operational parameters, including fish part, antioxidant use, water addition, enzyme types, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time, were studied about their effect on nutritional composition of oil enzymatically extracted from farmed Atlantic salmon by-products. Compared to the oil extracted from salmon viscera, the oil extracted from mixture of salmon heads and frames had higher amounts of triacylglycerols (TAGs), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and lower amounts of omega-6 PUFAs. The interaction between water and high levels of hydrolysis time (4 h) or enzyme concentration (1%) resulted in decreased TAG content, increased content of phospholipids (PLs) and increased omega-6 PUFA content. The addition of antioxidant significantly increased the average content of omega-6 PUFAs, but decreased EPA and DHA amounts in viscera oil due to the pro-antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid. The use of Alcalase, Flavourzyme or SEBPRo didn't result in any significant difference in oil composition under studied conditions. The negative correlation between amounts of TAG and free fatty acid (FFA) indicates that the increase of FFA content resulted in the decrease of TAG content, mainly due to the oxidation of TAG promoted by FFAs.
Protein hydrolysates were prepared from North Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) body wal... more Protein hydrolysates were prepared from North Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) body wall (BW), and processing by-product flower (FL) and internal organs (IN). Sea cucumber proteins from these three tissues were hydrolysed with selected endopeptidases and exopeptidases. The enzymes used were Alcalase (A), and Corolase (C) as endopeptidases and Flavourzyme (F) with both endo- and exopeptidase functions. These were employed individually or in combination under controlled conditions. The hydrolysates so prepared were subsequently analysed for their antioxidant potential and functionalities in food systems for the first time. Hydrolysates treated with the combination of A and F exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. The highest metal chelation activity was observed for samples hydrolysed with the combination of enzymes (C + F and A + F). All treatments inhibited beta-carotene bleaching in an oil-in-water emulsion and TBARS production i...
Collagen is the major fibrillar protein in most living organisms. Among the different types of co... more Collagen is the major fibrillar protein in most living organisms. Among the different types of collagen, type I collagen is the most abundant one in tissues of marine invertebrates. Due to the health-related risk factors and religious constraints, use of mammalian derived collagen has been limited. This triggers the search for alternative sources of collagen for both food and non-food applications. In this regard, numerous studies have been conducted on maximizing the utilization of seafood processing by-products and address the need for collagen. However, less attention has been given to marine invertebrates and their by-products. The present review has focused on identifying sea cucumber as a potential source of collagen and discusses the general scope of collagen extraction, isolation, characterization, and physicochemical properties along with opportunities and challenges for utilizing marine-derived collagen.
Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the cold... more Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the cold waters of North Atlantic Ocean. C. frondosa contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, mainly collagen, cerebrosides, glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, saponins, phenols, and mucopolysaccharides, which demonstrate unique biological and pharmacological properties. In particular, the body wall of this marine invertebrate is the major edible part and contains most of the active constituents, mainly polysaccharides and collagen, which exhibit numerous biological activities, including anticancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-coagulation, antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anti- osteoclastogenic properties. In particular, triterpene glycosides (frondoside A and other) are the most researched group of compounds due to their potential anticancer activity. This review summarizes the latest information on C. frondosa, mainly geographical distri...
With the constant quest for new sources of superfoods to supplement the largely nutrient deficien... more With the constant quest for new sources of superfoods to supplement the largely nutrient deficient diet of the modern society, sea cucumbers are gaining increasing popularity. Three species of sea cucumbers, Cucumaria frondosa, Apostichopus californicus and Apostichopusjaponicus were collected from three geographical regions, Atlantic and Pacific coast of Canada and Yellow sea/ East China sea in China, respectively. These organisms were sectioned into parts (body wall, tentacles, internal organ, skin and muscle) and analysed for total arsenic (As) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and As species by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP-MS. Normal and reversed sequential extractions were optimised to address As distribution between lipids (polar and non-polar) and water-extractable fractions. Two extraction methods for water-extractable As were compared in terms of the number and the amount of extracted species. The results revealed that total As concentration and As species distribution varies significantly between sea cucumbers species. Total As in studied body parts ranged between 2.8 ± 0.52 and 7.9 ± 1.2 mg kg-1, with an exception of the muscle tissue of A. californicus, where it reached to 36 ± 3.5 mg kg-1. Arsenobetaine (AsB) was the most abundant As species in A. californicus and A.japonicus, however, inorganic As represented over 70% of total recovered As in the body parts of C. frondosa. Arsenosugars-328 and 482 were found in all studied body parts whereas arsenosugar-408 was only found in the skin of A. californicus. This is the first time that such a variation in As species distribution between sea cucumber species has been shown.
Abstract Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod are two main finfish species harvested from Newfoundlan... more Abstract Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod are two main finfish species harvested from Newfoundland aquaculture and wild capture fisheries, respectively. During processing, a large amount of by-products containing many valuable components are disposed of or used for low value. Lumpfish, a cleaner fish, is also not utilized at the end of the season. The proximate composition and available collagen content were investigated for Atlantic salmon and wild cod by-products and lumpfish. The highest moisture content was found in whole lumpfish (91.08%). The ash level (dry basis) was highest in fins of cod (38.14%), followed by salmon (32.19%) and lumpfish (19.06%). Salmon frames showed higher lipid content (44.81% on dry basis). The protein content (dry basis) was highest in skin of cod (96.72%), followed by salmon (71.51%) and lumpfish (77.32%). The highest collagen content was found in salmon scales and skin (51.11% and 27.45% of dry matter, respectively).
Sea cucumber contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including phenolics. This study invest... more Sea cucumber contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, including phenolics. This study investigated the free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolics of sea cucumber body wall as affected by high-pressure processing (HPP) pretreatment. Sea cucumber body wall was subjected to HPP (200, 400, and 600 MPa for 5, 10, and 15 min), followed by the extraction of phenolics. The contents of total phenolics and antioxidant activity were monitored. Compared to untreated samples, those treated with HPP exhibited significantly higher total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. Treatment of 600 MPa for 10 min offered the optimal results. The highest amount of phenolics was observed in the free phenolic fraction, followed by esterified and insoluble-bound phenolic fractions. Moreover, phenolic extracts showed inhibitory effects against cupric ion-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol oxidation, peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA scission, α-glucosidase activity, and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a quadrupole time of fight and mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) identified 20 phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids, from the body wall of this species for the first time. Thus, sea cucumber may lead to the production of a multitude of value-added products.
Abstract: Problem statement: Solid fish waste is generated from the unwanted parts of fish includ... more Abstract: Problem statement: Solid fish waste is generated from the unwanted parts of fish including heads, tails, fins, frames, offal (guts, kidney and liver) and skin. It accounts for up to 80 % of material from production of surimi, 66 % from production of fillet and 27 % from production of headed and gutted fish. Currently, fish wastes are disposed off in land-based waste disposal systems or at sea generating toxic by-products during the decomposition process. However, fish processing waste can be used to produce commercially valuable by-products, such as chymotrypsin. Approach: A comperehensive review of the literature on the extraction, purification and characeterization of fish chymotrypsin was performed. Results: Chymotrypsin is an endopeptidase secreted by the pancreatic tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. It has 3 different structures (chymotrypsin A, B and C) varying slightly in solubility, electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point and cleavage specificity. Only c...
Removal of minerals from crustacean shells during chitin extraction is traditionally achieved usi... more Removal of minerals from crustacean shells during chitin extraction is traditionally achieved using hydrochloric acid. However, the environmental, health and safety concerns of hydrochloric acid have led to investigation of...
The following report represents the efforts of the Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development... more The following report represents the efforts of the Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD) research team in characterizing marine oils to identify its potential use as biodiesel feedstock and establish technology in the area of energy and waste management, enhance the competitiveness of Newfoundland and Labrador’s biofuels and help Canada to meet its commitment to GHG emission building the renewable fuels. To date, biodiesel is not readily available in Newfoundland and Labrador, and there are no biodiesel producers operating within the province. The scope of this project is the development of an economically viable and environmentally sustainable biodiesel production system for rural communities in Newfoundland and Labrador and to help marine processing plants cut down their operating cost, by diminishing the problem of fish waste disposal, and by providing alternative fuel for the operation of feed barges, marine vessels and generators located at their remote location...
Cucumaria frondosa is the main sea cucumber species harvested from Newfoundland waters. During pr... more Cucumaria frondosa is the main sea cucumber species harvested from Newfoundland waters. During processing, the viscera of sea cucumber are usually discarded as waste. As a matter of fact, sea cucumber viscera are abundant in various nutrients and promising for valorization. In the present study, sea cucumber viscera were pretreated by air drying and freeze drying, and the nutritional compositions of the dried products were investigated, including proximate composition, lipid class, fatty acid profile, and amino acid composition. The dried viscera had similar levels of ash, lipids, and proteins compared to fresh viscera. Both air- and freeze-dried viscera had total fatty acid composition similar to fresh viscera, with high levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (30–31%), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (27–28%), and low levels of omega-6 PUFAs (~1%). The dried samples were abundant in essential amino acids (46–51%). Compared to air-dried viscera, freeze-dried viscera ...
Seafood is very perishable and can quickly spoil due to three mechanisms: autolysis, microbial de... more Seafood is very perishable and can quickly spoil due to three mechanisms: autolysis, microbial degradation, and oxidation. Primary commercial sectors within the North Atlantic fisheries include demersal, pelagic, and shellfish fisheries. The preservation techniques employed across each sector can be relatively consistent; however, some key differences exist across species and regions to maintain product freshness. Freezing has long been employed as a preservation technique to maintain product quality for extended periods. Freezing allows seafood to be held until demand improves and shipped long distances using lower-cost ground transportation while maintaining organoleptic properties and product quality. Thawing is the opposite of freezing and can be applied before additional processing or the final sale point. However, all preservation techniques have limitations, and a properly frozen and thawed fish will still suffer from drip loss. This review summarizes the general introduction...
The enzymatic transesterification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) oil was carried out using Novo... more The enzymatic transesterification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) oil was carried out using Novozym 435 (immobilized lipase from Candida antartica) to produce biodiesel. A response surface modelling design was performed to investigate the relationship between biodiesel yield and several critical factors, including enzyme concentration (5, 10, or 15%), temperature (40, 45, or 50 °C), oil/alcohol molar ratio (1:3, 1:4, or 1:5) and time (8, 16, or 24 h). The results indicated that the effects of all the factors were statistically significant at p-values of 0.000 for biodiesel production. The optimum parameters for biodiesel production were determined as 10% enzyme concentration, 45 °C, 16 h, and 1:4 oil/alcohol molar ratio, leading to a biodiesel yield of 87.23%. The step-wise addition of methanol during the enzymatic transesterification further increased the biodiesel yield to 94.5%. This is the first study that focused on Atlantic salmon oil-derived biodiesel production, which creat...
This study assessed the storage quality of dried salmon by-products in terms of microbial quality... more This study assessed the storage quality of dried salmon by-products in terms of microbial quality, color and water activity and stored frozen salmon by-products in terms of oil and fatty acids yields. Microbial count and water activity were very low during the entire storage period in case of dried salmon by-products. The color of the dried sample didn’t change significantly over the storage period. The oil yield of salmon frames harvested at different time periods increased with increase in storage period. Saturated fatty acids increased and Mono-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs) decreased with increase in storage period. However, Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) and omega-3 fatty acids were least affected by the storage period.
Abstract Six operational parameters (fish part, antioxidant addition, water addition, enzyme spec... more Abstract Six operational parameters (fish part, antioxidant addition, water addition, enzyme species, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time) were studied for their effect on yield and quality of enzymatically extracted oil from farmed Atlantic salmon by-products. The highest oil yield of 26.0% (93.6% recovery) was obtained from salmon viscera using 1% Flavourzyme for 2 h without addition of water or the antioxidant. Averagely, salmon viscera produced more oil compared to mixture of salmon heads and frames. However, viscera oil had higher levels of oxidation and hydrolysis, indicating inferior quality. The use of Alcalase resulted in the highest oil quality compared to Flavourzyme and SEBPro, due to less oil oxidation and free fatty acids in the alkaline environment using Alcalase (pH 8). The enzyme concentration studied (0.1 and 1%) didn’t have any significant effect on oil yield or oxidation. At 1% enzyme concentration, the oil extracted from 4 h hydrolysis had higher levels of oxidation but lower level of free fatty acids compared to the oil extracted from 2 h hydrolysis. Addition of water significantly decreased both oil yield and quality. The use of antioxidant (0.15%) didn’t affect oil yield but significantly inhibited oil oxidation.
Abstract The proximate composition and astaxanthin content in different samples (cooked shells, c... more Abstract The proximate composition and astaxanthin content in different samples (cooked shells, cooked meat, cooked whole and raw whole) of Atlantic shrimp Pandalus borealis were investigated. The moisture percentage for all samples was similar within a range of 74–76%. The ash percentage was highest in cooked shells (26.57%). Raw whole shrimp had the highest lipid percentage (14.79%) and cooked meat had the highest protein percentage (92.93%). The amount of astaxanthin extracted from cooked shells was superior (284.48 μg/g) compared to other samples. The use of moderately polar solvent (acetone) or solvent combination (hexane/isopropanol, 3:2 (v:v)) resulted in higher yield of astaxanthin from all shrimp parts studied, compared to the use of methanol, which has stronger polarity. Cooking showed no significant effect on astaxanthin yield under studied conditions. The high astaxanthin content in shrimp shells indicates the great potential of valorization of shrimp processing materials and development of astaxanthin-enriched products.
Abstract Six operational parameters, including fish part, antioxidant use, water addition, enzyme... more Abstract Six operational parameters, including fish part, antioxidant use, water addition, enzyme types, enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time, were studied about their effect on nutritional composition of oil enzymatically extracted from farmed Atlantic salmon by-products. Compared to the oil extracted from salmon viscera, the oil extracted from mixture of salmon heads and frames had higher amounts of triacylglycerols (TAGs), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and lower amounts of omega-6 PUFAs. The interaction between water and high levels of hydrolysis time (4 h) or enzyme concentration (1%) resulted in decreased TAG content, increased content of phospholipids (PLs) and increased omega-6 PUFA content. The addition of antioxidant significantly increased the average content of omega-6 PUFAs, but decreased EPA and DHA amounts in viscera oil due to the pro-antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid. The use of Alcalase, Flavourzyme or SEBPRo didn't result in any significant difference in oil composition under studied conditions. The negative correlation between amounts of TAG and free fatty acid (FFA) indicates that the increase of FFA content resulted in the decrease of TAG content, mainly due to the oxidation of TAG promoted by FFAs.
Protein hydrolysates were prepared from North Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) body wal... more Protein hydrolysates were prepared from North Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) body wall (BW), and processing by-product flower (FL) and internal organs (IN). Sea cucumber proteins from these three tissues were hydrolysed with selected endopeptidases and exopeptidases. The enzymes used were Alcalase (A), and Corolase (C) as endopeptidases and Flavourzyme (F) with both endo- and exopeptidase functions. These were employed individually or in combination under controlled conditions. The hydrolysates so prepared were subsequently analysed for their antioxidant potential and functionalities in food systems for the first time. Hydrolysates treated with the combination of A and F exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. The highest metal chelation activity was observed for samples hydrolysed with the combination of enzymes (C + F and A + F). All treatments inhibited beta-carotene bleaching in an oil-in-water emulsion and TBARS production i...
Collagen is the major fibrillar protein in most living organisms. Among the different types of co... more Collagen is the major fibrillar protein in most living organisms. Among the different types of collagen, type I collagen is the most abundant one in tissues of marine invertebrates. Due to the health-related risk factors and religious constraints, use of mammalian derived collagen has been limited. This triggers the search for alternative sources of collagen for both food and non-food applications. In this regard, numerous studies have been conducted on maximizing the utilization of seafood processing by-products and address the need for collagen. However, less attention has been given to marine invertebrates and their by-products. The present review has focused on identifying sea cucumber as a potential source of collagen and discusses the general scope of collagen extraction, isolation, characterization, and physicochemical properties along with opportunities and challenges for utilizing marine-derived collagen.
Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the cold... more Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) is the most abundant and widely distributed species in the cold waters of North Atlantic Ocean. C. frondosa contains a wide range of bioactive compounds, mainly collagen, cerebrosides, glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate, saponins, phenols, and mucopolysaccharides, which demonstrate unique biological and pharmacological properties. In particular, the body wall of this marine invertebrate is the major edible part and contains most of the active constituents, mainly polysaccharides and collagen, which exhibit numerous biological activities, including anticancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-coagulation, antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anti- osteoclastogenic properties. In particular, triterpene glycosides (frondoside A and other) are the most researched group of compounds due to their potential anticancer activity. This review summarizes the latest information on C. frondosa, mainly geographical distri...
With the constant quest for new sources of superfoods to supplement the largely nutrient deficien... more With the constant quest for new sources of superfoods to supplement the largely nutrient deficient diet of the modern society, sea cucumbers are gaining increasing popularity. Three species of sea cucumbers, Cucumaria frondosa, Apostichopus californicus and Apostichopusjaponicus were collected from three geographical regions, Atlantic and Pacific coast of Canada and Yellow sea/ East China sea in China, respectively. These organisms were sectioned into parts (body wall, tentacles, internal organ, skin and muscle) and analysed for total arsenic (As) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and As species by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP-MS. Normal and reversed sequential extractions were optimised to address As distribution between lipids (polar and non-polar) and water-extractable fractions. Two extraction methods for water-extractable As were compared in terms of the number and the amount of extracted species. The results revealed that total As concentration and As species distribution varies significantly between sea cucumbers species. Total As in studied body parts ranged between 2.8 ± 0.52 and 7.9 ± 1.2 mg kg-1, with an exception of the muscle tissue of A. californicus, where it reached to 36 ± 3.5 mg kg-1. Arsenobetaine (AsB) was the most abundant As species in A. californicus and A.japonicus, however, inorganic As represented over 70% of total recovered As in the body parts of C. frondosa. Arsenosugars-328 and 482 were found in all studied body parts whereas arsenosugar-408 was only found in the skin of A. californicus. This is the first time that such a variation in As species distribution between sea cucumber species has been shown.
Abstract Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod are two main finfish species harvested from Newfoundlan... more Abstract Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod are two main finfish species harvested from Newfoundland aquaculture and wild capture fisheries, respectively. During processing, a large amount of by-products containing many valuable components are disposed of or used for low value. Lumpfish, a cleaner fish, is also not utilized at the end of the season. The proximate composition and available collagen content were investigated for Atlantic salmon and wild cod by-products and lumpfish. The highest moisture content was found in whole lumpfish (91.08%). The ash level (dry basis) was highest in fins of cod (38.14%), followed by salmon (32.19%) and lumpfish (19.06%). Salmon frames showed higher lipid content (44.81% on dry basis). The protein content (dry basis) was highest in skin of cod (96.72%), followed by salmon (71.51%) and lumpfish (77.32%). The highest collagen content was found in salmon scales and skin (51.11% and 27.45% of dry matter, respectively).
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