FIGURES 19–22. Locomotory vestiture, drawn from puparia, 19–20, ridges from the apico-dorsal marg... more FIGURES 19–22. Locomotory vestiture, drawn from puparia, 19–20, ridges from the apico-dorsal margin of the metathorax, 19, Clusiodes albimanus; 20, Clusia flava; 21–22, spicules from the mid-ventral region of the ventral surface, second abdominal segment, 21, Clusiodes albimanus; 22, Clusia flava.
FIGURES 6–7. Third stage larvae; 6, Clusia flava, ventral view of pseudocephalon and thorax, leng... more FIGURES 6–7. Third stage larvae; 6, Clusia flava, ventral view of pseudocephalon and thorax, length from the posterior margin of the metathorax to the mandibles = 1.2mm; 7, Lonchaea fugax (Diptera, Lonchaeidae), ventral view, pseudocephalon and prothorax, length = 0.5mm; a = antenna; b = maxillary palp; c = mandible apex; ci = cirri; d = anterior spiracles; f = oral cavity; g = labial lobe over opening of artium; ps = pseudocephalon; s = sensillium; P = prothorax; Me = mesothorax; Mt = metathorax.
FIGURE 5. Clusia flava, third stage larva, prothorax and external section of pseudocephalon, apic... more FIGURE 5. Clusia flava, third stage larva, prothorax and external section of pseudocephalon, apical view, width between antennae = 0.1mm; a = antenna; f = beginning of an eversible fold or channel leading to the artium; m = maxillary organs; o = opening leading to the artium with projecting mouthhooks; s = sensilla; Ps = external part of pseudocephalon encompassing antennae (a), maxillary organs (m), connecting membrane and opening (o); Pro = prothorax surrounding the pseudocephalon.
FIGURE 4a–d. a–c, Clusiid head skeletons, a–b, Clusia tigrina, head skeleton in puparium, length ... more FIGURE 4a–d. a–c, Clusiid head skeletons, a–b, Clusia tigrina, head skeleton in puparium, length = 0.6mm; a, light microscope image, lateral view; b, same specimen as 4a, SEM image; c, Clusiodes caledonica, SEM image, dorsal view of an opened head skeleton in puparium, length = 0.2mm; d, Clusia flava, pupal spiracles, dorsal view, length 0.2mm.
FIGURES 1–3. Third stage larva, thorax, lateral view, prothorax to the left, scale line = 0.6mm; ... more FIGURES 1–3. Third stage larva, thorax, lateral view, prothorax to the left, scale line = 0.6mm; 1, Clusiodes albimanus; 2, Clusia flava; 3, Palloptera modesta.
Two hundred and ninety-six rearing records of 11 clusiid species (Diptera, Clusiidae) were obtain... more Two hundred and ninety-six rearing records of 11 clusiid species (Diptera, Clusiidae) were obtained from 8 tree species in England, Finland, France, Norway, Russia and Scotland, mainly during the period 1994 to 2004. Larvae and puparia were found between annual layers of whitewood (sapwood and heartwood) of wet, decay-softened, dead wood. Levels of host tree specificity were low, most species were reared from 2-4 host trees, maximum 6. The clusiid larva is distinguished by: a small, translucent head skeleton with an obliquely-shaped apex to the artium; a pseudocephalon fixed in an inverted position except for an external, flattened section bearing the antennomaxillary organs; a spherical prothorax with a truncate rim embedded with sensilla and, a wedge-shaped anal segment bearing a pair of conspicuous, sclerotised, red-brown hooks on the inner margins of which are the posterior spiracular plates. Many of these features support a distinctive feeding mechanism, spot-sucking of biofilm...
FIGURE 18. Prionolabis pjotri n. sp., photograph of female, Galicia, 2012 (Courtesy of Belen, Dip... more FIGURE 18. Prionolabis pjotri n. sp., photograph of female, Galicia, 2012 (Courtesy of Belen, Diptera. Info website).
FIGURES 19–22. Locomotory vestiture, drawn from puparia, 19–20, ridges from the apico-dorsal marg... more FIGURES 19–22. Locomotory vestiture, drawn from puparia, 19–20, ridges from the apico-dorsal margin of the metathorax, 19, Clusiodes albimanus; 20, Clusia flava; 21–22, spicules from the mid-ventral region of the ventral surface, second abdominal segment, 21, Clusiodes albimanus; 22, Clusia flava.
FIGURES 6–7. Third stage larvae; 6, Clusia flava, ventral view of pseudocephalon and thorax, leng... more FIGURES 6–7. Third stage larvae; 6, Clusia flava, ventral view of pseudocephalon and thorax, length from the posterior margin of the metathorax to the mandibles = 1.2mm; 7, Lonchaea fugax (Diptera, Lonchaeidae), ventral view, pseudocephalon and prothorax, length = 0.5mm; a = antenna; b = maxillary palp; c = mandible apex; ci = cirri; d = anterior spiracles; f = oral cavity; g = labial lobe over opening of artium; ps = pseudocephalon; s = sensillium; P = prothorax; Me = mesothorax; Mt = metathorax.
FIGURE 5. Clusia flava, third stage larva, prothorax and external section of pseudocephalon, apic... more FIGURE 5. Clusia flava, third stage larva, prothorax and external section of pseudocephalon, apical view, width between antennae = 0.1mm; a = antenna; f = beginning of an eversible fold or channel leading to the artium; m = maxillary organs; o = opening leading to the artium with projecting mouthhooks; s = sensilla; Ps = external part of pseudocephalon encompassing antennae (a), maxillary organs (m), connecting membrane and opening (o); Pro = prothorax surrounding the pseudocephalon.
FIGURE 4a–d. a–c, Clusiid head skeletons, a–b, Clusia tigrina, head skeleton in puparium, length ... more FIGURE 4a–d. a–c, Clusiid head skeletons, a–b, Clusia tigrina, head skeleton in puparium, length = 0.6mm; a, light microscope image, lateral view; b, same specimen as 4a, SEM image; c, Clusiodes caledonica, SEM image, dorsal view of an opened head skeleton in puparium, length = 0.2mm; d, Clusia flava, pupal spiracles, dorsal view, length 0.2mm.
FIGURES 1–3. Third stage larva, thorax, lateral view, prothorax to the left, scale line = 0.6mm; ... more FIGURES 1–3. Third stage larva, thorax, lateral view, prothorax to the left, scale line = 0.6mm; 1, Clusiodes albimanus; 2, Clusia flava; 3, Palloptera modesta.
Two hundred and ninety-six rearing records of 11 clusiid species (Diptera, Clusiidae) were obtain... more Two hundred and ninety-six rearing records of 11 clusiid species (Diptera, Clusiidae) were obtained from 8 tree species in England, Finland, France, Norway, Russia and Scotland, mainly during the period 1994 to 2004. Larvae and puparia were found between annual layers of whitewood (sapwood and heartwood) of wet, decay-softened, dead wood. Levels of host tree specificity were low, most species were reared from 2-4 host trees, maximum 6. The clusiid larva is distinguished by: a small, translucent head skeleton with an obliquely-shaped apex to the artium; a pseudocephalon fixed in an inverted position except for an external, flattened section bearing the antennomaxillary organs; a spherical prothorax with a truncate rim embedded with sensilla and, a wedge-shaped anal segment bearing a pair of conspicuous, sclerotised, red-brown hooks on the inner margins of which are the posterior spiracular plates. Many of these features support a distinctive feeding mechanism, spot-sucking of biofilm...
FIGURE 18. Prionolabis pjotri n. sp., photograph of female, Galicia, 2012 (Courtesy of Belen, Dip... more FIGURE 18. Prionolabis pjotri n. sp., photograph of female, Galicia, 2012 (Courtesy of Belen, Diptera. Info website).
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