Insect

We investigated whether spiders fed lipid-rich rather than protein-rich prey elevate metabolism to avoid carrying excessive lipid deposits, or whether they store ingested lipids as a buffer against possible future starvation. We fed wolf spiders (Pardosa prativaga) prey of different lipid:protein compositions and measured the metabolic rate of spiders using closed respirometry during feeding and fasting. After a 16-day feeding period, spider lipid:protein composition was significantly affected by the lipid:protein composition of their prey. Feeding caused a large and fast increase in metabolism. The cost of feeding and digestion was estimated to average 21% of the ingested energy irrespective of diet. We found no
difference in basal metabolic rate between dietary treatments. During starvation ˙VO2 and ˙VCO2 decreased gradually, and the larger lipid stores in spiders fed lipid-rich prey appeared to extend survival of these spiders under starvation compared to spiders fed protein-rich prey. The results show that these spiders do not adjust metabolism in order to maintain a constant body composition when prey nutrient composition varies. Instead, lipids are stored efficiently and help to prepare the spiders for the long periods of food deprivation that may occur as a consequence of their opportunistic feeding strategy.

Globally, India ranks second in terms of area planted under rice (Oryza sativa) and its production as well. Potential to yield is dented due to a lack of inbuilt resistance to different biotic stresses as discernible in ~1000 rice cultivars across the country. Farmers usually rely on applying pesticides that result in several environmental adversities apart from rejection of export consignments due to the presence of chemical residue in grains. Yield losses due to pests of rice in tropical Asia range 25-43%. There is a need to explore alternative integrated input-based management options for judicious use of chemicals with optimal combinations of non-chemical interventions to improve productivity and profitability of rice culture. Field trials were conducted in split-split plot design at Chinsurah, West Bengal during three consecutive rainy (kharif) seasons (2013-15) in transplanted rice. The exploratory objectives were to assess different interventions for alleviating crop biotic stresses and obtaining precise estimate of grain yield as well as economic advantages, and to devise a cost-effective recommendation on need-based integrated pest management (IPM) in transplanted rice. Green manuring with 45-day old Sesbania crop showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in infestation of leaf folder, stem borer, sheath rot, sheath blight, false smut, brown spot and bacterial leaf blight of rice compared to control. Both the herbicide (pretilachlor)-treated and green (Sesbania)-manured plots displayed a significant (P < 0.05) suppression of weeds. The diseases (sheath rot, sheath blight, brown spot) of rice were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by all the treatments targeted for better crop management as evidenced from the sub-sub plots. Rice diseases were best managed by seed treatment with carbendazim 50% WP @ 1.0 g a.i./kg seed, and the effect was more pronounced when the crop was green manured. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher grain yield of rice was recorded with Sesbania manuring, which was as good (P < 0.05) as pre-emergence application of pretilachlor. The herbicide application provided the highest (2.03) incremental benefit-cost ratio (IBCR) among the main plot treatments. Seed treatment with carbendazim followed by (fb) seed bed application of Pseudomonas fluorescens in combination with green manuring prior to rice transplanting in main field fb sequential sprays of chlorantraniliprole 0.4% GR (20 DAT), chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (40 DAT) and validamycin 3% L (50 DAT) on the standing crop provided the highest (5656 kg/ha) grain yield with a lower (2.02) IBCR. Contrastingly, only seed treatment with carbendazim recorded the highest (73.85) IBCR. Lower pest incidence and higher grain yields did not fetch greater economic return as apparent from the current investigation. Considering quantifiable and economic impact of inputs, their need-based usage would be a cost-effective proposition to take care of dominant pests in transplanted rice. No comprehensive investigation made such a target-based IPM of most influential crop pests of rice for realizing higher productivity and profitability.

Ĉi tiu estas librĉapitro por scienca disvastigado.  Ĝi prezentas etan provekzempleron de la vivdiversecon de manton (Mantodea) en Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada (Vivrezervo Ŝplitita-ŝtono) en  Brazilo sur la ŝtatoj de Pernambuco kaj Alagoas.

Este é um capítulo de divulgação cinentífica. Apresenta uma breve amostra da diversidade de Mantodea na  Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada sitiada nos estados de Alagoas e Pernambuco.

This is a book chapter for scientific dissemination. It presents a brief sample of biodiversity of the mantids in the Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada (Brazil, Alagoas and Pernambuco states).

Le Chott de Djendli (3700 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides Sud-constantinoises. L’étude menée de février 2006 à mars 2007 nous a permis la caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Elle nous a également permis d’avoir un aperçu sur son importance, en étudiant et en suivant plusieurs paramètres physico-chimiques du sol et de l’eau ainsi que la richesse floristique et faunistique. En effet, nous avons déterminé le…

We evaluated ants as bioindicators of environmental impacts caused by arsenic residuals in the soil. We tested the hypotheses that the presence of arsenic in the soil affects: (1) estimates of resources and habitat condition for arboreal and epigaeic ants; (2) species richness of arboreal and epigaeic ants and (3) arboreal and epigaeic ant species composition. Ants were sampled at an inactivated raticide factory in Nova Lima, Minas Gerais, Brasil, which used arsenic as one of its main byproducts. The following environmental variables were measured: bioavailable arsenic concentration in the soil, the number and density of tree species, plant cover and leaf litter depth. The species richness of arboreal ants decreased with increased bioavailable arsenic concentration whilst epigaeic ants increased with arsenic. Arboreal ants were positively related to the number of tree species, which in turn were negatively affected by arsenic. We verified which ants are good bioindicators of arsenic. Independent verification of the influence of arsenic on background environmental variables was fundamental in defining responses of ant communities, as well as in identifying the most effective pathways for the recovery of biological communities in degraded areas.

Alterations in VO(2) or VCO(2) are amongst the more polemical physiological adaptations ascribed to insects. Generally, metabolic rate is thought to be lowered in response to arid conditions, and elevated in species from cold environments compared to their more temperate relatives. However, most studies have rarely addressed the influence of both environmental factors in unison. To this end, standard metabolic rate and its temperature dependence were measured (at 4 degrees C intervals from 16 to 32 degrees C) in six Scarabaeus dung beetle species (three flightless, three volant) from a variety of habitats (warm, arid to cool, mesic) in southern Africa using flow-through respirometry. Mass specific VCO(2) varied from 0.0158 ml g(-1) h(-1) at 16 degrees C to 0.1839 ml g (-1) h(-1) at 32 degrees C. The slopes of the rate temperature curves were similar for all species (Q(10)s of 2.14-2.84), although the intercepts differed significantly in the direction (warm arid to cool mesic): S. gariepinus&amp;amp;amp;lt;S. hippocrates&amp;amp;amp;lt;S. striatum&amp;amp;amp;lt;S. galenus&amp;amp;amp;lt;S. rusticus&amp;amp;amp;lt;S. westwoodi. General linear models were fitted to the VCO(2) data with treatment temperature, wing status, mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature as the independent variables. For all six species, the best fit model included treatment temperature and wing status only. Flightless species had significantly lower VCO(2)s than did winged ones. Amongst the flightless species, S. gariepinus, from the driest area, had the lowest VCO(2). Among the winged species it was impossible to determine whether environmental temperature or water availability were most important in influencing VCO(2); both were significant. We conclude that investigations of metabolic rate modulation, and especially metabolic cold adaptation, in insects must take both temperature and water availability into account.

The article is formed from a dialogue between my drawings of insects and phenomenological writings such as those from Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Phenomenology is a scheme that privileges the experience in perceiving an object as it presents itself to our consciousness. According to Martin Heidegger in Being and Time, " phenomenology means to let that which shows itself be seen from itself in the very way in which it shows itself from itself " (1962: 58). The drawings selected here are of insects, which made up a special repertoire in my series of sketchbooks. The drawings were done using pen, ink, and watercolour on paper. Here, I establish my personal perspectives on what draws me to the studies in the first place—of my attraction to insects; lines, shape, texture and colour— while viewing artistic process in the richness of phenomenology. I end my article with a note on Heidegger's argument that art is man's saving grace from technological enframing.

Bibliographies are lists which convey idenfication information of different publications like books,
papers and articles on specific subjects in a certain order. They are prepared with the intention to provide
those who conduct studies in a certain field with the related source material in its entirety. They make it
possible to quickly review previous work on the subject being studied. They also provide an opportunity to
make more realistic, effective and less time consuming plans in reaching the target.
The first comprehensive bibliography on entomology and agricultural zoology in Turkey was
prepared by Prof. Dr. Feyzi Önder, Prof. Dr. Yusuf Karsavuran, Dr. E. Pervin Önder, Dr. Aynur Önuçar and
Dr. Ertaç Tutkun within the study framework of Turkish Entomology Association. It was printed in 1982 by the
General Directorate of Plant Protection and Quarantine under the name of “Bibliography of Entomology
and Agricultural Zoology of Turkey (Fauna, Pest Control, Pests of Plants, Methods) (1595-1978)”. The
second bibliography in this field was prepared by Prof. Dr. Feyzi Önder, Prof. Dr. Yusuf Karsavuran, Dr. E.
Pervin Önder, Dr. Ertaç Tutkun and Prof. Dr. Serdar Tezcan and was published by TURDOK, Tübitak-
Turkish Scientific and Technical Documentation Center in 1986 under the name of “Bibliography of
Entomology and Agricultural Zoology of Turkey (1979-1983)”. Bibliographical information of 4416
publications are available in the first of these bibliographies and there are 1361 of them in the second
bibliography. Bibliographical information of a total of 5777 publications are classified by topics and can be
found in these two volumes.
In the 30 years since 1983 there are numerous new research institutes and universities opened in
Turkey. As a consequence, new researchers were bred and have conducted and finished projects in the
fields of entomology and agricultural zoology. Additionally, technical developments in printing techniques
resulted with many new journals and periodicals. And, also, the number and frequency of scientific meetings
increased. All these have played a role in the considerably increased number of publications. Advancements
in the areas of communication and information technologies had marked influence on, especially, the second
half of the last 30-year period. They effected the production speed of information as well as the speed of
reaching this information. While some of the produced information was instantaneously attainable, some was
harder to be reached due to the huge amount of information output.
In the preparation phase of the book called “650 Entomologists, Acarologists and Nematologists from
Turkey with Their Brief Life Histories” written by Prof. Dr. Serdar Tezcan and Dr. Füsun Tezcan which was
published by the Entomological Society of Turkey, scientists who conducted studies in these topics were
contacted. Along with their biographical information, information concerning their publications as of
December 31, 2011 was also tried to be gathered.
Within the scope of the studies which lasted approximately seven months, authors were requested to
send in their work from their publication lists which were in line with the concept of this publication. Those
which were present in previous bibliographies were sorted out and the remaining which belonged to the 28-
year period between 1984-2011 were compiled. They were standardized to the best that it could and have
been listed alphabetically by the author last names. Those publications which belonged to a period before
1984 but not found in previous bibliographies were also included in this compilation. It should be noted that
X
this study which features 10823 publications does not contain all literature published between 1984-2011.
Some works of our colleagues could not be included in this study because they did not tend to share their
publication lists despite they were accessed. Furthermore, the publications which belonged to foreign
researchers could only be included if they were co-produced with a local colleague. Unfortunately, their other
studies could not be included. It should also be noted that, differing from previous ones, the entries in this
book are not classified according to their topics.
The contents of this study is subject to become out of date quickly due to the rapid output rate of
information today. For this reason, this book has been printed in a limited number and has been distributed
to libraries and documentation centers. In order to facilitate and spread the utilization of the book, an e-book
format of it is posted in the electronic library in the website of the Entomological Society of Turkey
(http://www.entomoloji.org.tr/). This will make it available free of charge for those local and foreign
people who wish to make use of it. The e-book can be scanned or bibliographical information can be
extracted by writing either the author of the publication, title or name of the journal after clicking on the
related file.
The pdf files of the two volumes of Bibliography of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology of
Turkey, within the scope of a graduation thesis written in 2013 in the Department of Plant Protection of Ege
University, Faculty of Agriculture, has been posted in the abovementioned website with the intention to
facilitate the scanning of publications prior to 1984. We would like to point out that this will enable the user to
make use of the old publications by using the same method.
It is technologically easy to access information today; however, it may be harder to find it in a short
period of time due to the increased speed of output of information. We are wishing that this bibliographical
reference we have prepared will further contribute to the production of new knowledge today. We are
thinking that the target audience who would make use of this reference book is comprised of researchers in
the fields of biology, agriculture, forestry, veterinary, medicine, environmental sciences and standing on the
top of the list are our young colleagues who will study in the fields of entomology, acarology and nematology.
We would like to extend our gratitutes to the President of the Entomological Society of Turkey, Prof.
Dr. Enver Durmuşoğlu and to the members of the Board of Directors for their support by assuming the
printing of this study and posting its e-book form in their website which will make it possible to reach the
target audience. We would like to thank to all our colleagues, dear families and colleagues of our deceased
colleagues who have made this book possible by sending in information. We also would like to extend our
cordial thanks to Mr. Olcay Sütüven and his valued colleagues for their dedicated and meticulous work in
materializing the printing of this book.
March 2013, Bornova
Serdar TEZCAN-Füsun TEZCAN-Nilay GÜLPERÇİN

El metabolismo es el conjunto de reacciones químicas que realizan las células de los seres vivos para sintetizar sustancias complejas a partir de otras más simples, o para degradar las complejas y obtener las simples (Ávalos y Pérez-Urria, 2009). El pequeño tamaño de los insectos, en comparación con otros organismos, ha resultado en una evolución distinta y por lo tanto han desarrollado un metabolismo con variaciones significativas. Sin embargo, hay rutas metabólicas que muchos grupos de seres vivos tienen en común. En este artículo se explican de manera general algunas rutas metabólicas llevadas a cabo en los insectos.

Posted with the kind permission of the Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt (SCA) © SCA, Cairo, 2010

The number of hieroglyphs depicting insects is extremely poor and the same is true of the vocabulary naming them. This gives a good opportunity to confront insect names and their images as hieroglyphs. This study aims at a better identification of some of them, at eliminating some long standing confusions between different insects, between some insects and some birds. It gives all its importance to hieroglyphs as they appear on monuments to stress how much typed or hand-written hieroglyphs are different from originals and how our permanent practice of these last prevents us from a scientific study of the hieroglyphic writing itself. This study of individual hieroglyphs, considered as plain “beings” having a history, a genealogy, called grammatology, should not only be a companion to lexicographical investigations, but also a discipline in itself which will permit a better undersanding of the Egyptian writing and of the Egyptian mind.

ABSTRACT: Environmental pollution constitutes a serious threat to the existence of ecosystems, hence environmental monitoring becomes a constant element for its management and prediction. Class Insecta has many potential  representatives that can be used as environmental bioindicators as they have a higher level of structural and functional organization, and have more complex morphology, physiology, more developed sense organs, complex behavior and are characterized by a greater diversity of species, therefore, they can  more precise, more rapid and more variable to reflect disturbance of their environment, a xenobiotics may penetrate into the organisms via air, water, soil, dust and food, through the skin, respiratory system and alimentary tract. The use of bioindicators is an innovative approach for assessing various types of environmental mismanagement, including pollution, soil health high input farming, inappropriate disposal of wastes, contamination, etc. Globally, insect role as bioindicator to human support policy decisions for conservation and to evaluate functional consequences of human disturbance on ecosystems are recognized and we are ignoring this in India, hence it is discussed.