Required Courses to earn Minor in Exercise Science: 23 required hours HLSC 110 Personal Wellness ... more Required Courses to earn Minor in Exercise Science: 23 required hours HLSC 110 Personal Wellness 3 hrs HLSC 120* Anatomy and Physiology I 4 hrs HLSC 160* Anatomy and Physiology II 4 hrs PE 300 Mechanical Analysis of Human Movement (prereq: HLSC 120 and 160 3 hrs or concurrent enrollment) PE 350 Physiology of Sport and Exercise (prereq: HLSC 120 and 160 3 hrs or concurrent enrollment) PE370 Psychology of Sport and Exercise 3 hrs PE391 Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription (Prereq: PE350) 3 hrs or concurrent enrollment) Total 23 hrs
Purpose: To determine the prevalence of gastric trauma and pulmonary aspiration after cardiopulmo... more Purpose: To determine the prevalence of gastric trauma and pulmonary aspiration after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to examine factors which may be associated with increased prevalence of these complications.Methods: Retrospective review of 1,928 consecutive autopsy reports in a suburban teaching hospital from January 1, 1977 – June 1, 1986 of which 860 received CPR and 1,037 did not. Of the 860 who received CPR, 527 received prehospital CPR and 333 arrested in hospital and received only hospital CPR. Thirty-one cases were excluded because of inability to accurately examine the stomach.Results: There were 3 cases of stomach mucosal laceration and 4 cases of through and through laceration of the stomach in the CPR group and only one occurred in the non-CPR group (p <0.03). All gastric trauma in the CPR group occurred in the prehospital group (p <0.05). Pulmonary aspiration occurred in 31% of prehospital CPR patients and only 10% of hospital CPR patients (p <0.0001)...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1089 Jam 2007 0582, Feb 1, 2007
Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of ex... more Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of experimental data or model simulations utilizing realistic in vivo breathing conditions severely limit the ability to assess the relative risk of inhaled pathogens for asthmatics. In this study, a one-dimensional Eulerian modeling approach was used to simulate particle deposition in both asthmatic and healthy subjects. The model was based on the hypothesis that the component reactions of bronchial smooth muscle spasms, submucosal connective tissue swelling, and exudation into the airway lumen manifest themselves as altered lung function, which can be quantified by the parameters measured in subject pulmonary function tests. The asthmatic airway morphology was simulated by altering two parameters, functional residual capacity (FRC) and airway resistance (Raw), which are increased in asthmatic subjects. The amounts in excess of the healthy case were uniquely distributed in the airway generations based on knowledge of the changes in the anatomy and physiology of the airway walls during an asthmatic episode. Specifically, increased Raw was distributed preferentially in the bronchioles and excess FRC was distributed in the pulmonary region. Lung volumes, Raw, and breathing conditions of healthy and asthmatic subjects were compiled from 18 clinical studies. Significant differences were found between healthy and asthmatic Raw, FRC, and tidal volume (TV). In vivo flow fields were simulated using population average TV, breathing frequency, and cycle time fractions. Results showed that using asthmatic conditions in the simulation increased particle deposition over the healthy case by an average of 54% for the range of particles tested. This deposition increase was large compared to the difference due to intersubject variability of the healthy case. Comparisons to experimental data were limited by the number of unreported parameters. This study showed that using asthmatic breathing conditions resulted in significantly different particle deposition compared to using the controlled breathing patterns reported in experimental studies. Therefore, caution should be taken when using experimental data to assess particle deposition in vivo if realistic subject breathing is not used.
The Anatomical Record Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, Jun 1, 2009
Realistic airway geometry is required for accurate biomechanical modeling, particle deposition pr... more Realistic airway geometry is required for accurate biomechanical modeling, particle deposition predictions and ultimately risk assessment and inhaled drug delivery protocols. Morphometric studies to date provide data for specific anatomical locations or for more generational average data for the entire lung. In an attempt to provide a realistic geometry representative of a typical human, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Visible Human (VH) female data set was reconstructed and compared to available morphometric data from the literature. The reconstructed NIH VH female airway model extended from just distal to the larynx down through the fifth generation of bronchial passageways. Casting and scanning techniques were used to create the upper airway geometries so that the model could be used realistically for oral exposure. Each reconstruction stage was examined to show the loss of data during segmentation, decimation, and smoothing processes. The resulting dimensions of the complete female model were consistent with morphometric data from the literature, indicating that the model is a reasonable representation of an adult female that could be used for biomechanical modeling.
Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of ex... more Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of experimental data or model simulations utilizing realistic in vivo breathing conditions severely limit the ability to assess the relative risk of inhaled pathogens for asthmatics. In this study, a one-dimensional Eulerian modeling approach was used to simulate particle deposition in both asthmatic and healthy subjects. The model was based on the hypothesis that the component reactions of bronchial smooth muscle spasms, submucosal connective tissue swelling, and exudation into the airway lumen manifest themselves as altered lung function, which can be quantified by the parameters measured in subject pulmonary function tests. The asthmatic airway morphology was simulated by altering two parameters, functional residual capacity (FRC) and airway resistance (Raw), which are increased in asthmatic subjects. The amounts in excess of the healthy case were uniquely distributed in the airway generations based on knowledge of the changes in the anatomy and physiology of the airway walls during an asthmatic episode. Specifically, increased Raw was distributed preferentially in the bronchioles and excess FRC was distributed in the pulmonary region. Lung volumes, Raw, and breathing conditions of healthy and asthmatic subjects were compiled from 18 clinical studies. Significant differences were found between healthy and asthmatic Raw, FRC, and tidal volume (TV). In vivo flow fields were simulated using population average TV, breathing frequency, and cycle time fractions. Results showed that using asthmatic conditions in the simulation increased particle deposition over the healthy case by an average of 54% for the range of particles tested. This deposition increase was large compared to the difference due to intersubject variability of the healthy case. Comparisons to experimental data were limited by the number of unreported parameters. This study showed that using asthmatic breathing conditions resulted in significantly different particle deposition compared to using the controlled breathing patterns reported in experimental studies. Therefore, caution should be taken when using experimental data to assess particle deposition in vivo if realistic subject breathing is not used.
Required Courses to earn Minor in Exercise Science: 23 required hours HLSC 110 Personal Wellness ... more Required Courses to earn Minor in Exercise Science: 23 required hours HLSC 110 Personal Wellness 3 hrs HLSC 120* Anatomy and Physiology I 4 hrs HLSC 160* Anatomy and Physiology II 4 hrs PE 300 Mechanical Analysis of Human Movement (prereq: HLSC 120 and 160 3 hrs or concurrent enrollment) PE 350 Physiology of Sport and Exercise (prereq: HLSC 120 and 160 3 hrs or concurrent enrollment) PE370 Psychology of Sport and Exercise 3 hrs PE391 Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription (Prereq: PE350) 3 hrs or concurrent enrollment) Total 23 hrs
Purpose: To determine the prevalence of gastric trauma and pulmonary aspiration after cardiopulmo... more Purpose: To determine the prevalence of gastric trauma and pulmonary aspiration after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to examine factors which may be associated with increased prevalence of these complications.Methods: Retrospective review of 1,928 consecutive autopsy reports in a suburban teaching hospital from January 1, 1977 – June 1, 1986 of which 860 received CPR and 1,037 did not. Of the 860 who received CPR, 527 received prehospital CPR and 333 arrested in hospital and received only hospital CPR. Thirty-one cases were excluded because of inability to accurately examine the stomach.Results: There were 3 cases of stomach mucosal laceration and 4 cases of through and through laceration of the stomach in the CPR group and only one occurred in the non-CPR group (p <0.03). All gastric trauma in the CPR group occurred in the prehospital group (p <0.05). Pulmonary aspiration occurred in 31% of prehospital CPR patients and only 10% of hospital CPR patients (p <0.0001)...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1089 Jam 2007 0582, Feb 1, 2007
Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of ex... more Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of experimental data or model simulations utilizing realistic in vivo breathing conditions severely limit the ability to assess the relative risk of inhaled pathogens for asthmatics. In this study, a one-dimensional Eulerian modeling approach was used to simulate particle deposition in both asthmatic and healthy subjects. The model was based on the hypothesis that the component reactions of bronchial smooth muscle spasms, submucosal connective tissue swelling, and exudation into the airway lumen manifest themselves as altered lung function, which can be quantified by the parameters measured in subject pulmonary function tests. The asthmatic airway morphology was simulated by altering two parameters, functional residual capacity (FRC) and airway resistance (Raw), which are increased in asthmatic subjects. The amounts in excess of the healthy case were uniquely distributed in the airway generations based on knowledge of the changes in the anatomy and physiology of the airway walls during an asthmatic episode. Specifically, increased Raw was distributed preferentially in the bronchioles and excess FRC was distributed in the pulmonary region. Lung volumes, Raw, and breathing conditions of healthy and asthmatic subjects were compiled from 18 clinical studies. Significant differences were found between healthy and asthmatic Raw, FRC, and tidal volume (TV). In vivo flow fields were simulated using population average TV, breathing frequency, and cycle time fractions. Results showed that using asthmatic conditions in the simulation increased particle deposition over the healthy case by an average of 54% for the range of particles tested. This deposition increase was large compared to the difference due to intersubject variability of the healthy case. Comparisons to experimental data were limited by the number of unreported parameters. This study showed that using asthmatic breathing conditions resulted in significantly different particle deposition compared to using the controlled breathing patterns reported in experimental studies. Therefore, caution should be taken when using experimental data to assess particle deposition in vivo if realistic subject breathing is not used.
The Anatomical Record Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, Jun 1, 2009
Realistic airway geometry is required for accurate biomechanical modeling, particle deposition pr... more Realistic airway geometry is required for accurate biomechanical modeling, particle deposition predictions and ultimately risk assessment and inhaled drug delivery protocols. Morphometric studies to date provide data for specific anatomical locations or for more generational average data for the entire lung. In an attempt to provide a realistic geometry representative of a typical human, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Visible Human (VH) female data set was reconstructed and compared to available morphometric data from the literature. The reconstructed NIH VH female airway model extended from just distal to the larynx down through the fifth generation of bronchial passageways. Casting and scanning techniques were used to create the upper airway geometries so that the model could be used realistically for oral exposure. Each reconstruction stage was examined to show the loss of data during segmentation, decimation, and smoothing processes. The resulting dimensions of the complete female model were consistent with morphometric data from the literature, indicating that the model is a reasonable representation of an adult female that could be used for biomechanical modeling.
Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of ex... more Asthma is a complex disease that alters both breathing patterns and airway morphology. Lack of experimental data or model simulations utilizing realistic in vivo breathing conditions severely limit the ability to assess the relative risk of inhaled pathogens for asthmatics. In this study, a one-dimensional Eulerian modeling approach was used to simulate particle deposition in both asthmatic and healthy subjects. The model was based on the hypothesis that the component reactions of bronchial smooth muscle spasms, submucosal connective tissue swelling, and exudation into the airway lumen manifest themselves as altered lung function, which can be quantified by the parameters measured in subject pulmonary function tests. The asthmatic airway morphology was simulated by altering two parameters, functional residual capacity (FRC) and airway resistance (Raw), which are increased in asthmatic subjects. The amounts in excess of the healthy case were uniquely distributed in the airway generations based on knowledge of the changes in the anatomy and physiology of the airway walls during an asthmatic episode. Specifically, increased Raw was distributed preferentially in the bronchioles and excess FRC was distributed in the pulmonary region. Lung volumes, Raw, and breathing conditions of healthy and asthmatic subjects were compiled from 18 clinical studies. Significant differences were found between healthy and asthmatic Raw, FRC, and tidal volume (TV). In vivo flow fields were simulated using population average TV, breathing frequency, and cycle time fractions. Results showed that using asthmatic conditions in the simulation increased particle deposition over the healthy case by an average of 54% for the range of particles tested. This deposition increase was large compared to the difference due to intersubject variability of the healthy case. Comparisons to experimental data were limited by the number of unreported parameters. This study showed that using asthmatic breathing conditions resulted in significantly different particle deposition compared to using the controlled breathing patterns reported in experimental studies. Therefore, caution should be taken when using experimental data to assess particle deposition in vivo if realistic subject breathing is not used.
Uploads
Papers by Richard Doolittle