The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations ranks India at 13th position wi... more The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations ranks India at 13th position with 5300 wet tones of seaweed harvest (0.2% of global production). The domestic micro or medium enterprises still overwhelmingly rely on wild harvest for feedstock. The production of hydrocolloids and bio stimulants for agriculture has been the main product portfolio for the last several decades. Nevertheless, with 7516.6 km of coastline, this sector holds enormous promise for sustainable economic development. The strong “Innovation Quotient” proved to be the crucial driving force to develop several novel products backed up with intellectual property rights. Appreciable steps have been taken by the Union Government of India to give further fillip to the marine sector through different forums to achieve a sustainable and circular Blue Economy. The purpose of this thematic article is to collate the state-of-the-art information on the cultivation and processing sector in the country, and to ...
Analytical Discipline & Centralized Instrument Facility, Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR-C... more Analytical Discipline & Centralized Instrument Facility, Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India E-mail : rpatidar@csmcri.org, ppaul@csmcri.org Fax : 91-278-2567562 In the present article, a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) method is described for rapid analysis of macro (P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (B, Zn, Cl, Mn, Cu and Na) in maize grains upon foliar application of seaweed sap. The method is simple and fast as it involves drying, pulverising and pressing of maize grains in order to determine the elemental composition. Powdering of the grain with advanced ball mill not only offers suitable particle size and homogeneity of the sample but also rapidity as compared to the simple mill/mortar and pestle. The range of expanded uncertainty for macronutrients ranges from 0.010 to 0.180%, while for micronutrient it is 0.45 to 47.44 mg/kg. The calibration and validation was done...
Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) has been known for its plant biostimulant and stress... more Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) has been known for its plant biostimulant and stress alleviation activities on various crops. However, very few reports are available depicting its impact at the molecular level, which is crucial in identifying the mechanism of action of KSWE on plants. Here, maize leaf tissue of control and KSWE-treated plants were analyzed for their transcriptional changes under drought stress. KSWE was applied foliarly at the V5 stage of maize crop under drought, and leaf transcriptome analysis was performed. It was found that a total of 380 and 631 genes were up- and downregulated, respectively, due to the application of KSWE. Genes involved in nitrate transportation, signal transmission, photosynthesis, transmembrane transport of various ions, glycogen, and starch biosynthetic processes were found upregulated in KSWE-treated plants, while genes involved in the catabolism of polysaccharide molecules such as starch as well as cell wall macromolecules l...
Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) is known to enhance crop productivity and impart str... more Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) is known to enhance crop productivity and impart stress tolerance and our preliminary studies showed their biostimulatory effect on soil bacteria also. Close to one quarter of the foliar spray carried out on maize falls on soil either as drift or from leaf as drip. Hence it was hypothesized, it would profoundly influence soil microbes under stress. An experiment was conducted with five treatments, with or without KSWE application at critical stages of maize under soil moisture stress and compared with an irrigated control. Illumina platform was employed for analysis of V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from the soil metagenome. Total of 345,552 operational taxonomic units were generated which were classified into 55 phyla, 152 classes, 240 orders, 305 families and 593 genera. Shannon’s index and Shannon’s equitability indicated increased soil bacterial diversity by multiple KSWE applications under duress. The abundance of Steroidobacter, Baln...
Microalgae accumulate a considerable amount of lipids and carbohydrate under nutrient-deficient c... more Microalgae accumulate a considerable amount of lipids and carbohydrate under nutrient-deficient conditions, which makes them one of the promising sustainable resources for biofuel production. In the present study, to obtain the biomass with higher lipid and carbohydrate contents, we implemented a short-term nitrogen starvation of 1, 2, and 3 days in a green microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus. Few recent reports suggest that oxidative stress-tolerant microalgae are highly efficient for biofuel production. To study the role of oxidative stress due to nitrogen deficiency, responses of various stress biomarkers like reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and non-enzymatic scavengers proline and polyphenols were also evaluated. Further, the endogenous levels of phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were also determined to study their response to nitrogen deficiency. We ...
Non-isothermal (β=5, 10, 20, 35°C/min) pyrolysis of de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) of Chlorell... more Non-isothermal (β=5, 10, 20, 35°C/min) pyrolysis of de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) of Chlorella variabilis was investigated by TGA-MS (30-900°C, Argon atmosphere) to understand thermal decomposition and evolved gas analysis (EGA). The results showed that three-stage thermal decomposition and three volatilization zone (100-400°C, 400-550°C and 600-750°C) of organic matters during pyrolysis. The highest rate of weight-loss is 8.91%/min at 302°C for 35°C/min heating-rate. Kinetics of pyrolysis were investigated by iso-conversional (KAS, FWO) and model-fitting (Coats-Redfern) method. For Zone-1and3, similar activation energy (Ea) is found in between KAS (α=0.4), FWO (α=0.4) and Avrami-Erofe'ev (n=4) model. Using the best-fitted kinetic model Avrami-Erofe'ev (n=4), Ea values (R(2)=>0.96) are 171.12 (Zone-1), 404.65 (Zone-2) and 691.42kJ/mol (Zone-3). EGA indicate the abundance of most gases observed consequently between 200-300°C and 400-500°C. The pyrolysis of DMB involved multi-step reaction mechanisms for solid-state reactions having different Ea values.
In view of commercialization of microalgal biofuel, the de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) is a su... more In view of commercialization of microalgal biofuel, the de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) is a surplus by-product in the biorefinery process that needs to be exploited to make the process economically attractive and feasible. This DMB, rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, can be used as feed, fertilizer, and substrate for the production of bioethanol/bio-methane. Further, thermo-chemical conversion of DMB results into fuels and industrially important chemicals. Future prospects of DMB also lie with its conversion into novel biomaterials like nanoparticles and carbon-dot which have biomedical importance. The lowest valued application of DMB is to use it for adsorption of dyes and heavy metals from industrial effluents. This study reviews how DMB can be utilized for different applications and in the generation of valuable co-products. The value addition of DMB would thereby improve the overall cost economics of the microalgal bio-refinery.
The present study demonstrates the utilization of the algal hydrolysate (AH) prepared from lipid ... more The present study demonstrates the utilization of the algal hydrolysate (AH) prepared from lipid extracted residual harmful bloom-forming cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula biomass, as a growth supplement for the cultivation of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BG-11 replacements with AH in different proportions significantly affects the cell count, dry cell weight (DCW), biomass productivity (BP) and pigments concentration. Among all, 25% AH substitution in BG11 media was found to be optimum which enhanced DCW, BP and pigments content by 39.13%, 40.81% and 129.47%, respectively, compared to control. The lipid content (31.95%) was also significantly higher in the 25% AH replacement. The volumetric productivity of neutral lipids (ideal for biodiesel) and total protein content of the cells significantly increased in all AH substitutions. Thus, lipid extracted microalgal biomass residue (LMBR) hydrolysate can be a potential growth stimulating supplement for oleaginous microalgae C. vul...
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations ranks India at 13th position wi... more The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations ranks India at 13th position with 5300 wet tones of seaweed harvest (0.2% of global production). The domestic micro or medium enterprises still overwhelmingly rely on wild harvest for feedstock. The production of hydrocolloids and bio stimulants for agriculture has been the main product portfolio for the last several decades. Nevertheless, with 7516.6 km of coastline, this sector holds enormous promise for sustainable economic development. The strong “Innovation Quotient” proved to be the crucial driving force to develop several novel products backed up with intellectual property rights. Appreciable steps have been taken by the Union Government of India to give further fillip to the marine sector through different forums to achieve a sustainable and circular Blue Economy. The purpose of this thematic article is to collate the state-of-the-art information on the cultivation and processing sector in the country, and to ...
Analytical Discipline & Centralized Instrument Facility, Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR-C... more Analytical Discipline & Centralized Instrument Facility, Discipline of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India E-mail : rpatidar@csmcri.org, ppaul@csmcri.org Fax : 91-278-2567562 In the present article, a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) method is described for rapid analysis of macro (P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (B, Zn, Cl, Mn, Cu and Na) in maize grains upon foliar application of seaweed sap. The method is simple and fast as it involves drying, pulverising and pressing of maize grains in order to determine the elemental composition. Powdering of the grain with advanced ball mill not only offers suitable particle size and homogeneity of the sample but also rapidity as compared to the simple mill/mortar and pestle. The range of expanded uncertainty for macronutrients ranges from 0.010 to 0.180%, while for micronutrient it is 0.45 to 47.44 mg/kg. The calibration and validation was done...
Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) has been known for its plant biostimulant and stress... more Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) has been known for its plant biostimulant and stress alleviation activities on various crops. However, very few reports are available depicting its impact at the molecular level, which is crucial in identifying the mechanism of action of KSWE on plants. Here, maize leaf tissue of control and KSWE-treated plants were analyzed for their transcriptional changes under drought stress. KSWE was applied foliarly at the V5 stage of maize crop under drought, and leaf transcriptome analysis was performed. It was found that a total of 380 and 631 genes were up- and downregulated, respectively, due to the application of KSWE. Genes involved in nitrate transportation, signal transmission, photosynthesis, transmembrane transport of various ions, glycogen, and starch biosynthetic processes were found upregulated in KSWE-treated plants, while genes involved in the catabolism of polysaccharide molecules such as starch as well as cell wall macromolecules l...
Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) is known to enhance crop productivity and impart str... more Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed extract (KSWE) is known to enhance crop productivity and impart stress tolerance and our preliminary studies showed their biostimulatory effect on soil bacteria also. Close to one quarter of the foliar spray carried out on maize falls on soil either as drift or from leaf as drip. Hence it was hypothesized, it would profoundly influence soil microbes under stress. An experiment was conducted with five treatments, with or without KSWE application at critical stages of maize under soil moisture stress and compared with an irrigated control. Illumina platform was employed for analysis of V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from the soil metagenome. Total of 345,552 operational taxonomic units were generated which were classified into 55 phyla, 152 classes, 240 orders, 305 families and 593 genera. Shannon’s index and Shannon’s equitability indicated increased soil bacterial diversity by multiple KSWE applications under duress. The abundance of Steroidobacter, Baln...
Microalgae accumulate a considerable amount of lipids and carbohydrate under nutrient-deficient c... more Microalgae accumulate a considerable amount of lipids and carbohydrate under nutrient-deficient conditions, which makes them one of the promising sustainable resources for biofuel production. In the present study, to obtain the biomass with higher lipid and carbohydrate contents, we implemented a short-term nitrogen starvation of 1, 2, and 3 days in a green microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus. Few recent reports suggest that oxidative stress-tolerant microalgae are highly efficient for biofuel production. To study the role of oxidative stress due to nitrogen deficiency, responses of various stress biomarkers like reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and non-enzymatic scavengers proline and polyphenols were also evaluated. Further, the endogenous levels of phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were also determined to study their response to nitrogen deficiency. We ...
Non-isothermal (β=5, 10, 20, 35°C/min) pyrolysis of de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) of Chlorell... more Non-isothermal (β=5, 10, 20, 35°C/min) pyrolysis of de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) of Chlorella variabilis was investigated by TGA-MS (30-900°C, Argon atmosphere) to understand thermal decomposition and evolved gas analysis (EGA). The results showed that three-stage thermal decomposition and three volatilization zone (100-400°C, 400-550°C and 600-750°C) of organic matters during pyrolysis. The highest rate of weight-loss is 8.91%/min at 302°C for 35°C/min heating-rate. Kinetics of pyrolysis were investigated by iso-conversional (KAS, FWO) and model-fitting (Coats-Redfern) method. For Zone-1and3, similar activation energy (Ea) is found in between KAS (α=0.4), FWO (α=0.4) and Avrami-Erofe'ev (n=4) model. Using the best-fitted kinetic model Avrami-Erofe'ev (n=4), Ea values (R(2)=>0.96) are 171.12 (Zone-1), 404.65 (Zone-2) and 691.42kJ/mol (Zone-3). EGA indicate the abundance of most gases observed consequently between 200-300°C and 400-500°C. The pyrolysis of DMB involved multi-step reaction mechanisms for solid-state reactions having different Ea values.
In view of commercialization of microalgal biofuel, the de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) is a su... more In view of commercialization of microalgal biofuel, the de-oiled microalgal biomass (DMB) is a surplus by-product in the biorefinery process that needs to be exploited to make the process economically attractive and feasible. This DMB, rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals, can be used as feed, fertilizer, and substrate for the production of bioethanol/bio-methane. Further, thermo-chemical conversion of DMB results into fuels and industrially important chemicals. Future prospects of DMB also lie with its conversion into novel biomaterials like nanoparticles and carbon-dot which have biomedical importance. The lowest valued application of DMB is to use it for adsorption of dyes and heavy metals from industrial effluents. This study reviews how DMB can be utilized for different applications and in the generation of valuable co-products. The value addition of DMB would thereby improve the overall cost economics of the microalgal bio-refinery.
The present study demonstrates the utilization of the algal hydrolysate (AH) prepared from lipid ... more The present study demonstrates the utilization of the algal hydrolysate (AH) prepared from lipid extracted residual harmful bloom-forming cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula biomass, as a growth supplement for the cultivation of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BG-11 replacements with AH in different proportions significantly affects the cell count, dry cell weight (DCW), biomass productivity (BP) and pigments concentration. Among all, 25% AH substitution in BG11 media was found to be optimum which enhanced DCW, BP and pigments content by 39.13%, 40.81% and 129.47%, respectively, compared to control. The lipid content (31.95%) was also significantly higher in the 25% AH replacement. The volumetric productivity of neutral lipids (ideal for biodiesel) and total protein content of the cells significantly increased in all AH substitutions. Thus, lipid extracted microalgal biomass residue (LMBR) hydrolysate can be a potential growth stimulating supplement for oleaginous microalgae C. vul...
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