Dr. Shayaq Ali

The study area is located at 8 0 33' to 8 0 55' N Latitude and 36 0 22' to 36 0 44' E longitude. The aim of the study is to assess the physico-chemical parameters of subsurface water quality with special constituent level of major and trace elements concentrations, distributions and identifies the possible of water source in relation to domestic and agricultural purposes. The geological setting of the area consists of exposure of volcanic rocks that cover the sediment part and quaternary sediments. Rain fall is a vital source of subsurface water by infiltration and percolation through the soil zone; and unsaturated materials chemically reacted with the gases, minerals and organic compounds that occur naturally within subsurface. The physico-chemical characteristics of sub surface water samples have been determined according to the standard methods of APHA and identify the chemical composition of ground water sample analysis and interpretation, like pH, EC, Cl, HCO 3 ,F, NO 3, TDS, SO 4, Ca, Mg, Na, and K which are related to solid water interaction. By using laboratory test the physical and chemical characteristics of subsurface water samples have been determined according national and international standards such like WHO for drinking water and there major and trace element concentrations are compared with the maximum acceptable concentration standards. The major cations of the water compositions being analyzed to using qualitative method, average values can be ordered as Mg< Ca<Na where as the major anions ordered as HCo 3 > Cl> So 4 .

The study area is located in western Ethiopia of Oromia regional state on East wollega zone, at a distance of 332 km from Addis Ababa capital city of Ethiopia. It is bounded between 36 0 30'00 " to 36 0 45'00''longitude and 9 0 05'00'' to 9 0 15'00'' latitude. The area is covered by exposure of volcanic rock and some of quaternary sedimentary rock. Rainfall and snow are a natural source of ground water by percolating through soil zone and unsaturated material. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the role of geological structures, geomorphological features and surface design on the occurrence of ground water flow. The methodology used to study the area is pre-, and post-during field work by using different geological, geomorphological methods to determine the geomorphic feature and geological structures such as, lineaments and tectonic structure (joint, fracture and dykes) and geospatial method using (Arc GIS software) to determine DEM (Digital Elevation Model), slope and aspects of study area. The majority land of the study area is covered by volcanic rock units having dendrite drainage patterns, dome shape and flat land forms. The fractured basalt and high topography are suitable for ground water percolation; whereas the low land and altered basalt are essential for discharging of the ground water.

Groundwater is precious resource for life and growth and development of country. Hence, reliance on the groundwater has increased greatly. Accordingly, substantial increments in the groundwater withdrawals have occurred in almost every part of the country. One of most fundamental condition for the growth and development of nation is certainly to fulfill its urgent water needs hence, along with this are demanded good scientific and technical capabilities for the assessment and substantial development of the country for water resource potential particularly for the groundwater. This research was conducted in Nekemte area which is bounded in 36o 30' to 36o 40' longitude and 9o 05' to 9o 10' latitude of western Ethiopia, For the ground water resources and management data as there is limited information on groundwater storage distribution and management. The study area is comprising in different geological formation is mainly covered by tertiary volcanic rock such as upper volcanic rock (lower volcanic rocks, hypabyssal rock plug and domes syenite dome trachyte plug and phonolite plug. Hydro geologically study of the area has indicators that show as the groundwater potential and occurrence. The geological units like clay sediments, weathered and fractured basalt, and other quaternary sediments, and geological structures causes for different landforms and for primary and secondary permeability and porosity which are plays great role on the aquifer properties. The given data were collected from geological field activities to fulfill the gaps in hydro geological field observation data reports. The ground water also uses for many purposes in Nekemte town, such as for domestic, industrial and agriculture. There are so many problems related to ground water management in Nekemte town such likes, Poor sanitation, not good hygiene condition, insufficient water supply due to lack of management and not good scientific and technical capabilities. To solved and given the addition of water supply scheme, addition of water source at the nearest to community services are required. The regional water resource office should provide financial and logistic support for this town. .