Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges ... more Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of malaria infection among persons seeking treatment from private sector drug outlets and Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors (PVMs). Rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were carried out to examine the blood samples collected from the study subjects. A total of 1,300 subjects of varying ages that came to seek for malaria treatment were randomly selected for the study after their free consent had been obtained. Finger prick and venous methods were used to collect blood for the rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. The results of this study revealed that of the total of 700 blood samples analyzed for Males, 402 (57.43%) were positive for microscopy and 396 (56.57%) were positive for RDT. While for females, the result showed that of the 600 blood samples screened, 304 (50.67%) were positive for microscopy and 288 (48.0%) ...
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adhere... more Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects treatment outcomes, especially in low-middle-income countries. The study evaluated the prevalence of IPI among HIV patients in relation to ART adherence between May and November 2017. Ethical approval and consent were obtained from the ethical review committee of the Benue State Ministry of Health and patients respectively. Patients' clinical records were reviewed, and ART adherence status was obtained from the adherence assessment cards. Participants were given two labelled sterile containers for stool samples. Direct wet mount of samples was prepared in normal saline to identify helminths ova and larvae. Samples were further processed using parasite concentrators. Slides were stained with Lugol's iodine, modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast and Giemsa and subsequently examined under a light microscope using x10 and x40 objectives. Data were analysed using the chi-square test and SPSS version 22. Of the 757 patients, females constituted 57.7% (n=437). Good adherence rate (>95%) was 61.9% (n=469). More females (n=301, 64.2%) than males (n=168, 35.8%) had good adherence status. IPI rate among ART patients was 16.4% (n=124). Entamoeba histolytica (n=5, 1.0%), Giardia lamblia (n=3, 0.6%) and Taenia sp. (n=8, 1.7%) were IPI seen among good adherence patients, and as single infections without diarrhoea. IPI was significant (p<0.05) among poor adherence patients (37.5%, n=108) compared to good adherence patients (3.4%, n=16). IPI were significant among females; 1.9% (n=9) in the good adherence group and 19.8% (n=57) in the poor adherence group. Cryptosporidium parvum (n=20, 6.9%), E. histolytica (n=15, 5.2%), E. coli (n=11, 3.8%), G. lamblia (n=10, 3.5%) and Taenia sp. (n=10, 3.5%) accounts for significant rates of infections among patients with poor adherence, with multiple infections and associated diarrhoea seen in 10 (3.5%) of them. Routine monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients for IPI by healthcare providers is necessary. Coinfected patients with poor ART adherence should be routinely screened for IPI and promptly treated. Antiparasitic drugs should be provided as prophylaxis along with ART, to enhance their overall treatment outcome.
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adhere... more Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects treatment outcomes, especially in low-middle-income countries. The study evaluated the prevalence of IPI among HIV patients in relation to ART adherence between May and November 2017. Ethical approval and consent were obtained from the ethical review committee of the Benue State Ministry of Health and patients respectively. Patients' clinical records were reviewed, and ART adherence status was obtained from the adherence assessment cards. Participants were given two labelled sterile containers for stool samples. Direct wet mount of samples was prepared in normal saline to identify helminths ova and larvae. Samples were further processed using parasite concentrators. Slides were stained with Lugol's iodine, modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast and Giemsa and subsequently examined under a light microscope using x10 and x40 objectives. Data were analysed using the chi-square test and SPSS version 22. Of the 757 patients, females constituted 57.7% (n=437). Good adherence rate (>95%) was 61.9% (n=469). More females (n=301, 64.2%) than males (n=168, 35.8%) had good adherence status. IPI rate among ART patients was 16.4% (n=124). Entamoeba histolytica (n=5, 1.0%), Giardia lamblia (n=3, 0.6%) and Taenia sp. (n=8, 1.7%) were IPI seen among good adherence patients, and as single infections without diarrhoea. IPI was significant (p<0.05) among poor adherence patients (37.5%, n=108) compared to good adherence patients (3.4%, n=16). IPI were significant among females; 1.9% (n=9) in the good adherence group and 19.8% (n=57) in the poor adherence group. Cryptosporidium parvum (n=20, 6.9%), E. histolytica (n=15, 5.2%), E. coli (n=11, 3.8%), G. lamblia (n=10, 3.5%) and Taenia sp. (n=10, 3.5%) accounts for significant rates of infections among patients with poor adherence, with multiple infections and associated diarrhoea seen in 10 (3.5%) of them. Routine monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients for IPI by healthcare providers is necessary. Coinfected patients with poor ART adherence should be routinely screened for IPI and promptly treated. Antiparasitic drugs should be provided as prophylaxis along with ART, to enhance their overall treatment outcome.
Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and cel... more Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and celebration of the unprecedented grounds conquered in the fight against the pandemic, the monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged and remerged in many countries taking over major headlines around the globe at the present. Since 1 January and as of 22 June 2022, 50 nations and territories in five WHO Regions (Africa, America, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and Western Pacific) have reported 3413 laboratory-confirmed cases; along with one fatality. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) received notice of a possible monkeypox epidemic in Bayelsa State on September 22, 2017. Thereafter, from Bayelsa to Rivers, Ekiti, Akwa Ibom, Lagos, Ogun and Cross River, the scourge of Monkeypox has continue to escalate five (5) years after the disease was first reported in Nigeria. An aggregate of 716 suspected cases have been recorded from 25 states nationwide between September 2017 and June 26, 2022. Th...
Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and cel... more Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and celebration of the unprecedented grounds conquered in the fight against the pandemic, the monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged and remerged in many countries taking over major headlines around the globe at the present. Since 1 January and as of 22 June 2022, 50 nations and territories in five WHO Regions (Africa, America, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and Western Pacific) have reported 3413 laboratory-confirmed cases; along with one fatality. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) received notice of a possible monkeypox epidemic in Bayelsa State on September 22, 2017. Thereafter, from Bayelsa to Rivers, Ekiti, Akwa Ibom, Lagos, Ogun and Cross River, the scourge of Monkeypox has continue to escalate five (5) years after the disease was first reported in Nigeria. An aggregate of 716 suspected cases have been recorded from 25 states nationwide between September 2017 and June 26, 2022. There have been 288 (40.2 percent) confirmed cases from 25 states out of the 716 suspected cases. So far, nine (9) deaths in total (CFR=3.1%) have been reported in 6 states between September 2017 and June 2022. At the moment, the following challenges are preventing the country from containing the virus effectively: 1) Low patient use of healthcare facilities because of stigma, cost, and low fatality rate; 2) Underreporting of cases due to inadequate access to healthcare facilities; 3) Low sample collection rate in reporting states; 4) Poor infectious disease laboratories support in remote areas; 5) Corruption and lack of political will by current administration to fight the virus; 6) Weak monkeypox monitoring, possibly related to a limited health workforce and the COVID 19 pandemic response; 7) A lack of international cooperation, unity, and coordination in the pursuit of establishing global health equity; and 8) Lack of access to authorized and safe treatment and vaccine among other things. Despite these challenges, a monkeypox-free Nigeria is possible. To this end, a safe and effective immunization of the public, as with smallpox, polio and yellow fever, is the key to the future. Until, a safe and effective vaccine becomes readily available, control and prevention lies largely on non-pharmaceutical intervention measures.
Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plan... more Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plants against diseases by traditional medical practitioners is common in many parts of the world and several researches have been carried out to determine the scientific basis for the use of such plants. Alstonia boonei is one of the many medicinal plants found in Nigeria. The plant parts have been traditionally used to treat various ailments including malaria. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimalarial activity, phytochemical composition and toxicity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Alstonia boonei. The extract showed substantial dose dependent antimalarial activity as indicated by the recorded suppressive (45.67%, 58.53% and 74.68% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) prophylactic (33.57%, 45.64% and 61.23% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) and curative effects (62.35%, 68.57% and 79.63% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) on Plasmodium berghei infected wh...
Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plan... more Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plants against diseases by traditional medical practitioners is common in many parts of the world and several researches have been carried out to determine the scientific basis for the use of such plants. Alstonia boonei is one of the many medicinal plants found in Nigeria. The plant parts have been traditionally used to treat various ailments including malaria. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimalarial activity, phytochemical composition and toxicity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Alstonia boonei. The extract showed substantial dose dependent antimalarial activity as indicated by the recorded suppressive (45.67%, 58.53% and 74.68% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) prophylactic (33.57%, 45.64% and 61.23% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) and curative effects (62.35%, 68.57% and 79.63% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) on Plasmodium berghei infected wh...
Background: Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the highest causes of mo... more Background: Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality among HIV infected individuals. This is due to the colonization of the intestinal tract by parasites influenced by induced enteropathy caused by HIV infection. CD+4 t-lymphocytes count is a marker of the immune status of HIV infected individuals. Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections among HIV coinfected individuals in relation to their immunological status. Methods: CD+4 t-lymphocytes count was determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) count system. Parasitological examination of faecal samples was conducted using direct wet mount, modified Z-N and Giemsa stain techniques. All prepared slides were examined under x10 and x40 objectives. Findings: Out of the 891 HIV seropositive participants on antiretroviral therapy that were studied, 641 (71.9%) had CD+4 counts equals to or greater than 500 cells/mm3. All other seropositive participants had CD+4 counts below 500 cells/mm3. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 187 (20.9%) seropositive participants, with females (n = 108, 12.1%) having more infections than males. Multiple gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 28 (3.1%) seropositive participants. Out of the 150 seronegative participants, 79 (52.7%) of them had at least one gastrointestinal parasitic infection. Female seronegative participants also accounted for higher infection rate (n = 42, 28.0%) than males (n = 37, 24.7%). Multiple infections were also recorded in 18 (12.0%) seronegative individuals. The overall prevalence rate of infection between both positive and negative individuals was 25.5%. There was statistical significant difference in the infections of Cryptosporidium parvum (p < 0.003), Cyclospora cayetanensis (p < 0.011) and Cystoisospora belli (p < 0.011) between HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative individuals. Also, there was statistical significant difference in the infections of hook worm (p < 0.002) and Trichuris trichiura (p < 0.020) between seronegative and seropositive individuals. Gastrointestinal parasitic infection rate was significantly higher among seropositive participants with CD+4 counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm3 (n = 109, 58.3%). Conclusion: The study shows that HIV infected individuals continue to experience gastrointestinal infections even with antiretroviral treatment, especially those with CD+4 counts below 350 cells/mm3. Health care providers should prioritise routine screening of HIV patients for gastrointestinal parasites and provide prompt treatment. Antiparasitic drugs should also be provided as prophylaxis.
Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges ... more Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of malaria infection among persons seeking treatment from private sector drug outlets and Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors (PVMs). Rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were carried out to examine the blood samples collected from the study subjects. A total of 1,300 subjects of varying ages that came to seek for malaria treatment were randomly selected for the study after their free consent had been obtained. Finger prick and venous methods were used to collect blood for the rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. The results of this study revealed that of the total of 700 blood samples analyzed for Males, 402 (57.43%) were positive for microscopy and 396 (56.57%) were positive for RDT. While for females, the result showed that of the 600 blood samples screened, 304 (50.67%) were positive for microscopy and 288 (48.0%) were positive for RDT. In respect to age, for microscopy, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 155 (86.11%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 150 (51.72%), while the least prevalence of 122 (42.36%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. For RDT, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 161 (84.74%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 153 (54.64%), while least prevalence of 108 (38.30%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. Statistical analysis indicated that there is a significant difference in infection rate among the age group at p<0.05. The findings of this study further portray the need for confirmatory tests of suspected malaria cases before treatment.
A survey was conducted in five microhabitats of Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State ... more A survey was conducted in five microhabitats of Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State to determine the prevalence and abundance of mosquito larvae in ponds/streams closed to residential areas. The research goal was to describe the pattern of composition of mosquitoes dominated invertebrate communities and to test the abundance of different species of mosquitoes as a measure of identifying which area could be more prone to malaria disease infection if not well managed. The work composed of two questions about community composition and the species of invertebrates at sites: (1). How do the presence of a pond or stream/river near a community support the presence of larvae which is critical for understanding processes affecting adult population; (2). To ascertain if any differences in habitat gradients with populations and community composition of mosquitoes may be important for understanding disease transmission in different kinds of microhabitats which may aid in planning more effective vector control strategies. A breakdown from the collections conducted in the five microhabitats indicated that, of the 3, 110 larval stages collected over three different dates, more number of Anopheles species were recorded in the Tudun wada microhabitat than in other microhabitats. Coincidentally, it was also the area where an unidentified species of larvae were recorded. Fewer numbers of Aedes were collected as compared to the others. In consideration of the instars stages that were measured, it was recorded that more early instars were collected as compared to the late instars. This indicates oviposition is at a climax as compared to the survival of the larval stages. In conclusion, it could be inferred that there is a great invasion of mosquitoes in the human community which calls for a serious concern for governmental and non-governmental organizations to increase more funding to curtail health hazards that could come from mosquito bites.
Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges ... more Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of malaria infection among persons seeking treatment from private sector drug outlets and Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors (PVMs). Rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were carried out to examine the blood samples collected from the study subjects. A total of 1,300 subjects of varying ages that came to seek for malaria treatment were randomly selected for the study after their free consent had been obtained. Finger prick and venous methods were used to collect blood for the rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. The results of this study revealed that of the total of 700 blood samples analyzed for Males, 402 (57.43%) were positive for microscopy and 396 (56.57%) were positive for RDT. While for females, the result showed that of the 600 blood samples screened, 304 (50.67%) were positive for microscopy and 288 (48.0%) were positive for RDT. In respect to age, for microscopy, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 155 (86.11%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 150 (51.72%), while the least prevalence of 122 (42.36%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. For RDT, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 161 (84.74%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 153 (54.64%), while least prevalence of 108 (38.30%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. Statistical analysis indicated that there is a significant difference in infection rate among the age group at p<0.05. The findings of this study further portray the need for confirmatory tests of suspected malaria cases before treatment.
From June to November, 2006, stool samples were collected from 818 individuals that are both HIVs... more From June to November, 2006, stool samples were collected from 818 individuals that are both HIVseropositive and HIV-seronegative attending four hospitals in Plateau State, Nigeria and were examined for the presence of intestinal helminths. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in HIV-seropositive subjects as compared to the HIV-seronegative individuals. Of the 818 individuals enrolled in the study, 261 were HIV-seropositive while 557 were HIV-seronegative. The study revealed helminth parasites to be more prevalent among the HIV-seropositive(33.3%) than in the HIV-seronegative (21.9%). We found some intestinal helminths parasites which were quite different from those reported earlier by other researchers in other regions of the world. This variability could be multifactorial. Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal helminths should be a routine part of HIV care in parasite-endemic developing countries and where this approach is logistically infeasible, mass deworming strategies may provide an appropriate alternative given the low cost and low toxicity of antihelminthics and the high prevalence rates of intestinal helminth infection expected.
Keywords: Intestinal Helminths, HIV-serostatus, Prevalence, Plateau state, Nigeria.
The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic inf... more The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic infections and the relationship between infection and length/weight of fishes at the Lamingo dam, Plateau State, Nigeria. The work was conducted between May-August, 2008, using drag net and the catch transferred into plastic container and and transported to the laboratory where dissection was carried and examined microscopically. Three classes of parasites were recovered from both Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli. A total of 399 parasites were recovered comprising 188 nematodes, 131 cestodes and 80 trematodes. A significant difference was observed in the parasite burden of the two fishes.
A parasitological study of intestinal schistosomiasis among public/private
primary and secondary ... more A parasitological study of intestinal schistosomiasis among public/private primary and secondary school pupils in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria was conducted. Out of the 280 stool samples examined, 13(4.6%) were positive for S. mansoni parasites. Single, dual and multiple parasitic infections were recovered. The study provided some data on infections with intestinal parasites among the pupils/students in Jos, Nigeria, recommending that control and treatment of these infections is of great importance.
Keywords: S. mansoni, pupils/students, survey, Jos, Nigeria
Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges ... more Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of malaria infection among persons seeking treatment from private sector drug outlets and Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors (PVMs). Rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were carried out to examine the blood samples collected from the study subjects. A total of 1,300 subjects of varying ages that came to seek for malaria treatment were randomly selected for the study after their free consent had been obtained. Finger prick and venous methods were used to collect blood for the rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. The results of this study revealed that of the total of 700 blood samples analyzed for Males, 402 (57.43%) were positive for microscopy and 396 (56.57%) were positive for RDT. While for females, the result showed that of the 600 blood samples screened, 304 (50.67%) were positive for microscopy and 288 (48.0%) ...
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adhere... more Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects treatment outcomes, especially in low-middle-income countries. The study evaluated the prevalence of IPI among HIV patients in relation to ART adherence between May and November 2017. Ethical approval and consent were obtained from the ethical review committee of the Benue State Ministry of Health and patients respectively. Patients&#39; clinical records were reviewed, and ART adherence status was obtained from the adherence assessment cards. Participants were given two labelled sterile containers for stool samples. Direct wet mount of samples was prepared in normal saline to identify helminths ova and larvae. Samples were further processed using parasite concentrators. Slides were stained with Lugol&#39;s iodine, modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast and Giemsa and subsequently examined under a light microscope using x10 and x40 objectives. Data were analysed using the chi-square test and SPSS version 22. Of the 757 patients, females constituted 57.7% (n=437). Good adherence rate (&gt;95%) was 61.9% (n=469). More females (n=301, 64.2%) than males (n=168, 35.8%) had good adherence status. IPI rate among ART patients was 16.4% (n=124). Entamoeba histolytica (n=5, 1.0%), Giardia lamblia (n=3, 0.6%) and Taenia sp. (n=8, 1.7%) were IPI seen among good adherence patients, and as single infections without diarrhoea. IPI was significant (p&lt;0.05) among poor adherence patients (37.5%, n=108) compared to good adherence patients (3.4%, n=16). IPI were significant among females; 1.9% (n=9) in the good adherence group and 19.8% (n=57) in the poor adherence group. Cryptosporidium parvum (n=20, 6.9%), E. histolytica (n=15, 5.2%), E. coli (n=11, 3.8%), G. lamblia (n=10, 3.5%) and Taenia sp. (n=10, 3.5%) accounts for significant rates of infections among patients with poor adherence, with multiple infections and associated diarrhoea seen in 10 (3.5%) of them. Routine monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients for IPI by healthcare providers is necessary. Coinfected patients with poor ART adherence should be routinely screened for IPI and promptly treated. Antiparasitic drugs should be provided as prophylaxis along with ART, to enhance their overall treatment outcome.
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adhere... more Intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) cause morbidity among HIV-infected individuals. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects treatment outcomes, especially in low-middle-income countries. The study evaluated the prevalence of IPI among HIV patients in relation to ART adherence between May and November 2017. Ethical approval and consent were obtained from the ethical review committee of the Benue State Ministry of Health and patients respectively. Patients' clinical records were reviewed, and ART adherence status was obtained from the adherence assessment cards. Participants were given two labelled sterile containers for stool samples. Direct wet mount of samples was prepared in normal saline to identify helminths ova and larvae. Samples were further processed using parasite concentrators. Slides were stained with Lugol's iodine, modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast and Giemsa and subsequently examined under a light microscope using x10 and x40 objectives. Data were analysed using the chi-square test and SPSS version 22. Of the 757 patients, females constituted 57.7% (n=437). Good adherence rate (>95%) was 61.9% (n=469). More females (n=301, 64.2%) than males (n=168, 35.8%) had good adherence status. IPI rate among ART patients was 16.4% (n=124). Entamoeba histolytica (n=5, 1.0%), Giardia lamblia (n=3, 0.6%) and Taenia sp. (n=8, 1.7%) were IPI seen among good adherence patients, and as single infections without diarrhoea. IPI was significant (p<0.05) among poor adherence patients (37.5%, n=108) compared to good adherence patients (3.4%, n=16). IPI were significant among females; 1.9% (n=9) in the good adherence group and 19.8% (n=57) in the poor adherence group. Cryptosporidium parvum (n=20, 6.9%), E. histolytica (n=15, 5.2%), E. coli (n=11, 3.8%), G. lamblia (n=10, 3.5%) and Taenia sp. (n=10, 3.5%) accounts for significant rates of infections among patients with poor adherence, with multiple infections and associated diarrhoea seen in 10 (3.5%) of them. Routine monitoring of HIV/AIDS patients for IPI by healthcare providers is necessary. Coinfected patients with poor ART adherence should be routinely screened for IPI and promptly treated. Antiparasitic drugs should be provided as prophylaxis along with ART, to enhance their overall treatment outcome.
Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and cel... more Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and celebration of the unprecedented grounds conquered in the fight against the pandemic, the monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged and remerged in many countries taking over major headlines around the globe at the present. Since 1 January and as of 22 June 2022, 50 nations and territories in five WHO Regions (Africa, America, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and Western Pacific) have reported 3413 laboratory-confirmed cases; along with one fatality. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) received notice of a possible monkeypox epidemic in Bayelsa State on September 22, 2017. Thereafter, from Bayelsa to Rivers, Ekiti, Akwa Ibom, Lagos, Ogun and Cross River, the scourge of Monkeypox has continue to escalate five (5) years after the disease was first reported in Nigeria. An aggregate of 716 suspected cases have been recorded from 25 states nationwide between September 2017 and June 26, 2022. Th...
Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and cel... more Amidst global relaxation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) intervention measures and celebration of the unprecedented grounds conquered in the fight against the pandemic, the monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged and remerged in many countries taking over major headlines around the globe at the present. Since 1 January and as of 22 June 2022, 50 nations and territories in five WHO Regions (Africa, America, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and Western Pacific) have reported 3413 laboratory-confirmed cases; along with one fatality. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) received notice of a possible monkeypox epidemic in Bayelsa State on September 22, 2017. Thereafter, from Bayelsa to Rivers, Ekiti, Akwa Ibom, Lagos, Ogun and Cross River, the scourge of Monkeypox has continue to escalate five (5) years after the disease was first reported in Nigeria. An aggregate of 716 suspected cases have been recorded from 25 states nationwide between September 2017 and June 26, 2022. There have been 288 (40.2 percent) confirmed cases from 25 states out of the 716 suspected cases. So far, nine (9) deaths in total (CFR=3.1%) have been reported in 6 states between September 2017 and June 2022. At the moment, the following challenges are preventing the country from containing the virus effectively: 1) Low patient use of healthcare facilities because of stigma, cost, and low fatality rate; 2) Underreporting of cases due to inadequate access to healthcare facilities; 3) Low sample collection rate in reporting states; 4) Poor infectious disease laboratories support in remote areas; 5) Corruption and lack of political will by current administration to fight the virus; 6) Weak monkeypox monitoring, possibly related to a limited health workforce and the COVID 19 pandemic response; 7) A lack of international cooperation, unity, and coordination in the pursuit of establishing global health equity; and 8) Lack of access to authorized and safe treatment and vaccine among other things. Despite these challenges, a monkeypox-free Nigeria is possible. To this end, a safe and effective immunization of the public, as with smallpox, polio and yellow fever, is the key to the future. Until, a safe and effective vaccine becomes readily available, control and prevention lies largely on non-pharmaceutical intervention measures.
Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plan... more Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plants against diseases by traditional medical practitioners is common in many parts of the world and several researches have been carried out to determine the scientific basis for the use of such plants. Alstonia boonei is one of the many medicinal plants found in Nigeria. The plant parts have been traditionally used to treat various ailments including malaria. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimalarial activity, phytochemical composition and toxicity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Alstonia boonei. The extract showed substantial dose dependent antimalarial activity as indicated by the recorded suppressive (45.67%, 58.53% and 74.68% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) prophylactic (33.57%, 45.64% and 61.23% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) and curative effects (62.35%, 68.57% and 79.63% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) on Plasmodium berghei infected wh...
Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plan... more Many modern medicines are derived from the chemicals available in plants. The utilization of plants against diseases by traditional medical practitioners is common in many parts of the world and several researches have been carried out to determine the scientific basis for the use of such plants. Alstonia boonei is one of the many medicinal plants found in Nigeria. The plant parts have been traditionally used to treat various ailments including malaria. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimalarial activity, phytochemical composition and toxicity of ethanolic stem bark extract of Alstonia boonei. The extract showed substantial dose dependent antimalarial activity as indicated by the recorded suppressive (45.67%, 58.53% and 74.68% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) prophylactic (33.57%, 45.64% and 61.23% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) and curative effects (62.35%, 68.57% and 79.63% for 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weights) on Plasmodium berghei infected wh...
Background: Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the highest causes of mo... more Background: Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality among HIV infected individuals. This is due to the colonization of the intestinal tract by parasites influenced by induced enteropathy caused by HIV infection. CD+4 t-lymphocytes count is a marker of the immune status of HIV infected individuals. Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections among HIV coinfected individuals in relation to their immunological status. Methods: CD+4 t-lymphocytes count was determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) count system. Parasitological examination of faecal samples was conducted using direct wet mount, modified Z-N and Giemsa stain techniques. All prepared slides were examined under x10 and x40 objectives. Findings: Out of the 891 HIV seropositive participants on antiretroviral therapy that were studied, 641 (71.9%) had CD+4 counts equals to or greater than 500 cells/mm3. All other seropositive participants had CD+4 counts below 500 cells/mm3. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 187 (20.9%) seropositive participants, with females (n = 108, 12.1%) having more infections than males. Multiple gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 28 (3.1%) seropositive participants. Out of the 150 seronegative participants, 79 (52.7%) of them had at least one gastrointestinal parasitic infection. Female seronegative participants also accounted for higher infection rate (n = 42, 28.0%) than males (n = 37, 24.7%). Multiple infections were also recorded in 18 (12.0%) seronegative individuals. The overall prevalence rate of infection between both positive and negative individuals was 25.5%. There was statistical significant difference in the infections of Cryptosporidium parvum (p < 0.003), Cyclospora cayetanensis (p < 0.011) and Cystoisospora belli (p < 0.011) between HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative individuals. Also, there was statistical significant difference in the infections of hook worm (p < 0.002) and Trichuris trichiura (p < 0.020) between seronegative and seropositive individuals. Gastrointestinal parasitic infection rate was significantly higher among seropositive participants with CD+4 counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm3 (n = 109, 58.3%). Conclusion: The study shows that HIV infected individuals continue to experience gastrointestinal infections even with antiretroviral treatment, especially those with CD+4 counts below 350 cells/mm3. Health care providers should prioritise routine screening of HIV patients for gastrointestinal parasites and provide prompt treatment. Antiparasitic drugs should also be provided as prophylaxis.
Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges ... more Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of malaria infection among persons seeking treatment from private sector drug outlets and Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors (PVMs). Rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were carried out to examine the blood samples collected from the study subjects. A total of 1,300 subjects of varying ages that came to seek for malaria treatment were randomly selected for the study after their free consent had been obtained. Finger prick and venous methods were used to collect blood for the rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. The results of this study revealed that of the total of 700 blood samples analyzed for Males, 402 (57.43%) were positive for microscopy and 396 (56.57%) were positive for RDT. While for females, the result showed that of the 600 blood samples screened, 304 (50.67%) were positive for microscopy and 288 (48.0%) were positive for RDT. In respect to age, for microscopy, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 155 (86.11%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 150 (51.72%), while the least prevalence of 122 (42.36%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. For RDT, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 161 (84.74%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 153 (54.64%), while least prevalence of 108 (38.30%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. Statistical analysis indicated that there is a significant difference in infection rate among the age group at p<0.05. The findings of this study further portray the need for confirmatory tests of suspected malaria cases before treatment.
A survey was conducted in five microhabitats of Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State ... more A survey was conducted in five microhabitats of Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State to determine the prevalence and abundance of mosquito larvae in ponds/streams closed to residential areas. The research goal was to describe the pattern of composition of mosquitoes dominated invertebrate communities and to test the abundance of different species of mosquitoes as a measure of identifying which area could be more prone to malaria disease infection if not well managed. The work composed of two questions about community composition and the species of invertebrates at sites: (1). How do the presence of a pond or stream/river near a community support the presence of larvae which is critical for understanding processes affecting adult population; (2). To ascertain if any differences in habitat gradients with populations and community composition of mosquitoes may be important for understanding disease transmission in different kinds of microhabitats which may aid in planning more effective vector control strategies. A breakdown from the collections conducted in the five microhabitats indicated that, of the 3, 110 larval stages collected over three different dates, more number of Anopheles species were recorded in the Tudun wada microhabitat than in other microhabitats. Coincidentally, it was also the area where an unidentified species of larvae were recorded. Fewer numbers of Aedes were collected as compared to the others. In consideration of the instars stages that were measured, it was recorded that more early instars were collected as compared to the late instars. This indicates oviposition is at a climax as compared to the survival of the larval stages. In conclusion, it could be inferred that there is a great invasion of mosquitoes in the human community which calls for a serious concern for governmental and non-governmental organizations to increase more funding to curtail health hazards that could come from mosquito bites.
Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges ... more Malaria is a fatal insect-borne tropical disease that continues to pose public health challenges in Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of malaria infection among persons seeking treatment from private sector drug outlets and Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors (PVMs). Rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were carried out to examine the blood samples collected from the study subjects. A total of 1,300 subjects of varying ages that came to seek for malaria treatment were randomly selected for the study after their free consent had been obtained. Finger prick and venous methods were used to collect blood for the rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. The results of this study revealed that of the total of 700 blood samples analyzed for Males, 402 (57.43%) were positive for microscopy and 396 (56.57%) were positive for RDT. While for females, the result showed that of the 600 blood samples screened, 304 (50.67%) were positive for microscopy and 288 (48.0%) were positive for RDT. In respect to age, for microscopy, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 155 (86.11%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 150 (51.72%), while the least prevalence of 122 (42.36%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. For RDT, the age group 15 to 24 years had the highest prevalence of 161 (84.74%) followed by 25 to 34 years with 153 (54.64%), while least prevalence of 108 (38.30%) occurred within the 55 to 64 age group. Statistical analysis indicated that there is a significant difference in infection rate among the age group at p<0.05. The findings of this study further portray the need for confirmatory tests of suspected malaria cases before treatment.
From June to November, 2006, stool samples were collected from 818 individuals that are both HIVs... more From June to November, 2006, stool samples were collected from 818 individuals that are both HIVseropositive and HIV-seronegative attending four hospitals in Plateau State, Nigeria and were examined for the presence of intestinal helminths. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites in HIV-seropositive subjects as compared to the HIV-seronegative individuals. Of the 818 individuals enrolled in the study, 261 were HIV-seropositive while 557 were HIV-seronegative. The study revealed helminth parasites to be more prevalent among the HIV-seropositive(33.3%) than in the HIV-seronegative (21.9%). We found some intestinal helminths parasites which were quite different from those reported earlier by other researchers in other regions of the world. This variability could be multifactorial. Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal helminths should be a routine part of HIV care in parasite-endemic developing countries and where this approach is logistically infeasible, mass deworming strategies may provide an appropriate alternative given the low cost and low toxicity of antihelminthics and the high prevalence rates of intestinal helminth infection expected.
Keywords: Intestinal Helminths, HIV-serostatus, Prevalence, Plateau state, Nigeria.
The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic inf... more The study was undertaken to the determine species diversity of fishes, the level of parasitic infections and the relationship between infection and length/weight of fishes at the Lamingo dam, Plateau State, Nigeria. The work was conducted between May-August, 2008, using drag net and the catch transferred into plastic container and and transported to the laboratory where dissection was carried and examined microscopically. Three classes of parasites were recovered from both Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli. A total of 399 parasites were recovered comprising 188 nematodes, 131 cestodes and 80 trematodes. A significant difference was observed in the parasite burden of the two fishes.
A parasitological study of intestinal schistosomiasis among public/private
primary and secondary ... more A parasitological study of intestinal schistosomiasis among public/private primary and secondary school pupils in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria was conducted. Out of the 280 stool samples examined, 13(4.6%) were positive for S. mansoni parasites. Single, dual and multiple parasitic infections were recovered. The study provided some data on infections with intestinal parasites among the pupils/students in Jos, Nigeria, recommending that control and treatment of these infections is of great importance.
Keywords: S. mansoni, pupils/students, survey, Jos, Nigeria
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Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections among HIV coinfected individuals in relation to their immunological status.
Methods: CD+4 t-lymphocytes count was determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) count system. Parasitological examination of faecal samples was conducted using direct wet mount, modified Z-N and Giemsa stain techniques. All prepared slides were examined under x10 and x40 objectives.
Findings: Out of the 891 HIV seropositive participants on antiretroviral therapy that were studied, 641 (71.9%) had CD+4 counts equals to or greater than 500 cells/mm3. All other seropositive participants had CD+4 counts below 500 cells/mm3. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 187 (20.9%) seropositive participants, with females (n = 108, 12.1%) having more infections than males. Multiple gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 28 (3.1%) seropositive participants. Out of the 150 seronegative participants, 79 (52.7%) of them had at least one gastrointestinal parasitic infection.
Female seronegative participants also accounted for higher infection rate (n = 42, 28.0%) than males (n = 37, 24.7%). Multiple infections were also recorded in 18 (12.0%) seronegative individuals. The overall prevalence rate of infection between both positive and negative individuals was 25.5%. There was statistical significant difference in the infections of Cryptosporidium parvum (p < 0.003), Cyclospora cayetanensis (p < 0.011) and Cystoisospora belli (p < 0.011) between HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative individuals. Also, there was statistical significant difference in the infections of hook worm (p < 0.002) and Trichuris trichiura (p < 0.020) between seronegative and seropositive individuals. Gastrointestinal parasitic infection rate was significantly higher among seropositive participants with CD+4 counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm3 (n = 109, 58.3%).
Conclusion: The study shows that HIV infected individuals continue to experience gastrointestinal infections even with antiretroviral treatment, especially those with CD+4 counts below 350 cells/mm3. Health care providers should prioritise routine screening of HIV patients for gastrointestinal parasites and provide prompt treatment. Antiparasitic drugs should also be provided as prophylaxis.
and HIV-seronegative attending four hospitals in Plateau State, Nigeria and were examined
for the presence of intestinal helminths. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal
helminth parasites in HIV-seropositive subjects as compared to the HIV-seronegative individuals. Of the
818 individuals enrolled in the study, 261 were HIV-seropositive while 557 were HIV-seronegative. The
study revealed helminth parasites to be more prevalent among the HIV-seropositive(33.3%) than in the
HIV-seronegative (21.9%). We found some intestinal helminths parasites which were quite different from
those reported earlier by other researchers in other regions of the world. This variability could be
multifactorial. Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal helminths should be a routine part of HIV care in
parasite-endemic developing countries and where this approach is logistically infeasible, mass deworming
strategies may provide an appropriate alternative given the low cost and low toxicity of antihelminthics and
the high prevalence rates of intestinal helminth infection expected.
Keywords: Intestinal Helminths, HIV-serostatus, Prevalence, Plateau state, Nigeria.
infection and length/weight of fishes at the Lamingo dam, Plateau State, Nigeria. The work was conducted between May-August,
2008, using drag net and the catch transferred into plastic container and and transported to the laboratory where dissection was
carried and examined microscopically. Three classes of parasites were recovered from both Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli. A
total of 399 parasites were recovered comprising 188 nematodes, 131 cestodes and 80 trematodes. A significant difference was
observed in the parasite burden of the two fishes.
KEYWORDS: Helminth parasites, fresh-water fishes, Lamingo dam, Jos-Nigeria.
primary and secondary school pupils in Jos North Local Government Area
of Plateau State, Nigeria was conducted. Out of the 280 stool samples
examined, 13(4.6%) were positive for S. mansoni parasites. Single, dual
and multiple parasitic infections were recovered. The study provided some
data on infections with intestinal parasites among the pupils/students in
Jos, Nigeria, recommending that control and treatment of these infections
is of great importance.
Keywords: S. mansoni, pupils/students, survey, Jos, Nigeria
Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infections among HIV coinfected individuals in relation to their immunological status.
Methods: CD+4 t-lymphocytes count was determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) count system. Parasitological examination of faecal samples was conducted using direct wet mount, modified Z-N and Giemsa stain techniques. All prepared slides were examined under x10 and x40 objectives.
Findings: Out of the 891 HIV seropositive participants on antiretroviral therapy that were studied, 641 (71.9%) had CD+4 counts equals to or greater than 500 cells/mm3. All other seropositive participants had CD+4 counts below 500 cells/mm3. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 187 (20.9%) seropositive participants, with females (n = 108, 12.1%) having more infections than males. Multiple gastrointestinal parasitic infections were recorded in 28 (3.1%) seropositive participants. Out of the 150 seronegative participants, 79 (52.7%) of them had at least one gastrointestinal parasitic infection.
Female seronegative participants also accounted for higher infection rate (n = 42, 28.0%) than males (n = 37, 24.7%). Multiple infections were also recorded in 18 (12.0%) seronegative individuals. The overall prevalence rate of infection between both positive and negative individuals was 25.5%. There was statistical significant difference in the infections of Cryptosporidium parvum (p < 0.003), Cyclospora cayetanensis (p < 0.011) and Cystoisospora belli (p < 0.011) between HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative individuals. Also, there was statistical significant difference in the infections of hook worm (p < 0.002) and Trichuris trichiura (p < 0.020) between seronegative and seropositive individuals. Gastrointestinal parasitic infection rate was significantly higher among seropositive participants with CD+4 counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm3 (n = 109, 58.3%).
Conclusion: The study shows that HIV infected individuals continue to experience gastrointestinal infections even with antiretroviral treatment, especially those with CD+4 counts below 350 cells/mm3. Health care providers should prioritise routine screening of HIV patients for gastrointestinal parasites and provide prompt treatment. Antiparasitic drugs should also be provided as prophylaxis.
and HIV-seronegative attending four hospitals in Plateau State, Nigeria and were examined
for the presence of intestinal helminths. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal
helminth parasites in HIV-seropositive subjects as compared to the HIV-seronegative individuals. Of the
818 individuals enrolled in the study, 261 were HIV-seropositive while 557 were HIV-seronegative. The
study revealed helminth parasites to be more prevalent among the HIV-seropositive(33.3%) than in the
HIV-seronegative (21.9%). We found some intestinal helminths parasites which were quite different from
those reported earlier by other researchers in other regions of the world. This variability could be
multifactorial. Diagnosis and treatment of intestinal helminths should be a routine part of HIV care in
parasite-endemic developing countries and where this approach is logistically infeasible, mass deworming
strategies may provide an appropriate alternative given the low cost and low toxicity of antihelminthics and
the high prevalence rates of intestinal helminth infection expected.
Keywords: Intestinal Helminths, HIV-serostatus, Prevalence, Plateau state, Nigeria.
infection and length/weight of fishes at the Lamingo dam, Plateau State, Nigeria. The work was conducted between May-August,
2008, using drag net and the catch transferred into plastic container and and transported to the laboratory where dissection was
carried and examined microscopically. Three classes of parasites were recovered from both Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli. A
total of 399 parasites were recovered comprising 188 nematodes, 131 cestodes and 80 trematodes. A significant difference was
observed in the parasite burden of the two fishes.
KEYWORDS: Helminth parasites, fresh-water fishes, Lamingo dam, Jos-Nigeria.
primary and secondary school pupils in Jos North Local Government Area
of Plateau State, Nigeria was conducted. Out of the 280 stool samples
examined, 13(4.6%) were positive for S. mansoni parasites. Single, dual
and multiple parasitic infections were recovered. The study provided some
data on infections with intestinal parasites among the pupils/students in
Jos, Nigeria, recommending that control and treatment of these infections
is of great importance.
Keywords: S. mansoni, pupils/students, survey, Jos, Nigeria