Coulomb excitation of 99 Tc with 52 to 64 keV 35 CI ions. Our results for the levels (in keV) and... more Coulomb excitation of 99 Tc with 52 to 64 keV 35 CI ions. Our results for the levels (in keV) and B(E2) (e 1 • b 1) for excitation to those levels are (140.4, 0.108), (181.7, 0.027), (726.3, 0.065) and (761.8, 0.120). Lifetimes of the levels at 726.3 and 761.8 keV have been measured by the Doppler shift attenuation method to be 1.1 ±0.3 psec and 2.0 ±0.5 psec, respectively. Our measurements of the angular distributions of the y-rays are consistent with the known ; + and � + spin and parity assignments for the 140.4 and 181.7 keV levels. We restrict the possible spin and parity assignments of both the 726.3 keV and 761.8 keV levels to;+ or t+. The level structure of 99 Tc has been com pared to two collective models of 99 Tc.
2019, In E. C. May, and S. B. Marwaha (eds.), The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the United State... more 2019, In E. C. May, and S. B. Marwaha (eds.), The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the United States Government Sponsored Psi Program, 1972–1995. Volume 4: A Synopsis. (pp. 60-75). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Lantz and colleagues recently reported in the first of two studies th.at experi enced receivers f... more Lantz and colleagues recently reported in the first of two studies th.at experi enced receivers from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory produced significant evidence for anomalous cognition (AC) of static targets but showed little evidence for AC of dynamic targets. This result was surprising: It was directly opposite to the results that were derived from the 1994 Bern and Honorton ganzfeld database. In Lantz et al.'s experiment, the topics of the dynamic targets were virtually unlimited, whereas the topics for the static targets were constrained in content, size of cognitive elements, and range of affect. In a second experiment, they redesigned the target pools to correct this imbalance and ob served significant improvement of AC functioning. We incorporate these findings into a definition of target-pool bandwidth and propose that the proper selection of bandwidth will lead to a reduction of incorrect information in free-response AC.
Feedback Considerations in Anomalous Cognition Experiments, 1996
To determine from what time frame the data from anomalous cognition (AC) originate, we have exami... more To determine from what time frame the data from anomalous cognition (AC) originate, we have examined the role of precognition and feedback on the quality of AC. In an otherwise standard AC protocol, we displayed feedback tachistoscopically to receiv ers. The cognitive awareness of the feedback experience was minimal, and 2 of the 8 intensities used for visual display of the feedback were below subliminal threshold. We hypothesized a number of possible relationships between feedback intensity and AC quality, including one based on precognition (i.e., the data originated from the future feedback). Four viewers contributed 40 trials each (5 at 8 different intensity bands). Using a sum-of-ranks statistic, 2 viewers produced independently significant evidence of remote viewing (i.e., the binomial probability of 2 hits in 4 trials with an event probability of .05 is .014). None of the data showed significant correlation of feedback intensity with AC quality. This result is discussed with regard to precognition in general and the troublesome unfalsifiability aspect of truly goal-oriented precognition.
Fuzzy sets have previously been applied to photographic target stimuli. In this paper, we use the... more Fuzzy sets have previously been applied to photographic target stimuli. In this paper, we use the same technology to construct a set of natural sites in the San Francisco Bay area. We created a Universal Set of Elements containing 13 items which created five orthogonal categories: Buildings, Ponds, Towers, Gardens , and Bridges; 22 sites were identified and were independently coded by two volunteers. Thus, the fuzzy sets that represent these sites are a reasonable consensus of their content. This paper describes the construction process in detail, and the appendix shows each site and its associated fuzzy set. A traditional set (called a crisp set) is simply a collection of items that share a common property. For example the set of cities that possess 1,000,000 people or more includes New York, New Delhi, London, and Hong Kong. However, a city that has a population of 999,999 (i.e., one person short of a million) is not a member of this set of cities by definition. Zadeh (1965) realized that this kind of reasoning is not the way people actually think about problems. In this example there is no real difference between a city of one million people and one that is one person short of that number. Like crisp sets, fuzzy sets are simply a collection of items that generally share a common property. Using fuzzy sets, it is possible to construct a set of "reasonably large cities." Here cities that differ by an insignificant number of people are still member of this set. In other words, fuzzy sets allow the quantification of the ambiguous. This concept has broad appeal outside the application to psi research. Because, for example, experimental psychology and cognitive psychology are concerned with how people "think/feel" about various concepts, using fuzzy rather than crisp descriptions of the concepts is valuable (Sternberg, 2008).
May, E. C., Hawley, L., Chaganti, V., & Ratra, N. (2014). Natural anomalous cognition targets: A fuzzy set application. The Journal of Parapsychology, 78(2), 195.
Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 2014
Based upon earlier work with anomalous cognition target pools and fuzzy set analyses, we have con... more Based upon earlier work with anomalous cognition target pools and fuzzy set analyses, we have constructed a new target pool of 300 images. These have been derived from the Corel Stock Photo Library of Professional Photographs. This library of copyright-free images is in digital form and comprises 100 images on each of 200 CD’s. All 300 images meet a set of predefined cognitive, thematic, and size constraints. The images were scored against 50 potential fuzzy set elements by six independent coders. We selected 24 of the 50 elements and constructed a qualitative consensus score from the six coders to represent the fuzzy set depiction of each of the target photographs. As a check on the veracity of the coding, we examined the sets using cluster analysis. We found that similar images, such as water falls, grouped cleanly into a cluster and these were different from other dissimilar images, such as cities, that grouped into their own clusters. Additionally, the average entropy, its average spatial gradient, and its total entropy were computed for each image. All of this information was entered into an Access 2003 database. This pool and associated database is available, free of charge, to researchers.
McMoneagle, J. W., & May, E. C. (2014/2004). The possible role of intention, attention and expectation in remote viewing. In E.C. May, & S.B. Marwaha, (Eds.). Anomalous cognition: Remote viewing research and theory, pp. 368-376. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Joseph W. McMoneagle has participated in 44 on-camera demonstrations of remote viewing 35 of whic... more Joseph W. McMoneagle has participated in 44 on-camera demonstrations of remote viewing 35 of which would be considered as successful; that is, if they had been assessed by the usual blind rank-order method, they would have easily been ranked correctly in first place. The question we address here is, "What, if anything, is special about these cases?" Under US Government funding, the research track record of what is known as STARGATE was exceptional. Perhaps the success could be attributed to the near exclusive use of highly talented special participants. However, we speculate here that the ill-defined concepts of intention, attention, and expectation were/are major contributors to the success of application-oriented, laboratory, and media-centered trials. As an illustration of these points, we provide a detailed description of the protocol and results of a recent demonstration trial conducted for the National Geographic Channel that was carried out in LFR's remote viewing laboratory in Palo Alto, California. The producers and staff of Pioneer Productions dedicated one individual for four days just to prepare for the shoot. Her duties were to learn about what constitutes a good remote viewing target, identify 6 targets within 25 km from the laboratory, prepare two sets of target packs, identify a neutral 3 rd party individual to secure these materials, and act as beacon person during the trial. The full team included a camera crew of three and a single producer. At the time of the trial all people present with the viewer were blind not only to the individual randomly selected target but also to the complete six-fold target pack. The response was blind rank-order assessed on-camera, and the correct target was matched as 1 st place. The qualitative correspondence with the intended site was excellent and typical of the 35 of 44 other media trials provided by McMoneagle. This single trial serves as an exemplar of an ideal application of intention, attention, and expectation.
Journal fo the Society for Psychical Research, 2011
I examined seven anomalous cognition (AC) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy... more I examined seven anomalous cognition (AC) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy of their associated target systems were calculated, and the quality of the AC was estimated by a rating system called the 'figure of merit' as opposed to a ranking system. The combined Spearman's correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211 (Z = 3.22, p = 6.4 x 10-4) with a 95% confidence interval of 0.084 to 0.332; whereas the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself were 0.028 (Z = 0.37, p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval= -0.120 to 0.175). This strongly suggests that AC is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than they are to inputs that are not changing. I find that a standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary sequence appears to provide an upper limit to anomalous cognition functioning for free response AC and for forced-choice Zener card guessing.
Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 2010
Two anomalous cognition trials are presented in which the targets were high technology directed e... more Two anomalous cognition trials are presented in which the targets were high technology directed energy systems. The protocols, fuzzy-set analyses, and results are presented in the context of exploration and hypothesis formulation rather than hypothesis testing. The qualitative success of these trials, considered alongside similar successes throughout the years of the SRI International and Science Applications International Corporation, US-Government-sponsored programs, inspired the design of the Shannon entropy experiments that were conducted in the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory in 1993 and beyond. Potential target confounds are also discussed in the context of these trials.
In this study, we hoped to replicate earlier findings that have
demonstrated strong evidence for ... more In this study, we hoped to replicate earlier findings that have demonstrated strong evidence for anomalous cognition (AC), as well as a significant correlation between the quality of the AC with the gradient of Shannon entropy, but not with the entropy itself. We created a new target pool and a more sensitive analytical system compared with those of earlier studies. We then invited five experienced receivers (i.e., experiment participants) to contribute 15 trials each. In addition to the usual rank-order analysis, two other methods were used to assess the quality of the AC. The first of these was a 0 to 7 rating scale that has been used in the earlier studies. The second, a figure of merit, was based on a fuzzy-set encoding of the targets and responses. The primary hypotheses were (a) that a significant correlation would be seen between the figure of merit quality assessment and the gradient of Shannon entropy for the associated target and (b) that the correlation using the rating assessment would be consistent with earlier findings. A secondary hypothesis was that the figure of merit quality would not correlate with the entropy of the associated target. All hypotheses were confirmed. Our results are part of the growing evidence that AC is mediated through a sensory channel.
We propose that the average total change of Shannon's entropy is a candidate
for an intrinsic tar... more We propose that the average total change of Shannon's entropy is a candidate for an intrinsic target property. An intrinsic target property is one that is completely independent of psychological factors and can be associated solely with a physical property of the target. We analyzed the results of two lengthy experiments that were conducted from 1992 through 1993 and found a significant correlation (rs = 0.337, df = 31, t = 1.99, p <= 0.028) with an absolute measure of the quality of the anomalous cognition (AC). In addition, we found that the quality of the AC was significantly better for dynamic targets than for static targets (t= 1.71, df= 36,p:<= 0.048). The 1993 correlation with the change of entropy replicated a similar finding from our 1992 study. Using Monte Carlo techniques, we demonstrate that the observed correlations were not due to some unforeseen artifact with the entropy calculation, but perhaps the correlation can be accounted for because of the difference in some other measure between static and dynamic targets. The Monte Carlo results and the significant correlations with static targets in the 1992 study, however, suggest otherwise. We describe the methodology, the calculations, and correlations in detail and provide guidelines for those who may wish to conduct similar studies.
Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, 2011
Retro-cognition - a human response before a randomly determined future stimulus has always been p... more Retro-cognition - a human response before a randomly determined future stimulus has always been part of our experience. Experiments over the last 80 years show a small but statistically significant effect. If this turns out to be true, then it suggests a form of macroscopic retro-causation. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics provides an explanation for the apparent single direction of time at the macroscopic level although time is reversible at the microscopic level. In a preliminary study, I examined seven anomalous cognition (a.k.a., ESP) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy of their associated target systems were calculated, and the quality of the response was estimated by a rating system called the figure of merit. The combined Spearman’s correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211 (p = 6.4×10-4) with a 95% confidence interval for the correlation of [0.084, 0.332]; whereas, the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself was 0.028 (p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval of [-0.120 – 0.175]). This suggests that anomalous cognition is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than they are to inputs that are not changing. A standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary sequence appears to provide an upper limit to anomalous cognition functioning for free response and for forced-choice Zener card guessing. This entropic relation and an apparent limit set by the entropy may provide a clue for understanding macroscopic retro-causation.
In this article, we define precognition as an atypical perceptual ability that allows the acquisi... more In this article, we define precognition as an atypical perceptual ability that allows the acquisition of non-inferential information arising from a future point in spacetime. The Multiphasic Model of Precognition (MMPC) identifies two distinct phases: The first is the physics domain, which addresses the question of retrocausation and how it is possible for information to traverse from one spacetime point to another. We suggest that the solution might be found within entropic considerations. The second is the neuroscience domain, which addresses the acquisition and interpretation of retrocausal signals. We propose that this occurs across three stages: (a) perception of signals from an information carrier, based on psychophysical variability in a putative signal transducer; (b) cortical processing of the signals, mediated by a cortical hyper-associative mechanism; and (c) cognition, mediated by normal cognitive processes, leading to a response based on retrocausal information. The model is comprehensive, brain-based, and provides a new direction for research requiring multidisciplinary expertise.
Decision augmentation theory (DAT) bolds that humam integrate informa tion obtained by anomalous... more Decision augmentation theory (DAT) bolds that humam integrate informa tion obtained by anomalous cognition into the usual decision process. The result is that, to a statistical degree, such decisions are biased toward vol itional outcomes. We introduce our model and show that the domain over which it is applicable is within a few standard deviations from chance. We contrast the theory's experimental consequences with those of models that treat anomalous effects as due to a force. We derive mathematical expressions for DAT and for force-like models using two distributions, normal and binomial. DAT is testable both retrospectively and prospectively, and we provi de statistical power curves to assist in the experimental design of such tests. We show that the experimental conse quences of our theory are different from those of force-like models except for one special case.
Decision augmentation theory (DAT) provides an informational mechanism for a class of anomalous ... more Decision augmentation theory (DAT) provides an informational mechanism for a class of anomalous mental phenomena that have hitherto been viewed as being caused by a force-like mechanism. Under specifiable conditions, DAT's predic tions for statistical anomalous perturbation databases are different from those of all force-like mechanisms. For large random number generator databases, DAT predicts a zero slope for a least squares fit to the (z^2, n) scatter diagram, where n is the number of bits resulting from a single run and z is the resulting z score. We find a slope of (1.73 ± 3.19) x 10-6 (t= 0.543, df= 126, p = .295) for the historical binary RNG database, which strongly suggests that some informational mechanism is responsible for the anomaly. In a two sequence length analysis of a limited set of RNG data from the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research laboratory, we f"md that a force-like explanation misses the observed data by 8.60'; however, the observed data are within 1.10' of the DAT prediction. We also apply DAT to one pseudo-RNG study and find that its pre dicted slope is not significantly different from the expected value for an informational mechanism. We review and comment on six published articles that discussed DAT's earlier formalism (i.e., intuitive data sorting). We found two studies that support a force-like mechanism. Our analysis of Braud's 1990 hemolysis study confirms his f"mding in favor of an influence model over a selection one (p = .023), and Braud and Schlitz (1989) demonstrated a force-like interaction in their remote staring experiment (p = .020). We provide six circumstantial arguments against an influence hypothesis. Our anomalous cognition research suggests that the quality of the data is proportional to the total change of Shannon entropy. We demonstrate that the change of Shannon entropy of a binary sequence from chance is independent of sequence length; thus, we suggest that a fundamental argument supports DAT over influence models. In our conclusion, we suggest that, except for one special case, the physical RNG database cannot be explained by any influence model, and that contradicting evidence from two experiments on biological systems should inspire more investigations in a way that would allow valid DAT analyses.
Fuzzy set technology is applied to the ongoing research question of how to automate the analysis ... more Fuzzy set technology is applied to the ongoing research question of how to automate the analysis of remote viewing data. Fuzzy sets were invented to describe, in a formal way, the subjectivity inherent in human reasoning. Applied to remote viewing analysis, the technique involves a quantitative encoding of target and response material and provides a formal comparison. In this progress report, the accuracy of a response is defined as the percent of the intended target material that is described correctly. The reliability is defined as the percent of the response that was correct. The assessment of the remote-viewing quality is defined as the product of accuracy and reliability, called the figure of merit. The procedure is applied to a test set of six remote-viewing trials. A comparison of the figures of merit with the subjective assessments of 37 independent analysts shows good agreement. The fuzzy set technology is also used to provide a quantitative definition of target orthogonality.
We describe our further exploration into research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the Form... more We describe our further exploration into research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the Former Soviet Union (FSU). We visited numerous research centers in major cities of Russia and the Ukraine, met with leading researchers in the field, visited their laboratories, and participated in some experiments. In their research, our Russian colleagues emphasize studies of anomalous perturbation (AP), also termed psychokinesis (PK), and "distant mental effect" on biological systems (bio-AP or bio-PK). The experiments have been conducted in top academic and research institutions, including Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, and several research institutes of the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Sciences. Although the quality of research varies considerably in different institutions, there are groups that have developed rigorous methodologies. We also consider the potential cultural impact on Russian AMP research. We conclude with a discussion of the causal model of AP studies vs. informational, perceptual model in relation to the Russian research.
This paper provides an in-depth discussion of research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the... more This paper provides an in-depth discussion of research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the former Soviet Union. The authors spent approximately two months in Russia during 1992 and 1993, interacting with researchers in Moscow and Novosibirsk. The authors primarily discuss experiments in anomalous perturbation (often referred to as psychokinesis-PK and bio-which have been the main focus of AMP research programs in the Soviet Union. In particular, the authors discuss the methodologies and results of experimental attempts by human operators to affect the following inanimate and animate target systems: (1) microcalorimeters, (2) electric noise generators, (3) cellular cultures, (4) plant seeds, (5) plant biopotentials, (6) frequency of impulses emitted by an electricity-generating fish, (7) eating behavior of mice, (8) person's reaction time, and (9) parameters of human EEG.
The Schrödinger paradox points out that quantum mechanics predicts a linear superposition of stat... more The Schrödinger paradox points out that quantum mechanics predicts a linear superposition of states even for macroscopic objects prior to measurement. However, at the macroscopic level of ordinary objects it has not been possible to maintain the phase correlations needed to demonstrate or disprove the reality of such a superposition of states as opposed to the mixture of states. Without such a quantum "signature", this paradoxical prediction of quantum theory would seem to have no testable consequences. State vector collapse in that case becomes indistinguishable from a stochastic ensemble description. The experiment described here provides a means for testing Schrödingers' paradox. A Michelson interferometer is used to test for the presence of state superposition of a pair of shutters that are placed along the two optical arms of the interferometer and driven by a β decay source so that either the first shutter is open and the second closed or vice versa. The shutters take on the role of the cat in the Schrödinger paradox. The experiment that we discuss here has been carried out at SRl international. Under the conditions of the experiment, the results remove the possibility of the existence of macroscopic superposition prior to observation.
Coulomb excitation of 99 Tc with 52 to 64 keV 35 CI ions. Our results for the levels (in keV) and... more Coulomb excitation of 99 Tc with 52 to 64 keV 35 CI ions. Our results for the levels (in keV) and B(E2) (e 1 • b 1) for excitation to those levels are (140.4, 0.108), (181.7, 0.027), (726.3, 0.065) and (761.8, 0.120). Lifetimes of the levels at 726.3 and 761.8 keV have been measured by the Doppler shift attenuation method to be 1.1 ±0.3 psec and 2.0 ±0.5 psec, respectively. Our measurements of the angular distributions of the y-rays are consistent with the known ; + and � + spin and parity assignments for the 140.4 and 181.7 keV levels. We restrict the possible spin and parity assignments of both the 726.3 keV and 761.8 keV levels to;+ or t+. The level structure of 99 Tc has been com pared to two collective models of 99 Tc.
2019, In E. C. May, and S. B. Marwaha (eds.), The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the United State... more 2019, In E. C. May, and S. B. Marwaha (eds.), The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the United States Government Sponsored Psi Program, 1972–1995. Volume 4: A Synopsis. (pp. 60-75). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Lantz and colleagues recently reported in the first of two studies th.at experi enced receivers f... more Lantz and colleagues recently reported in the first of two studies th.at experi enced receivers from the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory produced significant evidence for anomalous cognition (AC) of static targets but showed little evidence for AC of dynamic targets. This result was surprising: It was directly opposite to the results that were derived from the 1994 Bern and Honorton ganzfeld database. In Lantz et al.'s experiment, the topics of the dynamic targets were virtually unlimited, whereas the topics for the static targets were constrained in content, size of cognitive elements, and range of affect. In a second experiment, they redesigned the target pools to correct this imbalance and ob served significant improvement of AC functioning. We incorporate these findings into a definition of target-pool bandwidth and propose that the proper selection of bandwidth will lead to a reduction of incorrect information in free-response AC.
Feedback Considerations in Anomalous Cognition Experiments, 1996
To determine from what time frame the data from anomalous cognition (AC) originate, we have exami... more To determine from what time frame the data from anomalous cognition (AC) originate, we have examined the role of precognition and feedback on the quality of AC. In an otherwise standard AC protocol, we displayed feedback tachistoscopically to receiv ers. The cognitive awareness of the feedback experience was minimal, and 2 of the 8 intensities used for visual display of the feedback were below subliminal threshold. We hypothesized a number of possible relationships between feedback intensity and AC quality, including one based on precognition (i.e., the data originated from the future feedback). Four viewers contributed 40 trials each (5 at 8 different intensity bands). Using a sum-of-ranks statistic, 2 viewers produced independently significant evidence of remote viewing (i.e., the binomial probability of 2 hits in 4 trials with an event probability of .05 is .014). None of the data showed significant correlation of feedback intensity with AC quality. This result is discussed with regard to precognition in general and the troublesome unfalsifiability aspect of truly goal-oriented precognition.
Fuzzy sets have previously been applied to photographic target stimuli. In this paper, we use the... more Fuzzy sets have previously been applied to photographic target stimuli. In this paper, we use the same technology to construct a set of natural sites in the San Francisco Bay area. We created a Universal Set of Elements containing 13 items which created five orthogonal categories: Buildings, Ponds, Towers, Gardens , and Bridges; 22 sites were identified and were independently coded by two volunteers. Thus, the fuzzy sets that represent these sites are a reasonable consensus of their content. This paper describes the construction process in detail, and the appendix shows each site and its associated fuzzy set. A traditional set (called a crisp set) is simply a collection of items that share a common property. For example the set of cities that possess 1,000,000 people or more includes New York, New Delhi, London, and Hong Kong. However, a city that has a population of 999,999 (i.e., one person short of a million) is not a member of this set of cities by definition. Zadeh (1965) realized that this kind of reasoning is not the way people actually think about problems. In this example there is no real difference between a city of one million people and one that is one person short of that number. Like crisp sets, fuzzy sets are simply a collection of items that generally share a common property. Using fuzzy sets, it is possible to construct a set of "reasonably large cities." Here cities that differ by an insignificant number of people are still member of this set. In other words, fuzzy sets allow the quantification of the ambiguous. This concept has broad appeal outside the application to psi research. Because, for example, experimental psychology and cognitive psychology are concerned with how people "think/feel" about various concepts, using fuzzy rather than crisp descriptions of the concepts is valuable (Sternberg, 2008).
May, E. C., Hawley, L., Chaganti, V., & Ratra, N. (2014). Natural anomalous cognition targets: A fuzzy set application. The Journal of Parapsychology, 78(2), 195.
Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 2014
Based upon earlier work with anomalous cognition target pools and fuzzy set analyses, we have con... more Based upon earlier work with anomalous cognition target pools and fuzzy set analyses, we have constructed a new target pool of 300 images. These have been derived from the Corel Stock Photo Library of Professional Photographs. This library of copyright-free images is in digital form and comprises 100 images on each of 200 CD’s. All 300 images meet a set of predefined cognitive, thematic, and size constraints. The images were scored against 50 potential fuzzy set elements by six independent coders. We selected 24 of the 50 elements and constructed a qualitative consensus score from the six coders to represent the fuzzy set depiction of each of the target photographs. As a check on the veracity of the coding, we examined the sets using cluster analysis. We found that similar images, such as water falls, grouped cleanly into a cluster and these were different from other dissimilar images, such as cities, that grouped into their own clusters. Additionally, the average entropy, its average spatial gradient, and its total entropy were computed for each image. All of this information was entered into an Access 2003 database. This pool and associated database is available, free of charge, to researchers.
McMoneagle, J. W., & May, E. C. (2014/2004). The possible role of intention, attention and expectation in remote viewing. In E.C. May, & S.B. Marwaha, (Eds.). Anomalous cognition: Remote viewing research and theory, pp. 368-376. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Joseph W. McMoneagle has participated in 44 on-camera demonstrations of remote viewing 35 of whic... more Joseph W. McMoneagle has participated in 44 on-camera demonstrations of remote viewing 35 of which would be considered as successful; that is, if they had been assessed by the usual blind rank-order method, they would have easily been ranked correctly in first place. The question we address here is, "What, if anything, is special about these cases?" Under US Government funding, the research track record of what is known as STARGATE was exceptional. Perhaps the success could be attributed to the near exclusive use of highly talented special participants. However, we speculate here that the ill-defined concepts of intention, attention, and expectation were/are major contributors to the success of application-oriented, laboratory, and media-centered trials. As an illustration of these points, we provide a detailed description of the protocol and results of a recent demonstration trial conducted for the National Geographic Channel that was carried out in LFR's remote viewing laboratory in Palo Alto, California. The producers and staff of Pioneer Productions dedicated one individual for four days just to prepare for the shoot. Her duties were to learn about what constitutes a good remote viewing target, identify 6 targets within 25 km from the laboratory, prepare two sets of target packs, identify a neutral 3 rd party individual to secure these materials, and act as beacon person during the trial. The full team included a camera crew of three and a single producer. At the time of the trial all people present with the viewer were blind not only to the individual randomly selected target but also to the complete six-fold target pack. The response was blind rank-order assessed on-camera, and the correct target was matched as 1 st place. The qualitative correspondence with the intended site was excellent and typical of the 35 of 44 other media trials provided by McMoneagle. This single trial serves as an exemplar of an ideal application of intention, attention, and expectation.
Journal fo the Society for Psychical Research, 2011
I examined seven anomalous cognition (AC) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy... more I examined seven anomalous cognition (AC) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy of their associated target systems were calculated, and the quality of the AC was estimated by a rating system called the 'figure of merit' as opposed to a ranking system. The combined Spearman's correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211 (Z = 3.22, p = 6.4 x 10-4) with a 95% confidence interval of 0.084 to 0.332; whereas the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself were 0.028 (Z = 0.37, p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval= -0.120 to 0.175). This strongly suggests that AC is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than they are to inputs that are not changing. I find that a standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary sequence appears to provide an upper limit to anomalous cognition functioning for free response AC and for forced-choice Zener card guessing.
Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 2010
Two anomalous cognition trials are presented in which the targets were high technology directed e... more Two anomalous cognition trials are presented in which the targets were high technology directed energy systems. The protocols, fuzzy-set analyses, and results are presented in the context of exploration and hypothesis formulation rather than hypothesis testing. The qualitative success of these trials, considered alongside similar successes throughout the years of the SRI International and Science Applications International Corporation, US-Government-sponsored programs, inspired the design of the Shannon entropy experiments that were conducted in the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory in 1993 and beyond. Potential target confounds are also discussed in the context of these trials.
In this study, we hoped to replicate earlier findings that have
demonstrated strong evidence for ... more In this study, we hoped to replicate earlier findings that have demonstrated strong evidence for anomalous cognition (AC), as well as a significant correlation between the quality of the AC with the gradient of Shannon entropy, but not with the entropy itself. We created a new target pool and a more sensitive analytical system compared with those of earlier studies. We then invited five experienced receivers (i.e., experiment participants) to contribute 15 trials each. In addition to the usual rank-order analysis, two other methods were used to assess the quality of the AC. The first of these was a 0 to 7 rating scale that has been used in the earlier studies. The second, a figure of merit, was based on a fuzzy-set encoding of the targets and responses. The primary hypotheses were (a) that a significant correlation would be seen between the figure of merit quality assessment and the gradient of Shannon entropy for the associated target and (b) that the correlation using the rating assessment would be consistent with earlier findings. A secondary hypothesis was that the figure of merit quality would not correlate with the entropy of the associated target. All hypotheses were confirmed. Our results are part of the growing evidence that AC is mediated through a sensory channel.
We propose that the average total change of Shannon's entropy is a candidate
for an intrinsic tar... more We propose that the average total change of Shannon's entropy is a candidate for an intrinsic target property. An intrinsic target property is one that is completely independent of psychological factors and can be associated solely with a physical property of the target. We analyzed the results of two lengthy experiments that were conducted from 1992 through 1993 and found a significant correlation (rs = 0.337, df = 31, t = 1.99, p <= 0.028) with an absolute measure of the quality of the anomalous cognition (AC). In addition, we found that the quality of the AC was significantly better for dynamic targets than for static targets (t= 1.71, df= 36,p:<= 0.048). The 1993 correlation with the change of entropy replicated a similar finding from our 1992 study. Using Monte Carlo techniques, we demonstrate that the observed correlations were not due to some unforeseen artifact with the entropy calculation, but perhaps the correlation can be accounted for because of the difference in some other measure between static and dynamic targets. The Monte Carlo results and the significant correlations with static targets in the 1992 study, however, suggest otherwise. We describe the methodology, the calculations, and correlations in detail and provide guidelines for those who may wish to conduct similar studies.
Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment, 2011
Retro-cognition - a human response before a randomly determined future stimulus has always been p... more Retro-cognition - a human response before a randomly determined future stimulus has always been part of our experience. Experiments over the last 80 years show a small but statistically significant effect. If this turns out to be true, then it suggests a form of macroscopic retro-causation. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics provides an explanation for the apparent single direction of time at the macroscopic level although time is reversible at the microscopic level. In a preliminary study, I examined seven anomalous cognition (a.k.a., ESP) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy of their associated target systems were calculated, and the quality of the response was estimated by a rating system called the figure of merit. The combined Spearman’s correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211 (p = 6.4×10-4) with a 95% confidence interval for the correlation of [0.084, 0.332]; whereas, the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself was 0.028 (p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval of [-0.120 – 0.175]). This suggests that anomalous cognition is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than they are to inputs that are not changing. A standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary sequence appears to provide an upper limit to anomalous cognition functioning for free response and for forced-choice Zener card guessing. This entropic relation and an apparent limit set by the entropy may provide a clue for understanding macroscopic retro-causation.
In this article, we define precognition as an atypical perceptual ability that allows the acquisi... more In this article, we define precognition as an atypical perceptual ability that allows the acquisition of non-inferential information arising from a future point in spacetime. The Multiphasic Model of Precognition (MMPC) identifies two distinct phases: The first is the physics domain, which addresses the question of retrocausation and how it is possible for information to traverse from one spacetime point to another. We suggest that the solution might be found within entropic considerations. The second is the neuroscience domain, which addresses the acquisition and interpretation of retrocausal signals. We propose that this occurs across three stages: (a) perception of signals from an information carrier, based on psychophysical variability in a putative signal transducer; (b) cortical processing of the signals, mediated by a cortical hyper-associative mechanism; and (c) cognition, mediated by normal cognitive processes, leading to a response based on retrocausal information. The model is comprehensive, brain-based, and provides a new direction for research requiring multidisciplinary expertise.
Decision augmentation theory (DAT) bolds that humam integrate informa tion obtained by anomalous... more Decision augmentation theory (DAT) bolds that humam integrate informa tion obtained by anomalous cognition into the usual decision process. The result is that, to a statistical degree, such decisions are biased toward vol itional outcomes. We introduce our model and show that the domain over which it is applicable is within a few standard deviations from chance. We contrast the theory's experimental consequences with those of models that treat anomalous effects as due to a force. We derive mathematical expressions for DAT and for force-like models using two distributions, normal and binomial. DAT is testable both retrospectively and prospectively, and we provi de statistical power curves to assist in the experimental design of such tests. We show that the experimental conse quences of our theory are different from those of force-like models except for one special case.
Decision augmentation theory (DAT) provides an informational mechanism for a class of anomalous ... more Decision augmentation theory (DAT) provides an informational mechanism for a class of anomalous mental phenomena that have hitherto been viewed as being caused by a force-like mechanism. Under specifiable conditions, DAT's predic tions for statistical anomalous perturbation databases are different from those of all force-like mechanisms. For large random number generator databases, DAT predicts a zero slope for a least squares fit to the (z^2, n) scatter diagram, where n is the number of bits resulting from a single run and z is the resulting z score. We find a slope of (1.73 ± 3.19) x 10-6 (t= 0.543, df= 126, p = .295) for the historical binary RNG database, which strongly suggests that some informational mechanism is responsible for the anomaly. In a two sequence length analysis of a limited set of RNG data from the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research laboratory, we f"md that a force-like explanation misses the observed data by 8.60'; however, the observed data are within 1.10' of the DAT prediction. We also apply DAT to one pseudo-RNG study and find that its pre dicted slope is not significantly different from the expected value for an informational mechanism. We review and comment on six published articles that discussed DAT's earlier formalism (i.e., intuitive data sorting). We found two studies that support a force-like mechanism. Our analysis of Braud's 1990 hemolysis study confirms his f"mding in favor of an influence model over a selection one (p = .023), and Braud and Schlitz (1989) demonstrated a force-like interaction in their remote staring experiment (p = .020). We provide six circumstantial arguments against an influence hypothesis. Our anomalous cognition research suggests that the quality of the data is proportional to the total change of Shannon entropy. We demonstrate that the change of Shannon entropy of a binary sequence from chance is independent of sequence length; thus, we suggest that a fundamental argument supports DAT over influence models. In our conclusion, we suggest that, except for one special case, the physical RNG database cannot be explained by any influence model, and that contradicting evidence from two experiments on biological systems should inspire more investigations in a way that would allow valid DAT analyses.
Fuzzy set technology is applied to the ongoing research question of how to automate the analysis ... more Fuzzy set technology is applied to the ongoing research question of how to automate the analysis of remote viewing data. Fuzzy sets were invented to describe, in a formal way, the subjectivity inherent in human reasoning. Applied to remote viewing analysis, the technique involves a quantitative encoding of target and response material and provides a formal comparison. In this progress report, the accuracy of a response is defined as the percent of the intended target material that is described correctly. The reliability is defined as the percent of the response that was correct. The assessment of the remote-viewing quality is defined as the product of accuracy and reliability, called the figure of merit. The procedure is applied to a test set of six remote-viewing trials. A comparison of the figures of merit with the subjective assessments of 37 independent analysts shows good agreement. The fuzzy set technology is also used to provide a quantitative definition of target orthogonality.
We describe our further exploration into research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the Form... more We describe our further exploration into research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the Former Soviet Union (FSU). We visited numerous research centers in major cities of Russia and the Ukraine, met with leading researchers in the field, visited their laboratories, and participated in some experiments. In their research, our Russian colleagues emphasize studies of anomalous perturbation (AP), also termed psychokinesis (PK), and "distant mental effect" on biological systems (bio-AP or bio-PK). The experiments have been conducted in top academic and research institutions, including Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State University, and several research institutes of the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Sciences. Although the quality of research varies considerably in different institutions, there are groups that have developed rigorous methodologies. We also consider the potential cultural impact on Russian AMP research. We conclude with a discussion of the causal model of AP studies vs. informational, perceptual model in relation to the Russian research.
This paper provides an in-depth discussion of research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the... more This paper provides an in-depth discussion of research of anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) in the former Soviet Union. The authors spent approximately two months in Russia during 1992 and 1993, interacting with researchers in Moscow and Novosibirsk. The authors primarily discuss experiments in anomalous perturbation (often referred to as psychokinesis-PK and bio-which have been the main focus of AMP research programs in the Soviet Union. In particular, the authors discuss the methodologies and results of experimental attempts by human operators to affect the following inanimate and animate target systems: (1) microcalorimeters, (2) electric noise generators, (3) cellular cultures, (4) plant seeds, (5) plant biopotentials, (6) frequency of impulses emitted by an electricity-generating fish, (7) eating behavior of mice, (8) person's reaction time, and (9) parameters of human EEG.
The Schrödinger paradox points out that quantum mechanics predicts a linear superposition of stat... more The Schrödinger paradox points out that quantum mechanics predicts a linear superposition of states even for macroscopic objects prior to measurement. However, at the macroscopic level of ordinary objects it has not been possible to maintain the phase correlations needed to demonstrate or disprove the reality of such a superposition of states as opposed to the mixture of states. Without such a quantum "signature", this paradoxical prediction of quantum theory would seem to have no testable consequences. State vector collapse in that case becomes indistinguishable from a stochastic ensemble description. The experiment described here provides a means for testing Schrödingers' paradox. A Michelson interferometer is used to test for the presence of state superposition of a pair of shutters that are placed along the two optical arms of the interferometer and driven by a β decay source so that either the first shutter is open and the second closed or vice versa. The shutters take on the role of the cat in the Schrödinger paradox. The experiment that we discuss here has been carried out at SRl international. Under the conditions of the experiment, the results remove the possibility of the existence of macroscopic superposition prior to observation.
The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the US Government Sponsored psi Program--1972-1995, 2018
The year 1972 saw the beginnings of the SRI program in psi research under the stewardship of phys... more The year 1972 saw the beginnings of the SRI program in psi research under the stewardship of physicists Dr. Harold E. Puthoff and Mr. Russell Targ. As a result of Army counterintelligence interest, what started as funding for a single research project by a government agency, went on to become the largest, sustained research program in the history of psi research, spanning a period of 22 years, eventually closing in 1995. Best known by its last nickname Star Gate, the program was funded by a variety of executive branches, agencies, and the military and intelligence communities of the US Government, for a total of $19.993 M. The program focused on the application of, and investigation into psi phenomena-both informational, that is passively gathering information (precognition and real-time remote viewing) and causal (psychokinesis), that is, interacting with the physical world by mental means alone. About 11067 documentsapproximately 82518 pages-related to this formerly classified program were declassified since 2000 and have been available for review by researchers and the general audience. In the professional psi literature, generally, the Star Gate program is sometimes passed off in a couple of sentences. Beginning 2012, we started the task of putting together the SRI-SAIC research effort, which have been recently released as The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the US Government Sponsored Psi Program-1972-1995 (McFarland). It comprises four volumes titled:
Paper presented at the 60th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, July 20 -23, Athens, Greece., 2017
To determine the degree to which changes of thermodynamic entropy affect the quality of anomalous... more To determine the degree to which changes of thermodynamic entropy affect the quality of anomalous cognition, we launched a three-year effort funded by the BIAL Foundation. Twenty-two San Francisco Bay Area sites were identified all of which were neutral regarding native changes of entropy. Three individuals independently fuzzy-set coded all sites against a predetermined universal set of elements, which demonstrated by cluster analysis that they fell cleanly into five orthogonal categories. Entropic changes at a remote site was accomplished by dispensing three liters of liquid nitrogen (LN) in approximately eight seconds into a picnic cooler containing 2,000 ½ inch diameter aluminum balls. Three well-calibrated participants contributed 24 sessions each that were randomly but counterbalanced for an entropic change at the stimulus site. Three experimenters (E1-3) divided the tasks for a single session-E1 tasked a participant (P), "Please access and describe the first thing you see when E1 removes the blindfold." After the session E1 encoded the response into an automated system, which uploaded to the cloud for E3 and notified E2 who randomly chose a site and entropy condition (computer generated), waited a fixed time to obtain (or not) the LN; traveled to the site; upon leaving texted E1. E1 blindfolded P and drove to a predetermined spot at the site. E1 oriented P in a predetermined direction and removed the blindfold for feedback. Overall, the effect size for the observed distribution difference between the figure of merit means for the LN pour and LN no-pour conditions was 0.251 ± 0.167 leading to a z-score of 1.503 and an associated p-value of .066. Performance declined between the first and second half of the study for all three participants. The effect size for the first half was 0.425 ± 0.236 leading to a z-score of 1.80 and a p-value = .036. The second half of the study produced an effect size for the mean differences of 0.097 ± 0.236 leading to a z-score = 0.411 and a p-value of .340. The decline between first and second halves produced t(34) = 0.984, p = .165, and the effect size for the decline was 0.167 ± 0.172. This report will discuss potential psychological reasons for the decline between the first and second half of the study.
Also See:
The Star Gate Operational Remote Viewing Program A Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Collec... more Also See:
The Star Gate Operational Remote Viewing Program A Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Collection Platform. (From Volume 4: Operational Remote Viewing: Memorandums and Reports. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2019)
The Star Gate Program Over the Years (1972–1995): A Synopsis. (From Volume 4: Operational Remote Viewing: Memorandums and Reports. (pp. 60-75). Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2019)
Abstract
The year 1972 saw the beginnings of the SRI program in psi research under the stewardship of physicists Dr. Harold E. Puthoff and Mr. Russell Targ. As a result of Army counterintelligence interest, what started as funding for a single research project by a government agency, went on to become the largest, sustained research program in the history of psi research, spanning a period of 22 years, eventually closing in 1995. Best known by its last nickname Star Gate, the program was funded by a variety of executive branches, agencies, and the military and intelligence communities of the US Government, for a total of $19.993 M. The program focused on the application of, and investigation into psi phenomena—both informational, that is passively gathering information (precognition and real-time remote viewing) and causal (psychokinesis), that is, interacting with the physical world by mental means alone. About 11067 documents—approximately 82518 pages—related to this formerly classified program were declassified since 2000 and have been available for review by researchers and the general audience. In the professional psi literature, generally, the Star Gate program is sometimes passed off in a couple of sentences. Beginning 2012, we started the task of putting together the SRI-SAIC research effort, which have been recently released as The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the US Government Sponsored Psi Program –1972-1995 (McFarland). It comprises four volumes titled:
• Volume 1: Remote Viewing, 1972-1984 (2018)
• Volume 2: Remote Viewing, 1985-1995 (2018)
• Volume 3: Psychokinesis (2019)
• Volume 4: Operational Remote viewing: Government Memorandums and Reports (2019)
In this article, we present an overview of the Star Gate program, focusing on what I have learned from the massive exercise of looking into these archives. Needless to add, this four-volume series is the final word on Star Gate, as it is (1) based entirely on the complete set of documents released, including some unclassified documents not available in the government released archives, (2) prepared under the scrutiny of Dr. Edwin C. May, who joined the SRI program in 1976, was the director of the program since late 1985, to its closure in 1995 at SAIC, (3) has the stamp of approval from Dr. Jack Vorona, Deputy Director Science and Technology, Defense Intelligence Agency, and (4), the former Secretary of Defense, William S. Cohen has written a foreword for the series.
The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the United States Government Sponsored Psi Program, 1972–1995.... more The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the United States Government Sponsored Psi Program, 1972–1995. Volume 4: Operational Remote Viewing: Memorandums and Reports. (pp. 60-75). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
May, E. C., & Marwaha, S. B. (2019). The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the United States Government Sponsored Psi Program, 1972–1995. Volume 3: Psychokinesis. Jefferson, NC: McFarland., 2019
This volume includes the SRI-SAIC work in micro-, macro-, and bio-PK, including the development o... more This volume includes the SRI-SAIC work in micro-, macro-, and bio-PK, including the development of the decision augmentation theory. Also includes reviews of Russian, Chinese, and European psi research.
Uploads
Papers by Edwin C May
In an otherwise standard AC protocol, we displayed feedback tachistoscopically to receiv ers. The cognitive awareness of the feedback experience was minimal, and 2 of the 8 intensities used for visual display of the feedback were below subliminal threshold. We hypothesized a number of possible relationships between feedback intensity and AC quality, including one based on precognition (i.e., the data originated from the future feedback). Four viewers contributed 40 trials each (5 at 8 different intensity bands). Using a sum-of-ranks statistic, 2 viewers produced independently significant evidence of remote viewing (i.e., the binomial probability of 2 hits in 4 trials with an event probability of .05 is .014). None of the data showed significant correlation of feedback intensity with AC quality. This result is discussed with regard to precognition in general and the troublesome unfalsifiability aspect of truly goal-oriented precognition.
May, E. C., Hawley, L., Chaganti, V., & Ratra, N. (2014). Natural anomalous cognition targets: A fuzzy set application. The Journal of Parapsychology, 78(2), 195.
to a ranking system. The combined Spearman's correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211 (Z = 3.22, p = 6.4 x 10-4) with a 95%
confidence interval of 0.084 to 0.332; whereas the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself were 0.028 (Z = 0.37, p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval= -0.120
to 0.175). This strongly suggests that AC is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than
they are to inputs that are not changing. I find that a standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary sequence appears to provide an upper limit to
anomalous cognition functioning for free response AC and for forced-choice Zener card guessing.
Applications International Corporation, US-Government-sponsored programs, inspired the design of the Shannon entropy experiments that were conducted in the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory in 1993 and beyond. Potential target confounds are also discussed in the context of these trials.
demonstrated strong evidence for anomalous cognition (AC), as well as a significant
correlation between the quality of the AC with the gradient of Shannon
entropy, but not with the entropy itself. We created a new target pool and
a more sensitive analytical system compared with those of earlier studies. We
then invited five experienced receivers (i.e., experiment participants) to contribute
15 trials each. In addition to the usual rank-order analysis, two other
methods were used to assess the quality of the AC. The first of these was a 0
to 7 rating scale that has been used in the earlier studies. The second, a figure
of merit, was based on a fuzzy-set encoding of the targets and responses. The
primary hypotheses were (a) that a significant correlation would be seen between
the figure of merit quality assessment and the gradient of Shannon entropy
for the associated target and (b) that the correlation using the rating assessment
would be consistent with earlier findings. A secondary hypothesis
was that the figure of merit quality would not correlate with the entropy of
the associated target. All hypotheses were confirmed. Our results are part of
the growing evidence that AC is mediated through a sensory channel.
for an intrinsic target property. An intrinsic target property is one that is completely
independent of psychological factors and can be associated solely with a physical property of the target. We analyzed the results of two lengthy experiments that were conducted from 1992 through 1993 and found a significant correlation (rs = 0.337, df = 31, t = 1.99, p <= 0.028) with an absolute measure of the quality of the anomalous cognition (AC). In addition, we found that the quality of the AC was significantly better for dynamic targets than for static targets (t= 1.71, df= 36,p:<= 0.048). The 1993 correlation with the change of entropy replicated a similar finding from our 1992 study. Using Monte Carlo techniques, we demonstrate that the observed correlations were not due to some unforeseen artifact with the entropy calculation, but perhaps the correlation can be accounted for because of the difference in some other measure between static and dynamic targets. The Monte Carlo results and the significant correlations with static targets in the 1992 study, however, suggest otherwise. We describe the methodology, the calculations, and correlations in
detail and provide guidelines for those who may wish to conduct similar studies.
retro-causation. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics provides an explanation for the apparent single direction of time at the macroscopic level although time is reversible at the microscopic level. In a preliminary study, I examined seven anomalous cognition (a.k.a., ESP) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy of their associated target systems were calculated, and the quality of the response was estimated by a rating system called the figure of merit. The combined Spearman’s correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211
(p = 6.4×10-4) with a 95% confidence interval for the correlation of [0.084, 0.332]; whereas, the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself was 0.028 (p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval of [-0.120 – 0.175]). This suggests that anomalous cognition is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than they are to inputs that are not changing. A standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary
sequence appears to provide an upper limit to anomalous cognition functioning for free response
and for forced-choice Zener card guessing. This entropic relation and an apparent limit set by the entropy may provide a clue for understanding macroscopic retro-causation.
in a putative signal transducer; (b) cortical processing of the signals, mediated by a cortical hyper-associative mechanism; and (c) cognition, mediated by normal cognitive processes, leading to a response based on retrocausal information. The model is comprehensive, brain-based, and provides a new direction for research requiring multidisciplinary expertise.
In an otherwise standard AC protocol, we displayed feedback tachistoscopically to receiv ers. The cognitive awareness of the feedback experience was minimal, and 2 of the 8 intensities used for visual display of the feedback were below subliminal threshold. We hypothesized a number of possible relationships between feedback intensity and AC quality, including one based on precognition (i.e., the data originated from the future feedback). Four viewers contributed 40 trials each (5 at 8 different intensity bands). Using a sum-of-ranks statistic, 2 viewers produced independently significant evidence of remote viewing (i.e., the binomial probability of 2 hits in 4 trials with an event probability of .05 is .014). None of the data showed significant correlation of feedback intensity with AC quality. This result is discussed with regard to precognition in general and the troublesome unfalsifiability aspect of truly goal-oriented precognition.
May, E. C., Hawley, L., Chaganti, V., & Ratra, N. (2014). Natural anomalous cognition targets: A fuzzy set application. The Journal of Parapsychology, 78(2), 195.
to a ranking system. The combined Spearman's correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211 (Z = 3.22, p = 6.4 x 10-4) with a 95%
confidence interval of 0.084 to 0.332; whereas the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself were 0.028 (Z = 0.37, p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval= -0.120
to 0.175). This strongly suggests that AC is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than
they are to inputs that are not changing. I find that a standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary sequence appears to provide an upper limit to
anomalous cognition functioning for free response AC and for forced-choice Zener card guessing.
Applications International Corporation, US-Government-sponsored programs, inspired the design of the Shannon entropy experiments that were conducted in the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory in 1993 and beyond. Potential target confounds are also discussed in the context of these trials.
demonstrated strong evidence for anomalous cognition (AC), as well as a significant
correlation between the quality of the AC with the gradient of Shannon
entropy, but not with the entropy itself. We created a new target pool and
a more sensitive analytical system compared with those of earlier studies. We
then invited five experienced receivers (i.e., experiment participants) to contribute
15 trials each. In addition to the usual rank-order analysis, two other
methods were used to assess the quality of the AC. The first of these was a 0
to 7 rating scale that has been used in the earlier studies. The second, a figure
of merit, was based on a fuzzy-set encoding of the targets and responses. The
primary hypotheses were (a) that a significant correlation would be seen between
the figure of merit quality assessment and the gradient of Shannon entropy
for the associated target and (b) that the correlation using the rating assessment
would be consistent with earlier findings. A secondary hypothesis
was that the figure of merit quality would not correlate with the entropy of
the associated target. All hypotheses were confirmed. Our results are part of
the growing evidence that AC is mediated through a sensory channel.
for an intrinsic target property. An intrinsic target property is one that is completely
independent of psychological factors and can be associated solely with a physical property of the target. We analyzed the results of two lengthy experiments that were conducted from 1992 through 1993 and found a significant correlation (rs = 0.337, df = 31, t = 1.99, p <= 0.028) with an absolute measure of the quality of the anomalous cognition (AC). In addition, we found that the quality of the AC was significantly better for dynamic targets than for static targets (t= 1.71, df= 36,p:<= 0.048). The 1993 correlation with the change of entropy replicated a similar finding from our 1992 study. Using Monte Carlo techniques, we demonstrate that the observed correlations were not due to some unforeseen artifact with the entropy calculation, but perhaps the correlation can be accounted for because of the difference in some other measure between static and dynamic targets. The Monte Carlo results and the significant correlations with static targets in the 1992 study, however, suggest otherwise. We describe the methodology, the calculations, and correlations in
detail and provide guidelines for those who may wish to conduct similar studies.
retro-causation. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics provides an explanation for the apparent single direction of time at the macroscopic level although time is reversible at the microscopic level. In a preliminary study, I examined seven anomalous cognition (a.k.a., ESP) studies in which the entropic gradients and the entropy of their associated target systems were calculated, and the quality of the response was estimated by a rating system called the figure of merit. The combined Spearman’s correlation coefficient for these variables for the seven studies was 0.211
(p = 6.4×10-4) with a 95% confidence interval for the correlation of [0.084, 0.332]; whereas, the same data for a correlation with the entropy itself was 0.028 (p = 0.36; 95% confidence interval of [-0.120 – 0.175]). This suggests that anomalous cognition is mediated via some kind of a sensory system in that all the normal sensory systems are more sensitive to changes than they are to inputs that are not changing. A standard relationship for the change of entropy of a binary
sequence appears to provide an upper limit to anomalous cognition functioning for free response
and for forced-choice Zener card guessing. This entropic relation and an apparent limit set by the entropy may provide a clue for understanding macroscopic retro-causation.
in a putative signal transducer; (b) cortical processing of the signals, mediated by a cortical hyper-associative mechanism; and (c) cognition, mediated by normal cognitive processes, leading to a response based on retrocausal information. The model is comprehensive, brain-based, and provides a new direction for research requiring multidisciplinary expertise.
The Star Gate Operational Remote Viewing Program A Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Collection Platform. (From Volume 4: Operational Remote Viewing: Memorandums and Reports. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2019)
The Star Gate Program Over the Years (1972–1995): A Synopsis. (From Volume 4: Operational Remote Viewing: Memorandums and Reports. (pp. 60-75). Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2019)
Abstract
The year 1972 saw the beginnings of the SRI program in psi research under the stewardship of physicists Dr. Harold E. Puthoff and Mr. Russell Targ. As a result of Army counterintelligence interest, what started as funding for a single research project by a government agency, went on to become the largest, sustained research program in the history of psi research, spanning a period of 22 years, eventually closing in 1995. Best known by its last nickname Star Gate, the program was funded by a variety of executive branches, agencies, and the military and intelligence communities of the US Government, for a total of $19.993 M. The program focused on the application of, and investigation into psi phenomena—both informational, that is passively gathering information (precognition and real-time remote viewing) and causal (psychokinesis), that is, interacting with the physical world by mental means alone. About 11067 documents—approximately 82518 pages—related to this formerly classified program were declassified since 2000 and have been available for review by researchers and the general audience. In the professional psi literature, generally, the Star Gate program is sometimes passed off in a couple of sentences. Beginning 2012, we started the task of putting together the SRI-SAIC research effort, which have been recently released as The Star Gate Archives: Reports of the US Government Sponsored Psi Program –1972-1995 (McFarland). It comprises four volumes titled:
• Volume 1: Remote Viewing, 1972-1984 (2018)
• Volume 2: Remote Viewing, 1985-1995 (2018)
• Volume 3: Psychokinesis (2019)
• Volume 4: Operational Remote viewing: Government Memorandums and Reports (2019)
In this article, we present an overview of the Star Gate program, focusing on what I have learned from the massive exercise of looking into these archives. Needless to add, this four-volume series is the final word on Star Gate, as it is (1) based entirely on the complete set of documents released, including some unclassified documents not available in the government released archives, (2) prepared under the scrutiny of Dr. Edwin C. May, who joined the SRI program in 1976, was the director of the program since late 1985, to its closure in 1995 at SAIC, (3) has the stamp of approval from Dr. Jack Vorona, Deputy Director Science and Technology, Defense Intelligence Agency, and (4), the former Secretary of Defense, William S. Cohen has written a foreword for the series.