Books by Elena Zhurukhina
St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv, 2023
Part of the collective monograph is devoted to the archaeological analysis of glass and precious ... more Part of the collective monograph is devoted to the archaeological analysis of glass and precious stone goods found during the study of the monastery area, the existence of which has been recorded since the Early Rus' period. The finds include both imported (some of which are unique) and local products.
Papers by Elena Zhurukhina
Київ і кияни : матеріали щорічної науково-практичної конференції, м. Київ, 11-12 листопада 2024 р. Київ: Видавничий дім «АДЕФ-Україна», 2024. Вип. 16., 2024
Among the imports of glassware found in Kyiv, one can distinguish items whose production is assoc... more Among the imports of glassware found in Kyiv, one can distinguish items whose production is associated with East, namely Islamic, glassmaking traditions. First of all, there is the tableware, which demonstrates highly artistic works of glassmaking craft and is associated with the status value of the objects. Most of them were found in the layers of the 12th century. The number of finds of Byzantine products was recorded during this period. Perhaps these products came as gifts from a certain centre with which Kyiv had diplomatic and economic relations (for example, Byzantium?).
Київ і кияни. Матеріали щорічної науково-практичної конференції, 2022
Many years of archaeological research of the craft center in Kyiv – Podil – provided
quantitativ... more Many years of archaeological research of the craft center in Kyiv – Podil – provided
quantitative and informative material for the study of glassworking and glassmaking production in the times of Rus`. It is quite difficult to single out a set of tools that were used in the glassmaking craft due to their multifunctionality, because such tools were also used in metalworking and jewelry. However, the excavations recorded some findings that can be considered as glassmaker's tools. The funds of the Museum of Kyiv History contain material from the complexes of Kyiv's Podil, which are identified in scientific reports and articles with glassmaking/working workshops. Among the numerous finds of products, production remnants and defective products, items with the help of which glass products were made were also recorded, namely: clay crucibles and molds, a metal rod, tweezers and scissors.
Київ і кияни : матеріали щорічної науково-практичної конференції, м. Київ, 16–17 листопада 2023 р. , 2023
The paper presents the history of archaeometric research of Old Rus’ Kyiv from the 19th century t... more The paper presents the history of archaeometric research of Old Rus’ Kyiv from the 19th century till the present. The special status of Kyiv as the capital of Rus’, the largest center of crafts and monumental construction should make it a reference monument for archaeometric studies. The natural conditions for the formation of the Kyiv Podil, where organic remains are preserved thanks to alluvial and deluvial layers, also make Kyiv a unique research ground for paleobotany, paleozoology, dendrochronology and climate stratigraphy. However, comparing the potential of Kyiv with the actual state of archaeometric research, we observe an unjustified disparity, mainly related to the state of funding of science in Ukraine and the weak laboratory and technical base of Ukrainian archaeology. Overcoming this problem in order to keep up with modern trends in the development of archaeology is possible only through international cooperation with scientific institutions that have the appropriate modern laboratory base.
6th International Scientific Symposium in honour of Stjepan Gunjača. Political and Social Structures in Early Medieval Central, South and Eastern Europe (9th – 15th centuries). Archaeological and historical evidence, 2023
Київ і кияни : матеріали щорічної науково-практичної конференції, м. Київ, 16–17 листопада 2023 р. Київ: Видавничий дім «АДЕФ-Україна», 2023. Вип. 15., 2023
Archaeological research in Kyiv has provided important and informative material for the study of ... more Archaeological research in Kyiv has provided important and informative material for the study of glass from the period of medieval Rus’. Most of the finds are local products, but others are related to the workshops from the territory of Byzantine Empire. The earliest items are few and unique and were probably gifts from diplomatic missions or trade agreements. The following items were found exclusively in the rich burials of the late 10th – early 11th centuries. Since the 11th century there has been a marked increase in imported glassware. The range of products has diversified. Finds are recorded in the cultural layers including 13th century.
The Beads of Middle Dnieper region of the 10th–13th
centuries. Qualifying scientific work as a m... more The Beads of Middle Dnieper region of the 10th–13th
centuries. Qualifying scientific work as a manuscript.
Thesis for a Candidate of historical degree (philosophy doctor) by specialty 07.00.04. Archaeology. The Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2021.
The dissertation contains the complex analysis of beads – the common adornment in the Middle Ages culture. This study is the first corpus of the beads from the Middle Dnieper region ranging in time from the 10th to the 40-ies of 13th century, i.e. the time of appearance, establishment and development of Early Rus’ till the Mongol invasion. New archaeological finds were introduced to scientific parlance; the base of sources was supplemented and generalized; the history of beads studying was analyzed; beads were
classified on the ground of the complex classification including both morphological and chemical-technical features; the major periods of common use of beads were marked; manufacture complexes (glassworks, glassmaking and amber handling workshops in Kyiv
Podil district) were systematized, analyzed and put onto map; the chemical analysis of glass was carried out (raw materials, samples of production from craftsmanship complexes, vestiges of production) in order to distinguish imported and home-made (Early
Rus’) production; the technologies of glass articles production were ascertained by morphological features; combining the study of technology and ascertaining of chemical composition aided to detect the production centres and import routes.
With the help of statistical procession of finds following representative groups of beads were distinguished:
– beads of the 10th century spread into the Middle Dnieper region, most likely, as composed necklaces or as certain groups of beads, a majority of which were the Middle East samples accompanied by Byzantine production;
– a set of beads from the 10th – the early 11th centuries contains the imported (primarily Middle Eastern, Egyptian and Syrian) beads made of glass and stone. In the late 10th century Byzantine beads and stone ones began appear more frequently in the sets;
– the 11th–12th centuries are the period of gradual disappearance of certain types of beads, amplifying the quantity of existing ones and appearance of new types. In the first quarter of the 11th century the Middle East beads (as well as the silver coins) ceased to get
into the Early Rus’. The influence of Byzantium was enhancing; the trade route from Vikings to Greeks which served to transport the Byzantine beads started operating. One can observe the gradual shrinking of the selection of beads in the burial assemblages in the
Middle Dnieper region, in the following centuries this trend started ratcheting up, making it noticeable against the background of the beads’ collection of the Early Rus’ towns. This trend can be explained in the terms of culture and traditions (from pagan beliefs to Christianity);
– beads from the 12th – the first half of the 13th century is the numerous and diverse chronological group. From the 11th century the glassmaking complexes popped up in some Early Rus’ towns worked with imported as well as with local raw materials. The first workshops of that kind were related with religious buildings and the development of chiefly monumental architecture, they emerged in the temple-building places (the Starokyivska Hill and Kyiv-Pechersk lavra). In Kyiv Podil district the production complexes with narrow specialization (with only one or two types of products, where adornment, particularly beads, prevail) emerged in the 12th century. Due to technologies, such as serial winding, there was a tendency to mass production of jewellery and their entry into the market in large batches. The color gamut of beads expanded through the adding of new dyes without a necessity to import them.
The analyzes of Kyiv workshops glass show that three classes of chemical composition of medieval glass prevailed: sodium-calcium, lead and potassium-lead. Soda-lime-silica and lead glass was produced both in Byzantium and in Rus’ workshops by Greek craftsmen near the temple-building places, where these glassmaking complexes were established. Potassium-lead glass could have arisen as a result of the borrowing of Byzantine recipe consisting of three components: sand, ash and lime but in the Early Rus’ version the ash of plants of the arid zone was replaced by the ash of plants of the continental zone – potash (available to local glassmakers).
Comparison of the obtained chronological groups of beads to the existing chronological scale of beads’ spread on other territories (particularly Volga Bulgaria, northern regions of Rus’, Northern Europe) one can observe that the set of beads in the Middle Dnieper region demonstrates the presence of types, pertaining to the assemblages from the 10th–13th centuries in the Early Rus’ and mainly coincides with the conventional chronology; the composition of the set of beads in the Middle Dnieper region became more diverse after accepting of Christianity and intensifying of the connections to Byzantium through the import of new types of beads, the emergence and development of local glassmaking production.
Opus Mixtum, 2022
The paper devotes a particular category of finds – glass inserts for jewelry and decorating such ... more The paper devotes a particular category of finds – glass inserts for jewelry and decorating such items as church utensils and clothes, which were found during archaeological researches of burials and cultural layers of Kyiv. The inserts make up a small part compared to other glass products. The paper focuses to the morphological and technological characteristics of finds, traces the dynamics of the use of products.
Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine, 2022
In 1950 V. A. Bohusevich carried out the first stationary excavations in Kyiv Podil which unearth... more In 1950 V. A. Bohusevich carried out the first stationary excavations in Kyiv Podil which unearthed the archaeological sites with remains of ironwork, glasswork and woodworking. One of them, an assemblage with the remains of glass processing was interpreted as a workshop where bracelets, rings and smalt were made. It was dated by a copper coin of Alexei Comnenus to the years of his reign — 1081—1118. However, despite such a craft complex was found in Podil for the first time, and despite the extreme lack of archaeological data on the only workshop, previously known in Kyiv thanks to the excavations of Vikentiy Khvoika in 1907-1908, publications were limited to brief mentions of it, leaving its complex of finds out of the context. The collection of finds from V. A. Bohusevich excavations as well as field documentation and the excavation report are stored in the Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine which allows to refer to the source base. The paper provides the publication ...
Opus Mixtum № 9, 2021
The paper is devoted to anew study of materials from the glass-making workshop, excavated by V. A... more The paper is devoted to anew study of materials from the glass-making workshop, excavated by V. A. Bogusevych in
the Metropolitan Garden of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in 1951. Analysis of finds and field documentation allows making
adjustments to the dating and attribution of discovered objects. The archaeological context of the workshop remains
dates back to the 12th century and there are no signs of the location of the remains of the furnaces in situ at the site
of the find. The location of another glass-making workshop to the North of the Trinity Gate Church was determined and its
existence dates back to the 12th – 13th centuries. The continuity of life on the territory of the monastery was evidenced in
post-Mongolian, late medieval, and post-medieval times.
ЗБІРНИК МАТЕРІАЛІВ Х МІЖНАРОДНОЇ НАУКОВО-ПРАКТИЧНОЇ КОНФЕРЕНЦІЇ «СУЧАСНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИДОБУТКУ, ОБРОБКИ І ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПРИРОДНОГО КАМІННЯ», 2021
The article considers fluorite beads, found in Kyiv Podil district during archeological researche... more The article considers fluorite beads, found in Kyiv Podil district during archeological researches. The finding is similar to synchronous artefacts from Central Europe and can be treated in the future as an answer to the problem of the appearance of beads in Old Rus' territory.
Opus Mixtum 8, 2020
The adornment made of precious stones, such as rock crystal, amethyst and cornelian which have be... more The adornment made of precious stones, such as rock crystal, amethyst and cornelian which have been discovered during the excavations in Kyiv and its outskirts are analyzed in the paper. The beads are the large part of found decoration and came to Old Rus’ both as part of necklaces or as single products. Some part of the finds are the rock crystal and amethyst inserts to the finger-ring bezel and cornelian pendants.
Коштовне та декоративне каміння, 2020
The article discusses one of the categories of jewelry – stone inserts found during archaeologica... more The article discusses one of the categories of jewelry – stone inserts found during archaeological research in Kyiv. The morphological and technological characteristics of objects, ways of delivery of raw materials and products, as well as preferences of certain types of inserts are considered.
Opus Mixtum, 7, 2019
Glass goblets of Ancient Rus’ graves from Kyiv. The glass goblets from the filling and grave good... more Glass goblets of Ancient Rus’ graves from Kyiv. The glass goblets from the filling and grave goods of Ancient Rus’ burials are examined in the paper. The items come from the burials of the 12th–13th centuries with the has already formed Christian rite. The morphology and technology of vessel manufacturing are analyzed. The found items are the part of local glass making production.
STONE INSERTS IN JEWELRY (ACCORDING TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
OF THE 10th - 13th CENTURIES FROM K... more STONE INSERTS IN JEWELRY (ACCORDING TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES
OF THE 10th - 13th CENTURIES FROM KYIV). The article discusses one of the categories of jewelry – stone inserts found during archaeological research in Kyiv. The morphological and technological characteristics of objects, ways of delivery of raw materials and products, as well as preferences of certain types of inserts are considered.
АДІУ 22(1), 2017
The article contains detail technological characteristic of amber finds from amber workshop, whic... more The article contains detail technological characteristic of amber finds from amber workshop, which was found on Kyiv Podil district. For the modeling of technology of amber manufacturing were made a few experiments. The complex of 12th — early 13th century around Pokrovskaya church, where amber products had been made, was discovered in 1985. There was numerous finding of amber items, such as raw and fragments of half-finished products (polyhedral beads, such as bi-pyramid, biconical and oval shaped beads, finger-rings, finger-rings insets, pedants, crosses). The finds in this amber workshop are many analogies of amber products at the Old Rus’ sites of 11th — 13th century. The characteristics of the samples from amber workshop determined their local, Ukrainian, origin. The technological operations which were used included cutting, polishing and boring. For all of these actions master used the wide application tools, which there used in different branches of trades.
K e y w o r d s: archaeological amber, Kyiv Podil district, amber workshops.
A unique find of four clay molds for making glass vessels was found during archaeological researc... more A unique find of four clay molds for making glass vessels was found during archaeological researches of the site on the Naberezhno-Khreshchatitska str., 21
(Kyiv Podil) in 2007. The excavations both on the street itself and on the bordering areas revealed the existence here of a large handicraft quarter with economic and
production objects dated to the 11th and 12th centuries. Location of the studied site near the waterway (Dnieper River) was convenient for placing here fire-hazardous
productions, such as glass-making workshops. On the site, remains of the construction of the furnace in the form of large pieces of vitrified clay and fragments of plinth form bricks were fixed. Numerous pieces of glass were found, as well as fragments of glassware, mainly those of bracelets and vessels. Among another
finds there were such glass ornaments as beads and rings, and one inset for the ring. Among the ceramic material from the investigated complex, there were four clay molds for forming glass vessels. The molds were of bowl-like form and had a ribbed inner surface, made by hand. It is worthy to note that among the products there were two fragments of glass bottoms with ribbed outer surfaces, which could be made
in such molds. Vessels with ribbed walls appear on the territory of Ancient Rus’ from the second half of the 12th century. Chemical analyzes of glass mass taken
from the complex showed that samples could be identified as lead-potassium Ancient Rus’ glass. Glassware, certain materials (molds for glass vessels, crucibles, pieces of lead), allow to connect the excavated complex with glass-making production.
Excavations conducted on the territory of the Medzhybozh Fortress in 2015, explored the cultural ... more Excavations conducted on the territory of the Medzhybozh Fortress in 2015, explored the cultural layer, in which among various archaeological material were found objects of glass. Finds are divided into three categories: vessels, jewelry, and decor elements. Most of them are jewelry: the bracelets and beads. The vessels, beads, and bracelets, according to their morphology and technology, have Ancient Rus’ origin. Some of the bracelets were produced in Byzantium. The fragments of the window glass belong, probably, to the later period.
Window glass of medieval Kyiv (according to archaeological sources). The article deals with a sep... more Window glass of medieval Kyiv (according to archaeological sources). The article deals with a separate category of glassware of Ancient Rus’, found during archaeological excavations in Kyiv – a window glass made in local glass-making workshops, as well as Byzantine imports for the decoration of churches.
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Books by Elena Zhurukhina
Papers by Elena Zhurukhina
quantitative and informative material for the study of glassworking and glassmaking production in the times of Rus`. It is quite difficult to single out a set of tools that were used in the glassmaking craft due to their multifunctionality, because such tools were also used in metalworking and jewelry. However, the excavations recorded some findings that can be considered as glassmaker's tools. The funds of the Museum of Kyiv History contain material from the complexes of Kyiv's Podil, which are identified in scientific reports and articles with glassmaking/working workshops. Among the numerous finds of products, production remnants and defective products, items with the help of which glass products were made were also recorded, namely: clay crucibles and molds, a metal rod, tweezers and scissors.
centuries. Qualifying scientific work as a manuscript.
Thesis for a Candidate of historical degree (philosophy doctor) by specialty 07.00.04. Archaeology. The Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2021.
The dissertation contains the complex analysis of beads – the common adornment in the Middle Ages culture. This study is the first corpus of the beads from the Middle Dnieper region ranging in time from the 10th to the 40-ies of 13th century, i.e. the time of appearance, establishment and development of Early Rus’ till the Mongol invasion. New archaeological finds were introduced to scientific parlance; the base of sources was supplemented and generalized; the history of beads studying was analyzed; beads were
classified on the ground of the complex classification including both morphological and chemical-technical features; the major periods of common use of beads were marked; manufacture complexes (glassworks, glassmaking and amber handling workshops in Kyiv
Podil district) were systematized, analyzed and put onto map; the chemical analysis of glass was carried out (raw materials, samples of production from craftsmanship complexes, vestiges of production) in order to distinguish imported and home-made (Early
Rus’) production; the technologies of glass articles production were ascertained by morphological features; combining the study of technology and ascertaining of chemical composition aided to detect the production centres and import routes.
With the help of statistical procession of finds following representative groups of beads were distinguished:
– beads of the 10th century spread into the Middle Dnieper region, most likely, as composed necklaces or as certain groups of beads, a majority of which were the Middle East samples accompanied by Byzantine production;
– a set of beads from the 10th – the early 11th centuries contains the imported (primarily Middle Eastern, Egyptian and Syrian) beads made of glass and stone. In the late 10th century Byzantine beads and stone ones began appear more frequently in the sets;
– the 11th–12th centuries are the period of gradual disappearance of certain types of beads, amplifying the quantity of existing ones and appearance of new types. In the first quarter of the 11th century the Middle East beads (as well as the silver coins) ceased to get
into the Early Rus’. The influence of Byzantium was enhancing; the trade route from Vikings to Greeks which served to transport the Byzantine beads started operating. One can observe the gradual shrinking of the selection of beads in the burial assemblages in the
Middle Dnieper region, in the following centuries this trend started ratcheting up, making it noticeable against the background of the beads’ collection of the Early Rus’ towns. This trend can be explained in the terms of culture and traditions (from pagan beliefs to Christianity);
– beads from the 12th – the first half of the 13th century is the numerous and diverse chronological group. From the 11th century the glassmaking complexes popped up in some Early Rus’ towns worked with imported as well as with local raw materials. The first workshops of that kind were related with religious buildings and the development of chiefly monumental architecture, they emerged in the temple-building places (the Starokyivska Hill and Kyiv-Pechersk lavra). In Kyiv Podil district the production complexes with narrow specialization (with only one or two types of products, where adornment, particularly beads, prevail) emerged in the 12th century. Due to technologies, such as serial winding, there was a tendency to mass production of jewellery and their entry into the market in large batches. The color gamut of beads expanded through the adding of new dyes without a necessity to import them.
The analyzes of Kyiv workshops glass show that three classes of chemical composition of medieval glass prevailed: sodium-calcium, lead and potassium-lead. Soda-lime-silica and lead glass was produced both in Byzantium and in Rus’ workshops by Greek craftsmen near the temple-building places, where these glassmaking complexes were established. Potassium-lead glass could have arisen as a result of the borrowing of Byzantine recipe consisting of three components: sand, ash and lime but in the Early Rus’ version the ash of plants of the arid zone was replaced by the ash of plants of the continental zone – potash (available to local glassmakers).
Comparison of the obtained chronological groups of beads to the existing chronological scale of beads’ spread on other territories (particularly Volga Bulgaria, northern regions of Rus’, Northern Europe) one can observe that the set of beads in the Middle Dnieper region demonstrates the presence of types, pertaining to the assemblages from the 10th–13th centuries in the Early Rus’ and mainly coincides with the conventional chronology; the composition of the set of beads in the Middle Dnieper region became more diverse after accepting of Christianity and intensifying of the connections to Byzantium through the import of new types of beads, the emergence and development of local glassmaking production.
the Metropolitan Garden of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in 1951. Analysis of finds and field documentation allows making
adjustments to the dating and attribution of discovered objects. The archaeological context of the workshop remains
dates back to the 12th century and there are no signs of the location of the remains of the furnaces in situ at the site
of the find. The location of another glass-making workshop to the North of the Trinity Gate Church was determined and its
existence dates back to the 12th – 13th centuries. The continuity of life on the territory of the monastery was evidenced in
post-Mongolian, late medieval, and post-medieval times.
OF THE 10th - 13th CENTURIES FROM KYIV). The article discusses one of the categories of jewelry – stone inserts found during archaeological research in Kyiv. The morphological and technological characteristics of objects, ways of delivery of raw materials and products, as well as preferences of certain types of inserts are considered.
K e y w o r d s: archaeological amber, Kyiv Podil district, amber workshops.
(Kyiv Podil) in 2007. The excavations both on the street itself and on the bordering areas revealed the existence here of a large handicraft quarter with economic and
production objects dated to the 11th and 12th centuries. Location of the studied site near the waterway (Dnieper River) was convenient for placing here fire-hazardous
productions, such as glass-making workshops. On the site, remains of the construction of the furnace in the form of large pieces of vitrified clay and fragments of plinth form bricks were fixed. Numerous pieces of glass were found, as well as fragments of glassware, mainly those of bracelets and vessels. Among another
finds there were such glass ornaments as beads and rings, and one inset for the ring. Among the ceramic material from the investigated complex, there were four clay molds for forming glass vessels. The molds were of bowl-like form and had a ribbed inner surface, made by hand. It is worthy to note that among the products there were two fragments of glass bottoms with ribbed outer surfaces, which could be made
in such molds. Vessels with ribbed walls appear on the territory of Ancient Rus’ from the second half of the 12th century. Chemical analyzes of glass mass taken
from the complex showed that samples could be identified as lead-potassium Ancient Rus’ glass. Glassware, certain materials (molds for glass vessels, crucibles, pieces of lead), allow to connect the excavated complex with glass-making production.
quantitative and informative material for the study of glassworking and glassmaking production in the times of Rus`. It is quite difficult to single out a set of tools that were used in the glassmaking craft due to their multifunctionality, because such tools were also used in metalworking and jewelry. However, the excavations recorded some findings that can be considered as glassmaker's tools. The funds of the Museum of Kyiv History contain material from the complexes of Kyiv's Podil, which are identified in scientific reports and articles with glassmaking/working workshops. Among the numerous finds of products, production remnants and defective products, items with the help of which glass products were made were also recorded, namely: clay crucibles and molds, a metal rod, tweezers and scissors.
centuries. Qualifying scientific work as a manuscript.
Thesis for a Candidate of historical degree (philosophy doctor) by specialty 07.00.04. Archaeology. The Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2021.
The dissertation contains the complex analysis of beads – the common adornment in the Middle Ages culture. This study is the first corpus of the beads from the Middle Dnieper region ranging in time from the 10th to the 40-ies of 13th century, i.e. the time of appearance, establishment and development of Early Rus’ till the Mongol invasion. New archaeological finds were introduced to scientific parlance; the base of sources was supplemented and generalized; the history of beads studying was analyzed; beads were
classified on the ground of the complex classification including both morphological and chemical-technical features; the major periods of common use of beads were marked; manufacture complexes (glassworks, glassmaking and amber handling workshops in Kyiv
Podil district) were systematized, analyzed and put onto map; the chemical analysis of glass was carried out (raw materials, samples of production from craftsmanship complexes, vestiges of production) in order to distinguish imported and home-made (Early
Rus’) production; the technologies of glass articles production were ascertained by morphological features; combining the study of technology and ascertaining of chemical composition aided to detect the production centres and import routes.
With the help of statistical procession of finds following representative groups of beads were distinguished:
– beads of the 10th century spread into the Middle Dnieper region, most likely, as composed necklaces or as certain groups of beads, a majority of which were the Middle East samples accompanied by Byzantine production;
– a set of beads from the 10th – the early 11th centuries contains the imported (primarily Middle Eastern, Egyptian and Syrian) beads made of glass and stone. In the late 10th century Byzantine beads and stone ones began appear more frequently in the sets;
– the 11th–12th centuries are the period of gradual disappearance of certain types of beads, amplifying the quantity of existing ones and appearance of new types. In the first quarter of the 11th century the Middle East beads (as well as the silver coins) ceased to get
into the Early Rus’. The influence of Byzantium was enhancing; the trade route from Vikings to Greeks which served to transport the Byzantine beads started operating. One can observe the gradual shrinking of the selection of beads in the burial assemblages in the
Middle Dnieper region, in the following centuries this trend started ratcheting up, making it noticeable against the background of the beads’ collection of the Early Rus’ towns. This trend can be explained in the terms of culture and traditions (from pagan beliefs to Christianity);
– beads from the 12th – the first half of the 13th century is the numerous and diverse chronological group. From the 11th century the glassmaking complexes popped up in some Early Rus’ towns worked with imported as well as with local raw materials. The first workshops of that kind were related with religious buildings and the development of chiefly monumental architecture, they emerged in the temple-building places (the Starokyivska Hill and Kyiv-Pechersk lavra). In Kyiv Podil district the production complexes with narrow specialization (with only one or two types of products, where adornment, particularly beads, prevail) emerged in the 12th century. Due to technologies, such as serial winding, there was a tendency to mass production of jewellery and their entry into the market in large batches. The color gamut of beads expanded through the adding of new dyes without a necessity to import them.
The analyzes of Kyiv workshops glass show that three classes of chemical composition of medieval glass prevailed: sodium-calcium, lead and potassium-lead. Soda-lime-silica and lead glass was produced both in Byzantium and in Rus’ workshops by Greek craftsmen near the temple-building places, where these glassmaking complexes were established. Potassium-lead glass could have arisen as a result of the borrowing of Byzantine recipe consisting of three components: sand, ash and lime but in the Early Rus’ version the ash of plants of the arid zone was replaced by the ash of plants of the continental zone – potash (available to local glassmakers).
Comparison of the obtained chronological groups of beads to the existing chronological scale of beads’ spread on other territories (particularly Volga Bulgaria, northern regions of Rus’, Northern Europe) one can observe that the set of beads in the Middle Dnieper region demonstrates the presence of types, pertaining to the assemblages from the 10th–13th centuries in the Early Rus’ and mainly coincides with the conventional chronology; the composition of the set of beads in the Middle Dnieper region became more diverse after accepting of Christianity and intensifying of the connections to Byzantium through the import of new types of beads, the emergence and development of local glassmaking production.
the Metropolitan Garden of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in 1951. Analysis of finds and field documentation allows making
adjustments to the dating and attribution of discovered objects. The archaeological context of the workshop remains
dates back to the 12th century and there are no signs of the location of the remains of the furnaces in situ at the site
of the find. The location of another glass-making workshop to the North of the Trinity Gate Church was determined and its
existence dates back to the 12th – 13th centuries. The continuity of life on the territory of the monastery was evidenced in
post-Mongolian, late medieval, and post-medieval times.
OF THE 10th - 13th CENTURIES FROM KYIV). The article discusses one of the categories of jewelry – stone inserts found during archaeological research in Kyiv. The morphological and technological characteristics of objects, ways of delivery of raw materials and products, as well as preferences of certain types of inserts are considered.
K e y w o r d s: archaeological amber, Kyiv Podil district, amber workshops.
(Kyiv Podil) in 2007. The excavations both on the street itself and on the bordering areas revealed the existence here of a large handicraft quarter with economic and
production objects dated to the 11th and 12th centuries. Location of the studied site near the waterway (Dnieper River) was convenient for placing here fire-hazardous
productions, such as glass-making workshops. On the site, remains of the construction of the furnace in the form of large pieces of vitrified clay and fragments of plinth form bricks were fixed. Numerous pieces of glass were found, as well as fragments of glassware, mainly those of bracelets and vessels. Among another
finds there were such glass ornaments as beads and rings, and one inset for the ring. Among the ceramic material from the investigated complex, there were four clay molds for forming glass vessels. The molds were of bowl-like form and had a ribbed inner surface, made by hand. It is worthy to note that among the products there were two fragments of glass bottoms with ribbed outer surfaces, which could be made
in such molds. Vessels with ribbed walls appear on the territory of Ancient Rus’ from the second half of the 12th century. Chemical analyzes of glass mass taken
from the complex showed that samples could be identified as lead-potassium Ancient Rus’ glass. Glassware, certain materials (molds for glass vessels, crucibles, pieces of lead), allow to connect the excavated complex with glass-making production.
glassmaking in Ancient Russia. The article contains a detailed characteristic of the glassmaking workshops
and a description of glass finds. The article also includes the results of the quantitative emission
spectral analysis of the glass samples from the five glassmaking workshops to determine the chemical
type of the glass.