Evren Dayar
I obtained my bachelor's degree in History Teaching Department from Dokuz Eylül University in 2007, followed by a master's degree in History Department from Akdeniz University in 2010. In 2016, I completed my PhD in History Department at Akdeniz University.
My first area of research is Ottoman city histories and morphologies. I also delve into the everyday lives, family histories, and collective actions of ordinary people in Ottoman society. Lastly, I investigate the norms that governed the working procedures of Ottoman officials in the 19th century, as well as the social history of civil servants during this time.
Since 2009, I have been working as an instructor at the Antalya Metropolitan Municipality. Additionally, I am a member of the scientific committee of the Myra-Andriake excavations. If you would like to contact me, please reach out to me at evrendayar@gmail.com.
My first area of research is Ottoman city histories and morphologies. I also delve into the everyday lives, family histories, and collective actions of ordinary people in Ottoman society. Lastly, I investigate the norms that governed the working procedures of Ottoman officials in the 19th century, as well as the social history of civil servants during this time.
Since 2009, I have been working as an instructor at the Antalya Metropolitan Municipality. Additionally, I am a member of the scientific committee of the Myra-Andriake excavations. If you would like to contact me, please reach out to me at evrendayar@gmail.com.
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Papers by Evren Dayar
Abstract: This paper deals with the dynasty of Tekelioğulları, an important provincial power in Antalya in the second half of the 18th century. In the paper, turning points of the Tekelioğulları family history, how they came into power despite the strong families they competed with, their relations with the capital and finally, their revolt against the imperial centre are examined. Two reasons behind the regional domination of the family are particularly emphasized in the paper. The first one was the support of the people, which essentially stemmed from the âyân function of the family. Another reason that increased the power of the family was the policy of the empire, which was based on negotiating with the provincial notables in the last periods of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The most important feature of the negotiation policy for the empire was to use the provincial notables as the representatives of the capital while preventing them from being an alternative powerfor the empire. For this purpose, the empire frequently resorted to confiscations, thus succeeding both in establishing a balance between the provincial powers and the centre and generating income for the treasury. Tekelioğulları, on the other hand, ruled Antalya and its districts for years, with the support of the provincial society in a geography where there were endless conflicts between families. The family also took advantage of the opportunities offered by the provincial politics that regulated the relations of the empire with the region. But neither support of the provincial society to the family did imply absolute loyalty, nor did the provincial politics of the capital remain unchanged. As a matter of fact, the change in the negotiation-based provincial policy of the empire with the reign of Sultan Mahmud II had an impact on the fate of the family, which resulted in a revolt and exile.
Keywords: Antalya, Tekelioğulları, revolt, II. Mahmud.
Abstract:
Antalya Kaleiçi Panhagia Church, the Episcopal center in the Byzantine period, remained open to the Christian community for worship until the sixteenth century, when it was converted into a mosque. After the church was turned into a mosque by Sultan Bayezid II’s order, it was named New Mosque (Câmi-i Cedid). The church’s conversion into a mosque, which was used as a church for a long time during the period of Islamic rule and was mainly inhabited by the Christian Orthodox population, caused contentions between the two communities with the effect of the changes in the demographic structure of the city.
After the church was converted into a mosque, it served as a place of worship for about four centuries. At the end of the nineteenth century, it was burned and abandoned. This article aims to understand the transformation of Panhagia Church and New Mosque as it was called in the early twentieth century in the Ottoman period and the process that resulted in its abandonment. The existing literature was subjected to a critical analysis to understand this process, and historical sources were re-evaluated. In addition, under conditions of insufficient resources, the mosque’s importance in different periods was tried to be revealed, based on the mosque’s position in the city religioscape and demographic structure of the city.
Keywords: Panhagia Church, New Mosque, demographic structure, religioscape.
In this article, with the embezzlement which one of the most common civil servant crimes of the Tanzimat period and surety regulations for the control of financial officials are discussed. Embezzlement which is a financial crime that directly damages the state treasury unlike crimes such as bribery or favouritism was among the most important civil servant crimes for the Sublime Porte during the Tanzimat period. For this reason, from the beginning of the Tanzimat, the Sublime Porte had sought procedural unity prevent the civil servants from embezzling or steal state property, and issued instructions and decrees on this issue. One of the results of this process, it became compulsory to employ civil servants, especially financial officers, on surety. Subsequently, three legislations were issued regulating the details of the surety procedure in the second part of XIXth century. However, the surety institution established to prevent embezzlement and compensate it was based on personal guarantee, individuals were attached to individuals. Therefore, the surety system was criticized since the beginning of the XXth century, and had to be abandoned when the conditions of war made it difficult to find a personal guarantor. This process also prepared the formation of the surety funds that established in 1927.
Keywords: Antalya Castle, city walls, towers, doors.
Bu makale 19. yüzyıla tarihlenen Antalya şer’iyye sicillerinde kayıt altına alınmış ölüm vakalarının incelenmesinden hareketle, belirli bir dönemde veba ve kolera nedeniyle gerçekleşmiş ölümlerin tespitinde şer’iyye sicillerinin değerini tartışmaya açmaktadır. Makalede, Antalya şer’iyye sicillerinde bazı ölüm vakalarını tanımlamak için kullanılan “biemr-illâh teâlâ vefât eden” klişesinin, genel olarak sicillerde veba ve kolera nedeniyle gerçekleşen ölümleri tanımlamanın biçimsel ifadesi olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Klişenin veba ve koleranın Antalya’da etkin olduğu dönemlerde sıklıkla kullanılması ve ölümü bu klişe ile kayıt altına alınanların kimliklerine ilişkin sicillerden edinilen bilgiler makalenin iddiasını desteklemektedir. Öte yandan bu spekülatif bir iddiadır; ancak mantıklı bir iç tutarlılığa sahiptir, kanıtlayıcı değil, ikna edicidir.
Prostitutes in Antalya in the 19th Century.
In the 19th century, Antalya was among the medium-sized port cities of Asia Minor. Due to its geographical location, the agricultural production capacity of the city was limited. For this reason, except for periods of compulsory mass migration, the population of the city had not changed much during the 19th century. The most important exception to this situation was the voluntary Greek migration in the 1860s. Indeed, after the 1860s, Antalya had become a permanent residence for many Greeks who came from the Aegean islands for trading. The intense Greek immigration changed the population structure of the city and also triggered a social transformation process.
The murder investigated in this article was committed in exactly in this
transformation process. Therefore, when evaluating the murder, it is possible to establish a link between the reasons behind the murder and this large-scale transformation process. Apart from that, the murder in the Mancarcik Well also makes it possible to reconsider the workings of communities in everyday life of 19th century Antalya together with mashers, abandoned women by their husbands, and liberated slaves. Also, relatively detailed inquiry minutes give an idea of ordinary people’s mindset.
In addition to these, as a result of the transformation process that was
experienced by the Ottoman State in the 19th century, the changing functions and the increasing influence of the state in the province is examined in the article. Finally, it is also mentioned that the infra judicial accommodation and the social mediation have lost their old importance over time.
Abstract: In this article, answers to the question of how malaria became dominant in this geography and what effects it had upon Antalya exercising influence over Antalya until the middle of the past century are given. The main claim of the article is the dominance of malaria in Antalya increased in consequence of the Little Ice Age in the middle 16 th century and the environmental change that was triggered through a serious of human actions. By the 19 th century, the dominance of malaria had been strengthened through the destruction of the forests. On the other hand, malaria and the related environmental transformation that created these conditions for malaria also had many consequences in Antalya, that determined social and cultural patterns regarding both agricultural and economic life. Anahtar Kelimeler: Antalya • Sıtma • Küçük Buzul Çağı Keywords: Antalya • Malaria • The Little Ice Age
Abstract: This paper deals with the dynasty of Tekelioğulları, an important provincial power in Antalya in the second half of the 18th century. In the paper, turning points of the Tekelioğulları family history, how they came into power despite the strong families they competed with, their relations with the capital and finally, their revolt against the imperial centre are examined. Two reasons behind the regional domination of the family are particularly emphasized in the paper. The first one was the support of the people, which essentially stemmed from the âyân function of the family. Another reason that increased the power of the family was the policy of the empire, which was based on negotiating with the provincial notables in the last periods of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The most important feature of the negotiation policy for the empire was to use the provincial notables as the representatives of the capital while preventing them from being an alternative powerfor the empire. For this purpose, the empire frequently resorted to confiscations, thus succeeding both in establishing a balance between the provincial powers and the centre and generating income for the treasury. Tekelioğulları, on the other hand, ruled Antalya and its districts for years, with the support of the provincial society in a geography where there were endless conflicts between families. The family also took advantage of the opportunities offered by the provincial politics that regulated the relations of the empire with the region. But neither support of the provincial society to the family did imply absolute loyalty, nor did the provincial politics of the capital remain unchanged. As a matter of fact, the change in the negotiation-based provincial policy of the empire with the reign of Sultan Mahmud II had an impact on the fate of the family, which resulted in a revolt and exile.
Keywords: Antalya, Tekelioğulları, revolt, II. Mahmud.
Abstract:
Antalya Kaleiçi Panhagia Church, the Episcopal center in the Byzantine period, remained open to the Christian community for worship until the sixteenth century, when it was converted into a mosque. After the church was turned into a mosque by Sultan Bayezid II’s order, it was named New Mosque (Câmi-i Cedid). The church’s conversion into a mosque, which was used as a church for a long time during the period of Islamic rule and was mainly inhabited by the Christian Orthodox population, caused contentions between the two communities with the effect of the changes in the demographic structure of the city.
After the church was converted into a mosque, it served as a place of worship for about four centuries. At the end of the nineteenth century, it was burned and abandoned. This article aims to understand the transformation of Panhagia Church and New Mosque as it was called in the early twentieth century in the Ottoman period and the process that resulted in its abandonment. The existing literature was subjected to a critical analysis to understand this process, and historical sources were re-evaluated. In addition, under conditions of insufficient resources, the mosque’s importance in different periods was tried to be revealed, based on the mosque’s position in the city religioscape and demographic structure of the city.
Keywords: Panhagia Church, New Mosque, demographic structure, religioscape.
In this article, with the embezzlement which one of the most common civil servant crimes of the Tanzimat period and surety regulations for the control of financial officials are discussed. Embezzlement which is a financial crime that directly damages the state treasury unlike crimes such as bribery or favouritism was among the most important civil servant crimes for the Sublime Porte during the Tanzimat period. For this reason, from the beginning of the Tanzimat, the Sublime Porte had sought procedural unity prevent the civil servants from embezzling or steal state property, and issued instructions and decrees on this issue. One of the results of this process, it became compulsory to employ civil servants, especially financial officers, on surety. Subsequently, three legislations were issued regulating the details of the surety procedure in the second part of XIXth century. However, the surety institution established to prevent embezzlement and compensate it was based on personal guarantee, individuals were attached to individuals. Therefore, the surety system was criticized since the beginning of the XXth century, and had to be abandoned when the conditions of war made it difficult to find a personal guarantor. This process also prepared the formation of the surety funds that established in 1927.
Keywords: Antalya Castle, city walls, towers, doors.
Bu makale 19. yüzyıla tarihlenen Antalya şer’iyye sicillerinde kayıt altına alınmış ölüm vakalarının incelenmesinden hareketle, belirli bir dönemde veba ve kolera nedeniyle gerçekleşmiş ölümlerin tespitinde şer’iyye sicillerinin değerini tartışmaya açmaktadır. Makalede, Antalya şer’iyye sicillerinde bazı ölüm vakalarını tanımlamak için kullanılan “biemr-illâh teâlâ vefât eden” klişesinin, genel olarak sicillerde veba ve kolera nedeniyle gerçekleşen ölümleri tanımlamanın biçimsel ifadesi olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Klişenin veba ve koleranın Antalya’da etkin olduğu dönemlerde sıklıkla kullanılması ve ölümü bu klişe ile kayıt altına alınanların kimliklerine ilişkin sicillerden edinilen bilgiler makalenin iddiasını desteklemektedir. Öte yandan bu spekülatif bir iddiadır; ancak mantıklı bir iç tutarlılığa sahiptir, kanıtlayıcı değil, ikna edicidir.
Prostitutes in Antalya in the 19th Century.
In the 19th century, Antalya was among the medium-sized port cities of Asia Minor. Due to its geographical location, the agricultural production capacity of the city was limited. For this reason, except for periods of compulsory mass migration, the population of the city had not changed much during the 19th century. The most important exception to this situation was the voluntary Greek migration in the 1860s. Indeed, after the 1860s, Antalya had become a permanent residence for many Greeks who came from the Aegean islands for trading. The intense Greek immigration changed the population structure of the city and also triggered a social transformation process.
The murder investigated in this article was committed in exactly in this
transformation process. Therefore, when evaluating the murder, it is possible to establish a link between the reasons behind the murder and this large-scale transformation process. Apart from that, the murder in the Mancarcik Well also makes it possible to reconsider the workings of communities in everyday life of 19th century Antalya together with mashers, abandoned women by their husbands, and liberated slaves. Also, relatively detailed inquiry minutes give an idea of ordinary people’s mindset.
In addition to these, as a result of the transformation process that was
experienced by the Ottoman State in the 19th century, the changing functions and the increasing influence of the state in the province is examined in the article. Finally, it is also mentioned that the infra judicial accommodation and the social mediation have lost their old importance over time.
Abstract: In this article, answers to the question of how malaria became dominant in this geography and what effects it had upon Antalya exercising influence over Antalya until the middle of the past century are given. The main claim of the article is the dominance of malaria in Antalya increased in consequence of the Little Ice Age in the middle 16 th century and the environmental change that was triggered through a serious of human actions. By the 19 th century, the dominance of malaria had been strengthened through the destruction of the forests. On the other hand, malaria and the related environmental transformation that created these conditions for malaria also had many consequences in Antalya, that determined social and cultural patterns regarding both agricultural and economic life. Anahtar Kelimeler: Antalya • Sıtma • Küçük Buzul Çağı Keywords: Antalya • Malaria • The Little Ice Age
The murder investigated in this article was committed in exactly in this transformation process. Therefore, when evaluating the murder, it is possible to establish a link between the reasons behind the murder and this large-scale transformation process. Apart from that, the murder in the Mancarcik Well also makes it possible to reconsider the workings of communities in everyday life of 19th century Antalya together with mashers, abandoned women by their husbands, and liberated slaves. Also, relatively detailed inquiry minutes give an idea of ordinary people’s mindset.
In addition to these, as a result of the transformation process that was experienced by the Ottoman State in the 19th century, the changing functions and the increasing influence of the state in the province is examined in the article. Finally, it is also mentioned that the infra judicial accommodation and the social mediation have lost their old importance over time.
Employing a multifaceted methodology, the study draws upon a rich tapestry of sources, including archival records, historical city maps, local newspaper articles, eyewitness accounts, and period photographs. This diverse array of materials allows for a nuanced tracing of the tower's transformations across various historical epochs.
By illuminating these temporal shifts, the research aims to uncover how the Clock Tower's journey intertwined with Antalya's own process of identity formation. This analysis not only deepens our understanding of the tower's individual narrative but also casts light on the broader metamorphosis of Antalya itself, contextualizing these changes within the wider historical landscape.
The study's central thesis posits that the Clock Tower's construction was fundamentally driven by the evolution of timekeeping systems and the subsequent alterations in the city's daily rhythms. These changes were not merely technological in nature but reflected deeper local dynamics that were reshaping urban life, particularly gaining momentum in the latter half of the 19th century.
However, the Clock Tower's significance extends far beyond its practical origins. Over time, it transcended its utilitarian purpose, evolving into a beloved landmark and a powerful emblem of Antalya's identity. This transformation from functional timepiece to cultural icon embodies the complex interplay between urban infrastructure, social change, and collective memory.
Through this examination, the study seeks to provide a richer, more nuanced understanding of both the Antalya Clock Tower and the city it has come to symbolize. By weaving together threads of architectural history, social dynamics, and cultural symbolism, this research contributes to a deeper appreciation of how urban landmarks can serve as focal points for community identity and historical continuity.
Keywords: Antalya Museum, regional museums, Süleyman Fikri Erten, local history studies.