The Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences (FJPHS) ISSN: 2583-116X sponsored by Pharma Springs Publication is established in the year 2021 with people from various avenues of the pharmacy profession. FJPHS is completely devoted to publications related to Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences. FJPHS will be published quarterly. The journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to furthering the scientific knowledge in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Allied sciences.
The pharmaceutical industry faces exceptionally high R&D costs, with the US research-based sector... more The pharmaceutical industry faces exceptionally high R&D costs, with the US research-based sector investing about 17% of sales into R&D. The cost of bringing a new compound to market was estimated at $802 million in 2001, up from $138 million in the 1970s and $318 million in the 1990s, necessitating stringent regulations. This study aims to determine the role and impact of India's pharmaceutical industry and its regulatory compliance. Personnel from organizations established between 1884 and 2004, with turnovers ranging from Rs. 25 crore (US $5.3 million) to Rs. 5500 crore (US $1.2 billion), were surveyed. Out of 150 companies approached, 73 responded, with 70 complete responses analyzed. Ongoing interactions with regulatory agencies helped companies better understand the regulatory system. Three key areas emerged as priorities: awareness of intellectual property rights (IPR) and patents, fostering a suitable environment for research and development, and implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), considered more critical than price control. The findings underscore the importance of regulatory compliance in promoting innovation and maintaining quality within the pharmaceutical industry, ensuring its competitiveness and ability to meet global standards.
The treatment of chronic diseases poses significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. W... more The treatment of chronic diseases poses significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. While conventional medical approaches have made substantial progress, alternative medicines have gained recognition for their potential to complement or even substitute conventional treatments. This comprehensive review examines the role of alternative medications in chronic disease management, encompassing a wide range of modalities, from herbal remedies and acupuncture to mind-body therapies and chiropractic care. We explore the efficacy and safety of alternative treatments, mechanisms of action, patient perspectives, regulatory and ethical considerations, cost-effectiveness, and the potential for integration with conventional medicine. Drawing upon clinical studies, patient testimonials, and scholarly sources, this review highlights alternative medicine's diverse and evolving landscape, its significance in improving patient outcomes, and the challenges that must be addressed. We offer recommendations for patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers on integrating and responsible use of alternative medicines in chronic disease management.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked peroxisomal oxidation disease caused by mu... more Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked peroxisomal oxidation disease caused by mutations in ABCD1. It presents with various clinical manifestations, including cerebral ALD, myelopathy, and primary adrenal insufficiency. About 80% of ALD patients suffer from adrenal insufficiency, and cerebral ALD affects one-third of boys under twelve, progressing to total impairment and death without treatment. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only disease-modifying treatment for early-stage cerebral ALD, but it does not halt adrenal insufficiency progression and carries significant morbidity and mortality risks. A recent gene therapy clinical trial showed short-term MRI and neurological outcomes equivalent to past HSCT treatments without the adverse side effects.Additionally, over a dozen states have initiated newborn screening (NBS) for ALD, with the number expected to triple by 2020. Genetic testing of NBS-positive newborns has identified novel variations of unknown significance, raising questions about monitoring and treating preclinical or moderate adrenal insufficiency or cerebral involvement. This presents further opportunities for genetic characterization. The availability of matching donors, transplant centers, and specialists will impact prompt treatment for those diagnosedwith ALD at birth. As NBS and gene therapy trials improve ALD's clinical management and prognosis, endocrine management of presymptomatic and subclinical adrenal insufficiency will become increasingly important.
Metformin HCl is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. It is available in both immediate-... more Metformin HCl is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. It is available in both immediate-release and extended-release tablet forms, with the extended-release tablet being more beneficial. In this study, 34 formulations using five sustained-release agents, alone or in combination, were evaluated. The granular flowability, angleof repose, bulk Density, tapped Density, compressibility index, and Hausner ratio were assessed. Furthermore, the compressed tablets were tested for appearance, hardness, friability, and in-vitro drug release. Eleven formulations were evaluated for dissolution profiles according to the standards specified in the United States Pharmacopeia. After calculating the similarity factor (f1) and difference factor (f2), eight formulationswere identified for further investigation. The combination of xanthan gum and hypromellose (HPMC K100) demonstrated superior results regarding the sustained-release agent amount and tablet appearance. This noteworthy finding led to continuing the study toexplore further formulations with different amounts of xanthan gum and Hypromellose K100. As a result, formulation F34 was identified as the optimal choice because of its higher drug-to-polymer ratio.In conclusion, the final formulation is a rapid, cost-effective, and straightforward method due to the less time required for drying, the amount of sustained-release agents, and the number of components.
Among innovative drug delivery methods, buccal mucoadhesive systems have been attracting... more Among innovative drug delivery methods, buccal mucoadhesive systems have been attracting much interest recently because of their capacity to stick to the oral mucosa, stay there, and gradually release their drug content. By improving medication absorption through the oral mucosa and reducing the hepatic first-pass impact, buccal mucoadhesive films can increase the drug's bioavailability and enhance its therapeutic effect. The current study aimed to synthesize the medicine as a buccal bioadhesive film, whichreduces the frequency of dosage form administration by releasing the drug at a sufficient concentration over time. Because this formulation is simple to administer and requires no water to swallow, improved patient compliance is one of its benefits. Dissolving profile as investigated in USP dissolving apparatus type 1 using saliva at pH 6.8. The impact of factors such as polymer type, concentration, and release profile of Amoxapine was investigated. The formulation was optimized Based on several evaluationcriteria, including drug content and in-vitro drug release. Formulation F6 successfully releases the drug in 7 hours. The stability studies followed ICH recommendations, and the results showed that the optimized formulation was stable. The IR spectra demonstrated the stable qualities of Amoxapine in a mixture of polymers utilized and revealed the absence of interaction between the drug and the selected polymer.
This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes to maintain t... more This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes to maintain the active agents' concentration in the skin's deepest layers. Cholesterol was incorporated to enhance the liposome's bilayer characteristics, increasing microviscosity, membrane stability, and blister rigidity. Various methods for liposome preparation exist, but the film hydration method, being the most common, was utilized here. Results for formulation HL6, which had lower levels of Lecithin Cholesterol and rotation speed, revealed a vesicle size of 180.4 nm, a Zeta potential of-37.5 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 69.10±1.52%. In-vitro drug release data for formulations F1, F2, and F3 within 30 minutes showed hydroquinone release rates of 97.75±0.28%, 98.92±0.56%, and 94.45±0.36%, respectively. The order of drug release was F2 > F1 > F3, with F2 demonstrating the maximum release rate. The study concludes that liposomal gel is an effective transdermal drug delivery system for therapeutic molecules. Lipid vesicles, such as liposomes, are among the best mechanisms for delivering medications to their intended locations while minimizing their dissemination to non-target tissues. This liposomal gel-based formulation shows significant potential for effectively treating acne by maintaining high concentrations of active agents in the skin's deepest layers and ensuring a controlled and sustained drug release.
Lercanidipine blocks the entry of extracellular calcium into vascular and cardiac muscle cells, p... more Lercanidipine blocks the entry of extracellular calcium into vascular and cardiac muscle cells, preventing myocardial smooth muscle contraction due to decreased intracellular calcium. This results in the dilation of coronary and systemic arteries, reducing blood pressure. This study aimed to develop and evaluate lercanidipine controlled-release tablets for oral administration using polymers like HPMC K 100M, sodium alginate, and guar gum. Lercanidipine, polymers, and diluents were sieved and mixed for 10 minutes. Granules were formed using isopropyl alcohol, dried at 60°C for one hour, and sieved. The granules were lubricated with colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil-200) and magnesium stearate, blended for 5 minutes, and compressed using a rotary machine (average weight: 500 mg; hardness: 5-6 kg/cm²). Bulk and tapped densities were nearly identical for all formulations. Compressibility index and Hausner ratio ranged from ≤18 to 1.09-1.21, indicating good flow properties. Tablet thickness ranged from 5.82 to 5.91 mm, hardness from 5.9 to 6.3 kg/cm², and friability was less than 1.0 %W/W. Drug content was between 98-102%. The controlledrelease order from dissolution data was F9 > F7 > F8, showing optimal release with a combination of HPMC and two natural polymers.
The current study createda controlled-releaseformulation of Mesna tokeep the drug at ... more The current study createda controlled-releaseformulation of Mesna tokeep the drug at therapeutic levels for longer than ten hours. Eudragit L 100, Chitosan, HPMC K4M. The dose of mesna was set at 100 mg. The tablet's total weight was calculated to be 100 mg. Polymers were employed in concentrations of 50 mg, 100 mg, and 150 mg. Every formulation passed severalphysicochemical evaluation criteria and was determined to be within tolerances. However, it was clear from the dissolving trials that the formulation (F6) had a better and more desirable drug release pattern, achieving 96.47% in 10 hours. As a controlled release substance, it contains the naturally occurring polymer Mesna. The release kinetics mechanism was in zero order. The optimal formulation wasused again for reproducibility, and conformance was tested in all quality control procedures. It was discovered that the outcomes were very impossible for one another. The optimized formula will be used for formulation development and other studies, such as bio-equivalency research, to ensure a successful product launch.
Diabetes mellitus, a modern civilization disease, is marked by chronic hyperglycemia and severe c... more Diabetes mellitus, a modern civilization disease, is marked by chronic hyperglycemia and severe complications if untreated. Type II DM, a multifactorial form, accounts for 90% of global cases. Controlling postprandial glucose is vital for preventing complications, as elevated plasma glucose is influenced by α-amylase and α-glucosidases. Current enzyme inhibitors like Acarbose and voglibose cause gastrointestinal side effects. This study aimed to find natural source inhibitors with fewer adverse effects using in-vitro antidiabetic assays. Mespilus germanica L. leaf juice (20-100 μg/ml) was tested against fungal α-amylase and αglucosidases from albino rat intestines. The enzymes showed dosedependent inhibition comparable to Acarbose. LJMG and Acarbose had IC50 values of 83.35 and 52.15 μg/ml for fungal α-amylase, and 92.44 and 54.84 μg/ml for α-glucosidase, respectively. The leaf juice had a protein content of 10.6 mg/ml and increased glucose uptake by yeast similarly to Metronidazole. Results suggest that polyphenolic compounds in the leaf juice mimic insulin in glucose utilization and inhibit α-amylase and αglucosidase. Further pre-clinical assessments are needed to confirm the antidiabetic potential of this herb.
This Study examined the Causes and Treatments of Nutritional Anaemia During Pregnancy. To determi... more This Study examined the Causes and Treatments of Nutritional Anaemia During Pregnancy. To determine the prevalence of anemia, its risk factors, and treatment in pregnant women. ANEMIA is a hematological disorder common among pregnant women. It is a global health problem, and the high prevalence of anemia in pregnant women mainly increases maternal and fetal risks. Through this Study, we come to know that nutritional deficits during pregnancy pose a severe impact on both mother and fetus, and this should be considered as a serious health concern. Awareness sessions should be conducted for pregnant women through appropriate nutritional counseling during the antenatal visits. Nutritional anemia can be treated by receiving healthy, nutrient-rich food and iron & folate supplements as prescribed during the pregnancy and before conception. Through this Study, we know that iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 play an essential role in the growth and development of the fetus. Continuous awareness and educational programs should be conducted regarding nutritional anemia among rural and urban people to prevent the complications and risk factors associated with anemia in pregnancy.
The research aims to formulate and evaluate the Metoprolol succinate buccal tablets in hypertensi... more The research aims to formulate and evaluate the Metoprolol succinate buccal tablets in hypertension treatment. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results depict no incompatibility between the drug and excipients. The study results of pre-compression parameters have excellent flow qualities and compressibility. The post-compression parameters show that the results are within the specified standard deviations. The swelling index reveals that the formulation F6 shows that the complete drug was released and the tablet integrity was maintained during the expected duration. Formulation F6 chitosan and Carbopol 934 were used in a ratio of 1:1, resulting in the release of the drug up to the 10 th hour and completely. Therefore, formulation F6 was optimized and compared with the marketed product. Formulation F6 exhibited better drug release performance than the marketed product.
This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes t... more This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes to maintain the active agents' concentration in the skin's deepest layers. Cholesterol was incorporated to enhance the liposome's bilayer characteristics, increasing microviscosity, membrane stability, and blister rigidity. Various methods for liposome preparation exist, but the film hydration method, being the most common, was utilized here. Results for formulation HL6, which had lower levels of Lecithin Cholesterol and rotation speed, revealed a vesicle size of 180.4 nm, a Zeta potential of -37.5 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 69.10±1.52%. In-vitro drug release data for formulations F1, F2, and F3 within 30 minutes showed hydroquinone release rates of 97.75±0.28%, 98.92±0.56%, and 94.45±0.36%, respectively. The order of drug release was F2 > F1 > F3, with F2 demonstrating the maximum release rate. The study concludes that liposomal gel is an effective transdermal drug delivery system for therapeutic molecules. Lipid vesicles, such as liposomes, are among the best mechanisms for delivering medications to their intended locations while minimizing their dissemination to non-target tissues. This liposomal gel-based formulation shows significant potential for effectively treating acne by maintaining high concentrations of active agents in the skin's deepest layers and ensuring a controlled and sustained drug release.
The current study aims to prepare an herbal ointment using several extracts of the complete In... more The current study aims to prepare an herbal ointment using several extracts of the complete Indigofera aspalathoides plant and assess the extracts' antimicrobial effectiveness forpsoriasis. The entire plant's morphological and physiochemical characteristics were evaluated. Different extracts of powdered whole plant were made, and these extracts underwent phytochemical analysis. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, and other phytoconstituents were all present in the ethanolic extract. The extract's antimicrobial activity was examined throughout. Even at low concentrations, the ethanol and acetone extracts demonstrated promising efficacy and a maximum zone of inhibition. The antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract was assessed at 4%w/w and 2%w/w concentrations in an ointment formulation. The antifungal activity of the ointment made with ethanolic extract was on par with that of regular clobetasol cream. The ethanol extract cream's activity was shown to outperform that of the typical ointment.
This present research aims to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving films using Mema... more This present research aims to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving films using Memantine as model drug to improve bioavailability and facilitate rapid onset of action to relieve vomiting and nausea. The thicknesses of the films were in the range of 0.234 mm to 0.271mm.The weights of the films were found to be in the range of ±10%.The folding endurance of the films was found to be in the range of 38± 1 to 57 ± 2.The surface pHs of all the films were neutral, as there was no color change in the litmus paper.All the films were found to be 98 to 102.The disintegration time of the prepared films ranged from 21sec to 32sec.Acceptable mechanical properties were obtained in batch F-9, and the in vitro disintegration time was below 27 sec. It has been determined that formulations F-9 were found to be satisfactory batches and were optimized for the desirable properties.
The folklore medicinal plant leaves of Ficus mollis were selected for the study. We were performe... more The folklore medicinal plant leaves of Ficus mollis were selected for the study. We were performed for elemental analysis, i.e., macronutrients and toxic and heavy metal contents. All the values are within the safe limits. The plant specimens were successively extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and Ethanol. The preliminary phytochemical studies of FML confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The present study also investigated FML antioxidant activity using in vitro methods. The EEFML showed significant antioxidant activity in all models studied compared with ascorbic acid. It possesses good activity in scavenging DPPH radical, Hydroxyl radical, Nitric oxide radical, and scavenging H2O2.Further investigation of individual Phyto compounds, their isolation, identification, and their role as free radical scavengers is needed.
In this prospective observational study, the utilization of intravenous iron and erythropoietin ... more In this prospective observational study, the utilization of intravenous iron and erythropoietin in dialysis patients was thoroughly investigated. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of these treatments in managing anaemia, a common complication in individuals undergoing dialysis. Anaemia is a significant concern in this population due to impaired erythropoiesis and iron deficiency resulting from renal dysfunction. The study followed a cohort of dialysis patients, tracking their response to intravenous iron supplementation and erythropoietin therapy over a specified period. Through regular monitoring and evaluation, the study sought to determine the impact of these interventions on haemoglobin levels, transfusion requirements, and overall patient outcomes. Additionally, the study likely analysed factors such as dosing regimens, adverse effects, and the need for additional interventions to achieve optimal haemoglobin levels. By conducting a prospective observational study, researchers aimed to provide valuable insights into the real-world effectiveness and safety of intravenous iron and erythropoietin in managing anaemia in dialysis patients, which could inform clinical practice and improve patient care strategies.
Strcychnos wallichiana is a native plant that has been used extensively in traditional medicine t... more Strcychnos wallichiana is a native plant that has been used extensively in traditional medicine to cure a variety of ailments. The current study aimed to show the ethyl acetate extract of Strcychnos wallichiana's in-vitro anticancer activity. The inhibitory activity of in-vitro H⁺-K⁺ ATPase was assessed. The spectrophotometric analysis of H⁺-K⁺ ATPase inhibitory activity. The outcome was expressed as an ethyl acetate extract of Strcychnos wallichiana that contained alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and that, when used at a concentration of 100 g/ml, had a proton pump inhibitory action comparable to that of omeprazole on goat stomach mucosal homogenate. The results of the observations suggested that Strcychnos wallichiana might be helpful in the treatment of stomach ulcers.
This paper describes the formulation and evaluation of transdermal gels for topical delivery of C... more This paper describes the formulation and evaluation of transdermal gels for topical delivery of Curcumin. A polymer with well-defined transdermal characteristics, such as Carbopol 934, was used in this investigation. Using a variety of absorption enhancers, including Mannitol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and polyethylene glycol, carbopol, HPMC gels containing 1% curcumin were prepared using a cold technique. Due to its poor bioavailability, Curcumin has been produced in a gel form with sodium lauryl sulfate, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol as absorption enhancers. The gels underwent investigation concerning gelation temperature, pH, viscosity, drug release profile, drug content, stability studies, and kinetic analysis of drug release data. Because sodium lauryl sulfate shows a higher percentage of drug release than other absorption enhancers, it was determined to be a better enhancer of absorption.
Niosomes, also known as nonionic surfactant vesicles, are one of the many carriers used to carry ... more Niosomes, also known as nonionic surfactant vesicles, are one of the many carriers used to carry drug molecules to their target sites. They can hold both hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines. Indapamide is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure. Niosomes containing Indapamide were created utilizing the thin film hydration process with various cholesterol concentrations and nonionic surfactants (span 60). All noisome formulations were assessed for entrapment efficiency, drug content, reproducibility, vesicular diameter, shape and size distribution microphotography, FTIR analysis, and in vitro release experiments. The results indicate that in all of the created niosomal formulations, as the surfactant content increases, the entrapment efficiency also increases. The drug content ranged between 90.06±0.57 and 96.15±0.42, with a low standard deviation. Niosomes range in size from 0.280±0.098µm to 0.299±0.044µm and have a spherical shape. The IR spectrum analysis indicated no interaction between the medication and the formulation ingredients. Membrane diffusion cells were used to study the in vitro dissolution parameters. The results demonstrate that formulation F6 had a better-controlled release action than other formulations, with an 'n' value of 0.917, indicating that the medication was released using zero-order kinetics.
The current project aims to formulate and evaluate econazole-based transdermal patches. At presen... more The current project aims to formulate and evaluate econazole-based transdermal patches. At present, the market offers econazole tablets for purchase. These dose formulations do not elicit cooperation from patients.
The pharmaceutical industry faces exceptionally high R&D costs, with the US research-based sector... more The pharmaceutical industry faces exceptionally high R&D costs, with the US research-based sector investing about 17% of sales into R&D. The cost of bringing a new compound to market was estimated at $802 million in 2001, up from $138 million in the 1970s and $318 million in the 1990s, necessitating stringent regulations. This study aims to determine the role and impact of India's pharmaceutical industry and its regulatory compliance. Personnel from organizations established between 1884 and 2004, with turnovers ranging from Rs. 25 crore (US $5.3 million) to Rs. 5500 crore (US $1.2 billion), were surveyed. Out of 150 companies approached, 73 responded, with 70 complete responses analyzed. Ongoing interactions with regulatory agencies helped companies better understand the regulatory system. Three key areas emerged as priorities: awareness of intellectual property rights (IPR) and patents, fostering a suitable environment for research and development, and implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), considered more critical than price control. The findings underscore the importance of regulatory compliance in promoting innovation and maintaining quality within the pharmaceutical industry, ensuring its competitiveness and ability to meet global standards.
The treatment of chronic diseases poses significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. W... more The treatment of chronic diseases poses significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. While conventional medical approaches have made substantial progress, alternative medicines have gained recognition for their potential to complement or even substitute conventional treatments. This comprehensive review examines the role of alternative medications in chronic disease management, encompassing a wide range of modalities, from herbal remedies and acupuncture to mind-body therapies and chiropractic care. We explore the efficacy and safety of alternative treatments, mechanisms of action, patient perspectives, regulatory and ethical considerations, cost-effectiveness, and the potential for integration with conventional medicine. Drawing upon clinical studies, patient testimonials, and scholarly sources, this review highlights alternative medicine's diverse and evolving landscape, its significance in improving patient outcomes, and the challenges that must be addressed. We offer recommendations for patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers on integrating and responsible use of alternative medicines in chronic disease management.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked peroxisomal oxidation disease caused by mu... more Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked peroxisomal oxidation disease caused by mutations in ABCD1. It presents with various clinical manifestations, including cerebral ALD, myelopathy, and primary adrenal insufficiency. About 80% of ALD patients suffer from adrenal insufficiency, and cerebral ALD affects one-third of boys under twelve, progressing to total impairment and death without treatment. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only disease-modifying treatment for early-stage cerebral ALD, but it does not halt adrenal insufficiency progression and carries significant morbidity and mortality risks. A recent gene therapy clinical trial showed short-term MRI and neurological outcomes equivalent to past HSCT treatments without the adverse side effects.Additionally, over a dozen states have initiated newborn screening (NBS) for ALD, with the number expected to triple by 2020. Genetic testing of NBS-positive newborns has identified novel variations of unknown significance, raising questions about monitoring and treating preclinical or moderate adrenal insufficiency or cerebral involvement. This presents further opportunities for genetic characterization. The availability of matching donors, transplant centers, and specialists will impact prompt treatment for those diagnosedwith ALD at birth. As NBS and gene therapy trials improve ALD's clinical management and prognosis, endocrine management of presymptomatic and subclinical adrenal insufficiency will become increasingly important.
Metformin HCl is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. It is available in both immediate-... more Metformin HCl is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. It is available in both immediate-release and extended-release tablet forms, with the extended-release tablet being more beneficial. In this study, 34 formulations using five sustained-release agents, alone or in combination, were evaluated. The granular flowability, angleof repose, bulk Density, tapped Density, compressibility index, and Hausner ratio were assessed. Furthermore, the compressed tablets were tested for appearance, hardness, friability, and in-vitro drug release. Eleven formulations were evaluated for dissolution profiles according to the standards specified in the United States Pharmacopeia. After calculating the similarity factor (f1) and difference factor (f2), eight formulationswere identified for further investigation. The combination of xanthan gum and hypromellose (HPMC K100) demonstrated superior results regarding the sustained-release agent amount and tablet appearance. This noteworthy finding led to continuing the study toexplore further formulations with different amounts of xanthan gum and Hypromellose K100. As a result, formulation F34 was identified as the optimal choice because of its higher drug-to-polymer ratio.In conclusion, the final formulation is a rapid, cost-effective, and straightforward method due to the less time required for drying, the amount of sustained-release agents, and the number of components.
Among innovative drug delivery methods, buccal mucoadhesive systems have been attracting... more Among innovative drug delivery methods, buccal mucoadhesive systems have been attracting much interest recently because of their capacity to stick to the oral mucosa, stay there, and gradually release their drug content. By improving medication absorption through the oral mucosa and reducing the hepatic first-pass impact, buccal mucoadhesive films can increase the drug's bioavailability and enhance its therapeutic effect. The current study aimed to synthesize the medicine as a buccal bioadhesive film, whichreduces the frequency of dosage form administration by releasing the drug at a sufficient concentration over time. Because this formulation is simple to administer and requires no water to swallow, improved patient compliance is one of its benefits. Dissolving profile as investigated in USP dissolving apparatus type 1 using saliva at pH 6.8. The impact of factors such as polymer type, concentration, and release profile of Amoxapine was investigated. The formulation was optimized Based on several evaluationcriteria, including drug content and in-vitro drug release. Formulation F6 successfully releases the drug in 7 hours. The stability studies followed ICH recommendations, and the results showed that the optimized formulation was stable. The IR spectra demonstrated the stable qualities of Amoxapine in a mixture of polymers utilized and revealed the absence of interaction between the drug and the selected polymer.
This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes to maintain t... more This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes to maintain the active agents' concentration in the skin's deepest layers. Cholesterol was incorporated to enhance the liposome's bilayer characteristics, increasing microviscosity, membrane stability, and blister rigidity. Various methods for liposome preparation exist, but the film hydration method, being the most common, was utilized here. Results for formulation HL6, which had lower levels of Lecithin Cholesterol and rotation speed, revealed a vesicle size of 180.4 nm, a Zeta potential of-37.5 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 69.10±1.52%. In-vitro drug release data for formulations F1, F2, and F3 within 30 minutes showed hydroquinone release rates of 97.75±0.28%, 98.92±0.56%, and 94.45±0.36%, respectively. The order of drug release was F2 > F1 > F3, with F2 demonstrating the maximum release rate. The study concludes that liposomal gel is an effective transdermal drug delivery system for therapeutic molecules. Lipid vesicles, such as liposomes, are among the best mechanisms for delivering medications to their intended locations while minimizing their dissemination to non-target tissues. This liposomal gel-based formulation shows significant potential for effectively treating acne by maintaining high concentrations of active agents in the skin's deepest layers and ensuring a controlled and sustained drug release.
Lercanidipine blocks the entry of extracellular calcium into vascular and cardiac muscle cells, p... more Lercanidipine blocks the entry of extracellular calcium into vascular and cardiac muscle cells, preventing myocardial smooth muscle contraction due to decreased intracellular calcium. This results in the dilation of coronary and systemic arteries, reducing blood pressure. This study aimed to develop and evaluate lercanidipine controlled-release tablets for oral administration using polymers like HPMC K 100M, sodium alginate, and guar gum. Lercanidipine, polymers, and diluents were sieved and mixed for 10 minutes. Granules were formed using isopropyl alcohol, dried at 60°C for one hour, and sieved. The granules were lubricated with colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil-200) and magnesium stearate, blended for 5 minutes, and compressed using a rotary machine (average weight: 500 mg; hardness: 5-6 kg/cm²). Bulk and tapped densities were nearly identical for all formulations. Compressibility index and Hausner ratio ranged from ≤18 to 1.09-1.21, indicating good flow properties. Tablet thickness ranged from 5.82 to 5.91 mm, hardness from 5.9 to 6.3 kg/cm², and friability was less than 1.0 %W/W. Drug content was between 98-102%. The controlledrelease order from dissolution data was F9 > F7 > F8, showing optimal release with a combination of HPMC and two natural polymers.
The current study createda controlled-releaseformulation of Mesna tokeep the drug at ... more The current study createda controlled-releaseformulation of Mesna tokeep the drug at therapeutic levels for longer than ten hours. Eudragit L 100, Chitosan, HPMC K4M. The dose of mesna was set at 100 mg. The tablet's total weight was calculated to be 100 mg. Polymers were employed in concentrations of 50 mg, 100 mg, and 150 mg. Every formulation passed severalphysicochemical evaluation criteria and was determined to be within tolerances. However, it was clear from the dissolving trials that the formulation (F6) had a better and more desirable drug release pattern, achieving 96.47% in 10 hours. As a controlled release substance, it contains the naturally occurring polymer Mesna. The release kinetics mechanism was in zero order. The optimal formulation wasused again for reproducibility, and conformance was tested in all quality control procedures. It was discovered that the outcomes were very impossible for one another. The optimized formula will be used for formulation development and other studies, such as bio-equivalency research, to ensure a successful product launch.
Diabetes mellitus, a modern civilization disease, is marked by chronic hyperglycemia and severe c... more Diabetes mellitus, a modern civilization disease, is marked by chronic hyperglycemia and severe complications if untreated. Type II DM, a multifactorial form, accounts for 90% of global cases. Controlling postprandial glucose is vital for preventing complications, as elevated plasma glucose is influenced by α-amylase and α-glucosidases. Current enzyme inhibitors like Acarbose and voglibose cause gastrointestinal side effects. This study aimed to find natural source inhibitors with fewer adverse effects using in-vitro antidiabetic assays. Mespilus germanica L. leaf juice (20-100 μg/ml) was tested against fungal α-amylase and αglucosidases from albino rat intestines. The enzymes showed dosedependent inhibition comparable to Acarbose. LJMG and Acarbose had IC50 values of 83.35 and 52.15 μg/ml for fungal α-amylase, and 92.44 and 54.84 μg/ml for α-glucosidase, respectively. The leaf juice had a protein content of 10.6 mg/ml and increased glucose uptake by yeast similarly to Metronidazole. Results suggest that polyphenolic compounds in the leaf juice mimic insulin in glucose utilization and inhibit α-amylase and αglucosidase. Further pre-clinical assessments are needed to confirm the antidiabetic potential of this herb.
This Study examined the Causes and Treatments of Nutritional Anaemia During Pregnancy. To determi... more This Study examined the Causes and Treatments of Nutritional Anaemia During Pregnancy. To determine the prevalence of anemia, its risk factors, and treatment in pregnant women. ANEMIA is a hematological disorder common among pregnant women. It is a global health problem, and the high prevalence of anemia in pregnant women mainly increases maternal and fetal risks. Through this Study, we come to know that nutritional deficits during pregnancy pose a severe impact on both mother and fetus, and this should be considered as a serious health concern. Awareness sessions should be conducted for pregnant women through appropriate nutritional counseling during the antenatal visits. Nutritional anemia can be treated by receiving healthy, nutrient-rich food and iron & folate supplements as prescribed during the pregnancy and before conception. Through this Study, we know that iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 play an essential role in the growth and development of the fetus. Continuous awareness and educational programs should be conducted regarding nutritional anemia among rural and urban people to prevent the complications and risk factors associated with anemia in pregnancy.
The research aims to formulate and evaluate the Metoprolol succinate buccal tablets in hypertensi... more The research aims to formulate and evaluate the Metoprolol succinate buccal tablets in hypertension treatment. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results depict no incompatibility between the drug and excipients. The study results of pre-compression parameters have excellent flow qualities and compressibility. The post-compression parameters show that the results are within the specified standard deviations. The swelling index reveals that the formulation F6 shows that the complete drug was released and the tablet integrity was maintained during the expected duration. Formulation F6 chitosan and Carbopol 934 were used in a ratio of 1:1, resulting in the release of the drug up to the 10 th hour and completely. Therefore, formulation F6 was optimized and compared with the marketed product. Formulation F6 exhibited better drug release performance than the marketed product.
This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes t... more This study aimed to formulate a gel for hydroquinone dermal therapy using liposomes to maintain the active agents' concentration in the skin's deepest layers. Cholesterol was incorporated to enhance the liposome's bilayer characteristics, increasing microviscosity, membrane stability, and blister rigidity. Various methods for liposome preparation exist, but the film hydration method, being the most common, was utilized here. Results for formulation HL6, which had lower levels of Lecithin Cholesterol and rotation speed, revealed a vesicle size of 180.4 nm, a Zeta potential of -37.5 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 69.10±1.52%. In-vitro drug release data for formulations F1, F2, and F3 within 30 minutes showed hydroquinone release rates of 97.75±0.28%, 98.92±0.56%, and 94.45±0.36%, respectively. The order of drug release was F2 > F1 > F3, with F2 demonstrating the maximum release rate. The study concludes that liposomal gel is an effective transdermal drug delivery system for therapeutic molecules. Lipid vesicles, such as liposomes, are among the best mechanisms for delivering medications to their intended locations while minimizing their dissemination to non-target tissues. This liposomal gel-based formulation shows significant potential for effectively treating acne by maintaining high concentrations of active agents in the skin's deepest layers and ensuring a controlled and sustained drug release.
The current study aims to prepare an herbal ointment using several extracts of the complete In... more The current study aims to prepare an herbal ointment using several extracts of the complete Indigofera aspalathoides plant and assess the extracts' antimicrobial effectiveness forpsoriasis. The entire plant's morphological and physiochemical characteristics were evaluated. Different extracts of powdered whole plant were made, and these extracts underwent phytochemical analysis. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, and other phytoconstituents were all present in the ethanolic extract. The extract's antimicrobial activity was examined throughout. Even at low concentrations, the ethanol and acetone extracts demonstrated promising efficacy and a maximum zone of inhibition. The antifungal activity of the ethanolic extract was assessed at 4%w/w and 2%w/w concentrations in an ointment formulation. The antifungal activity of the ointment made with ethanolic extract was on par with that of regular clobetasol cream. The ethanol extract cream's activity was shown to outperform that of the typical ointment.
This present research aims to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving films using Mema... more This present research aims to formulate and evaluate mouth dissolving films using Memantine as model drug to improve bioavailability and facilitate rapid onset of action to relieve vomiting and nausea. The thicknesses of the films were in the range of 0.234 mm to 0.271mm.The weights of the films were found to be in the range of ±10%.The folding endurance of the films was found to be in the range of 38± 1 to 57 ± 2.The surface pHs of all the films were neutral, as there was no color change in the litmus paper.All the films were found to be 98 to 102.The disintegration time of the prepared films ranged from 21sec to 32sec.Acceptable mechanical properties were obtained in batch F-9, and the in vitro disintegration time was below 27 sec. It has been determined that formulations F-9 were found to be satisfactory batches and were optimized for the desirable properties.
The folklore medicinal plant leaves of Ficus mollis were selected for the study. We were performe... more The folklore medicinal plant leaves of Ficus mollis were selected for the study. We were performed for elemental analysis, i.e., macronutrients and toxic and heavy metal contents. All the values are within the safe limits. The plant specimens were successively extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and Ethanol. The preliminary phytochemical studies of FML confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The present study also investigated FML antioxidant activity using in vitro methods. The EEFML showed significant antioxidant activity in all models studied compared with ascorbic acid. It possesses good activity in scavenging DPPH radical, Hydroxyl radical, Nitric oxide radical, and scavenging H2O2.Further investigation of individual Phyto compounds, their isolation, identification, and their role as free radical scavengers is needed.
In this prospective observational study, the utilization of intravenous iron and erythropoietin ... more In this prospective observational study, the utilization of intravenous iron and erythropoietin in dialysis patients was thoroughly investigated. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of these treatments in managing anaemia, a common complication in individuals undergoing dialysis. Anaemia is a significant concern in this population due to impaired erythropoiesis and iron deficiency resulting from renal dysfunction. The study followed a cohort of dialysis patients, tracking their response to intravenous iron supplementation and erythropoietin therapy over a specified period. Through regular monitoring and evaluation, the study sought to determine the impact of these interventions on haemoglobin levels, transfusion requirements, and overall patient outcomes. Additionally, the study likely analysed factors such as dosing regimens, adverse effects, and the need for additional interventions to achieve optimal haemoglobin levels. By conducting a prospective observational study, researchers aimed to provide valuable insights into the real-world effectiveness and safety of intravenous iron and erythropoietin in managing anaemia in dialysis patients, which could inform clinical practice and improve patient care strategies.
Strcychnos wallichiana is a native plant that has been used extensively in traditional medicine t... more Strcychnos wallichiana is a native plant that has been used extensively in traditional medicine to cure a variety of ailments. The current study aimed to show the ethyl acetate extract of Strcychnos wallichiana's in-vitro anticancer activity. The inhibitory activity of in-vitro H⁺-K⁺ ATPase was assessed. The spectrophotometric analysis of H⁺-K⁺ ATPase inhibitory activity. The outcome was expressed as an ethyl acetate extract of Strcychnos wallichiana that contained alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and phenolic compounds and that, when used at a concentration of 100 g/ml, had a proton pump inhibitory action comparable to that of omeprazole on goat stomach mucosal homogenate. The results of the observations suggested that Strcychnos wallichiana might be helpful in the treatment of stomach ulcers.
This paper describes the formulation and evaluation of transdermal gels for topical delivery of C... more This paper describes the formulation and evaluation of transdermal gels for topical delivery of Curcumin. A polymer with well-defined transdermal characteristics, such as Carbopol 934, was used in this investigation. Using a variety of absorption enhancers, including Mannitol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and polyethylene glycol, carbopol, HPMC gels containing 1% curcumin were prepared using a cold technique. Due to its poor bioavailability, Curcumin has been produced in a gel form with sodium lauryl sulfate, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol as absorption enhancers. The gels underwent investigation concerning gelation temperature, pH, viscosity, drug release profile, drug content, stability studies, and kinetic analysis of drug release data. Because sodium lauryl sulfate shows a higher percentage of drug release than other absorption enhancers, it was determined to be a better enhancer of absorption.
Niosomes, also known as nonionic surfactant vesicles, are one of the many carriers used to carry ... more Niosomes, also known as nonionic surfactant vesicles, are one of the many carriers used to carry drug molecules to their target sites. They can hold both hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines. Indapamide is an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure. Niosomes containing Indapamide were created utilizing the thin film hydration process with various cholesterol concentrations and nonionic surfactants (span 60). All noisome formulations were assessed for entrapment efficiency, drug content, reproducibility, vesicular diameter, shape and size distribution microphotography, FTIR analysis, and in vitro release experiments. The results indicate that in all of the created niosomal formulations, as the surfactant content increases, the entrapment efficiency also increases. The drug content ranged between 90.06±0.57 and 96.15±0.42, with a low standard deviation. Niosomes range in size from 0.280±0.098µm to 0.299±0.044µm and have a spherical shape. The IR spectrum analysis indicated no interaction between the medication and the formulation ingredients. Membrane diffusion cells were used to study the in vitro dissolution parameters. The results demonstrate that formulation F6 had a better-controlled release action than other formulations, with an 'n' value of 0.917, indicating that the medication was released using zero-order kinetics.
The current project aims to formulate and evaluate econazole-based transdermal patches. At presen... more The current project aims to formulate and evaluate econazole-based transdermal patches. At present, the market offers econazole tablets for purchase. These dose formulations do not elicit cooperation from patients.
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