Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2014
OBJECTIVES: One of the main objectives of this paper is to analyze the associations between physi... more OBJECTIVES: One of the main objectives of this paper is to analyze the associations between physical abuse and neglect and health risk behaviours among young adolescents in the country.METHOD: A representative sample consisted of total 1277 students (58.6% female and 41.6%), aged 18 and above. About 664 of them are in last (fourth) year of secondary school and 613 respondents are first- and second-year university students. The data were obtained using Adverse Childhood Experiences Study Questionnaires (Family Health History Questionnaire) for collecting information on child maltreatment, household dysfunction and other socio-behavioural factors, applying WHO/CDC-recommended methodology. Statistical significance was set up at p<0.05.RESULTS: Physical abuse (21.1%) and physical neglect (20%) were reported with similar prevalence rates. Disciplining children by spanking or corporal punishment was presented with very high rate of 72.4%.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated a relations...
Two areas of investigations in biomedicine that began early in this century have expanded rapidly... more Two areas of investigations in biomedicine that began early in this century have expanded rapidly in recent years. One is the search for genetic variation associated with disease; the other is the use of genetic variation to infer human origins and prehistory. Although ...
The progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goals and other health goals that coun... more The progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goals and other health goals that countries set to achieve over certain period depends mainly on health systems capacity to provide health services. In that sense, health system performance greatly relies on combination of basic inputs (financial, technical, human, material) and their appropriate management. Analysis of human resources (HR) for health has been performed as a part of assessment of good governance in public health system, using WHO/CDC instrument for assessment of essential public health functions (EPHF); analysis has been performed on 3 groups of respondents – government officials at central level, officials at local level and representatives of civil society. HR as EPHF#8 has been assessed through set of 5 indicators, with a subset of 11 main questions and 84 sub-questions for measures in the area. Results show that there are no visible results of the policy for human resources development in RM, if such pol...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction 1. The Republic of Macedonia is in a period of transition in movin... more EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction 1. The Republic of Macedonia is in a period of transition in moving towards a market based economy. During this period, it is crucial to consider environmental concerns to integrate policies of protecting human health and the environment with the development initiatives in the country. Thus, this National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) has been developed with a goal of integrating environmental issues with the economic and social development programs of the country. The NEAP highlights the environmental problems and recommends actions related to policy, institutions, and priority investments. In preparing the action plan the following three criteria were considered: - protecting human health; - improving the environment to enhance quality of life; and - conserving natural resources for sustainable development 2. One key priority action is developing an environmental management system with adequate institutional capacity and an appropriate regulatory ...
Aim: This paper assesses the magnitude of health impacts and economic costs of fine particulate m... more Aim: This paper assesses the magnitude of health impacts and economic costs of fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the Republic of Macedonia. Methods: Ambient PM 10 and PM 2.5 monitoring data were combined with population characteristics and exposure-response functions to calculate the incidence of several health end-points known to be highly influenced by air pollution. Health impacts were converted to Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and then translated into economic terms using three valuation approaches to form lower and higher bounds: the (adjusted) Human Capital Approach (HCA), Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) and the COI (cost of illness). Results: Fine particulate matter frequently exceeds daily and annual limit values and influences a person"s day-today health and their ability to work. Converting lost years of life and disabilities into DALYs-these health effects represent an annual economic cost of approximately €253 million or 3.2% of GDP (midpoint ...
Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 1997
The aim of this paper is to present the organizational settings of health care on all levels (pri... more The aim of this paper is to present the organizational settings of health care on all levels (primary, secondary and tertiary), the personnel with university, college and high school education which gives health care for the children. Children's diseases will be presented, especially those which leave traces in the psychophysical status of the child and pose social and medical problem for the family and the whole community. Death rate of children will also be presented according to the causes of death, in the period of 1987-95.Health care of children aged 0-6 years in the primary health care is organized through well-child clinics for infants and preschool children in 18 health facilities and 16 medical centers in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as through rural medical units, with a total of 157 locations.The number of physicians in 1995 has increased 9% compared with 1987 and the number of specialists is 66% higher compared with 1987.Secondary health care is provided throug...
Background Health is a complex phenomenon and equity as a basic human right an integral part of c... more Background Health is a complex phenomenon and equity as a basic human right an integral part of constitutions in almost all countries in the world. In Republic of Macedonia (RM), Tuberculosis (TB) is clustered regionally and in certain ethnic groups. The main objective of this study was to analyze Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and equity in access to healthcare services for TB patients in RM, aimed at complex analysis of factors that cause inequities. Methods Case-control study was conducted in the period March–December, 2013; “cases” are households of TB patients registered in the period July, 2012–June, 2013 and controls are households with no TB patients in their immediate vicinity. World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Survey questionnaire was used to collect data. Results Analysis of SDH of TB patients shows that patients are mostly males, of lower socio-economic status, are less educated, unemployed and TB is clustered in certain ethnic groups. Analysis of access ...
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2014
OBJECTIVES: One of the main objectives of this paper is to analyze the associations between physi... more OBJECTIVES: One of the main objectives of this paper is to analyze the associations between physical abuse and neglect and health risk behaviours among young adolescents in the country.METHOD: A representative sample consisted of total 1277 students (58.6% female and 41.6%), aged 18 and above. About 664 of them are in last (fourth) year of secondary school and 613 respondents are first- and second-year university students. The data were obtained using Adverse Childhood Experiences Study Questionnaires (Family Health History Questionnaire) for collecting information on child maltreatment, household dysfunction and other socio-behavioural factors, applying WHO/CDC-recommended methodology. Statistical significance was set up at p<0.05.RESULTS: Physical abuse (21.1%) and physical neglect (20%) were reported with similar prevalence rates. Disciplining children by spanking or corporal punishment was presented with very high rate of 72.4%.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated a relations...
Two areas of investigations in biomedicine that began early in this century have expanded rapidly... more Two areas of investigations in biomedicine that began early in this century have expanded rapidly in recent years. One is the search for genetic variation associated with disease; the other is the use of genetic variation to infer human origins and prehistory. Although ...
The progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goals and other health goals that coun... more The progress towards achievement of Millennium Development Goals and other health goals that countries set to achieve over certain period depends mainly on health systems capacity to provide health services. In that sense, health system performance greatly relies on combination of basic inputs (financial, technical, human, material) and their appropriate management. Analysis of human resources (HR) for health has been performed as a part of assessment of good governance in public health system, using WHO/CDC instrument for assessment of essential public health functions (EPHF); analysis has been performed on 3 groups of respondents – government officials at central level, officials at local level and representatives of civil society. HR as EPHF#8 has been assessed through set of 5 indicators, with a subset of 11 main questions and 84 sub-questions for measures in the area. Results show that there are no visible results of the policy for human resources development in RM, if such pol...
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction 1. The Republic of Macedonia is in a period of transition in movin... more EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction 1. The Republic of Macedonia is in a period of transition in moving towards a market based economy. During this period, it is crucial to consider environmental concerns to integrate policies of protecting human health and the environment with the development initiatives in the country. Thus, this National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) has been developed with a goal of integrating environmental issues with the economic and social development programs of the country. The NEAP highlights the environmental problems and recommends actions related to policy, institutions, and priority investments. In preparing the action plan the following three criteria were considered: - protecting human health; - improving the environment to enhance quality of life; and - conserving natural resources for sustainable development 2. One key priority action is developing an environmental management system with adequate institutional capacity and an appropriate regulatory ...
Aim: This paper assesses the magnitude of health impacts and economic costs of fine particulate m... more Aim: This paper assesses the magnitude of health impacts and economic costs of fine particulate matter (PM) air pollution in the Republic of Macedonia. Methods: Ambient PM 10 and PM 2.5 monitoring data were combined with population characteristics and exposure-response functions to calculate the incidence of several health end-points known to be highly influenced by air pollution. Health impacts were converted to Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and then translated into economic terms using three valuation approaches to form lower and higher bounds: the (adjusted) Human Capital Approach (HCA), Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) and the COI (cost of illness). Results: Fine particulate matter frequently exceeds daily and annual limit values and influences a person"s day-today health and their ability to work. Converting lost years of life and disabilities into DALYs-these health effects represent an annual economic cost of approximately €253 million or 3.2% of GDP (midpoint ...
Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 1997
The aim of this paper is to present the organizational settings of health care on all levels (pri... more The aim of this paper is to present the organizational settings of health care on all levels (primary, secondary and tertiary), the personnel with university, college and high school education which gives health care for the children. Children's diseases will be presented, especially those which leave traces in the psychophysical status of the child and pose social and medical problem for the family and the whole community. Death rate of children will also be presented according to the causes of death, in the period of 1987-95.Health care of children aged 0-6 years in the primary health care is organized through well-child clinics for infants and preschool children in 18 health facilities and 16 medical centers in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as through rural medical units, with a total of 157 locations.The number of physicians in 1995 has increased 9% compared with 1987 and the number of specialists is 66% higher compared with 1987.Secondary health care is provided throug...
Background Health is a complex phenomenon and equity as a basic human right an integral part of c... more Background Health is a complex phenomenon and equity as a basic human right an integral part of constitutions in almost all countries in the world. In Republic of Macedonia (RM), Tuberculosis (TB) is clustered regionally and in certain ethnic groups. The main objective of this study was to analyze Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and equity in access to healthcare services for TB patients in RM, aimed at complex analysis of factors that cause inequities. Methods Case-control study was conducted in the period March–December, 2013; “cases” are households of TB patients registered in the period July, 2012–June, 2013 and controls are households with no TB patients in their immediate vicinity. World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Survey questionnaire was used to collect data. Results Analysis of SDH of TB patients shows that patients are mostly males, of lower socio-economic status, are less educated, unemployed and TB is clustered in certain ethnic groups. Analysis of access ...
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