Introduction: A non contact specular microscope has been used to acquire the morphology of the co... more Introduction: A non contact specular microscope has been used to acquire the morphology of the corneal endothelial cell layer. This analysis provides measurements of the Coefficient of Variation (CV), the hexagonal appearance of the cells, and the mean corneal Endothelial Cell Density (ECD). These parameters are used to assess the function of the corneal endothelial layer. Aim: To evaluate the average corneal ECD, Hexagonality (HEX), CV, and their relationship with myopia in young females. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of five months, from November 2016 to March 2017 at the clinics of the Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and involved 107 eyes of healthy subjects aged 18-25 years. The participants’ refraction was estimated using an automatic refractor. Non contact specular microscopy was performed on emmetropic and myopic subjects. The avera...
International Journal of Anatomy Radiology and Surgery, 2020
Introduction: The human crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, al... more Introduction: The human crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina and, by changing shape, it adjusts focal distance and this function of the lens is called accommodation. Accommodation is the way, the eye increases optical power as it is necessary to produce a clear image of an object when it draws near the eye. Ageing reduces the ability of the lens to change shape, to adjust for close or distance vision. Aim: To study the changes of lens thickness and Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) with age. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 healthy females were recruited from September to December 2018. The right eyes of 40 healthy participants were divided into two groups, the group 1 of 20 younger subjects (age range 18 to 28 years, mean age 21.9±2.73 years), and group 2 of middleaged 20 subjects (age range 40 to 50 years, mean age 44.6±3.95 years). The lens thickness a...
International Journal of Computing and Optimization, 2017
Multiple key streams can be generated with the help of a single generator for the encryption of m... more Multiple key streams can be generated with the help of a single generator for the encryption of multiple messages in parallel. In this paper a novel Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) based line encryption scheme is presented for the generation of parallel keys using Gold codes, which increases the complexity of the key with lesser number of hardware.
2009 International Multimedia, Signal Processing and Communication Technologies, 2009
Abstract In this paper a programmable long PN sequence generator using linear feedback shift regi... more Abstract In this paper a programmable long PN sequence generator using linear feedback shift register is presented that uses different taps randomly or in a predefined manner. Various statistical tests were also performed which show random nature of the sequence generated. Further, the sequence generated was applied to encrypt an image. The encrypted image shows white noise characteristics and is successfully decrypted.
Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were synthesized using a simple, eco-friendly green synt... more Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were synthesized using a simple, eco-friendly green synthesis approach in an alkaline medium from the extract of grapefruit peel waste. The pre-synthesized, nano-crystalline Al2O3 NPs were characterized by using spectroscopic (UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, and EDX) and microscopic (SEM and TEM) techniques. The formed Al2O3 NPs exhibited a pronounced absorption peak at 278 nm in the UV–vis spectrum. The average particle size of the as-prepared Al2O3 NPs was evaluated to be 57.34 nm, and the atomic percentages of O and Al were found to be 54.58 and 45.54, respectively. The fabricated Al2O3 NPs were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The Al2O3 NPs showed strong antioxidant potential towards all the four tested assays. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of Al2O3 NPs was investigated by measuring the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion (O2•−), as well as proinflammatory cytokines tumou...
Introduction:The increasing prevalence of myopia has become a major public health impact due to i... more Introduction:The increasing prevalence of myopia has become a major public health impact due to its potentially blinding ocular complications. This study was done to evaluate the choroidal and retinal thickness, depth of the anterior chamber and the curvature of the cornea using 3D Optical Coherence Topography (OCT) and Optical Coherence Biometry instrument (Zeiss IOLMaster 700) among Saudi female adults with emmetropia, low and moderate myopia. Aim:To evaluate the choroidal thickness, foveal retinal thickness, depth of anterior chamber, Axial Length (AL) and curvature of the cornea between myopic and emmetropic individuals. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was done in the female section of Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, in Saudi Arabia. Hundred and four eyes of healthy females between the ages of 19-26 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. There was no gender preference; only femal...
Background While both renin‐dependent and renin‐independent aldosterone secretion contribute to a... more Background While both renin‐dependent and renin‐independent aldosterone secretion contribute to aldosteronism, their relative associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has not been investigated. Methods and Results A total of 2909 participants from the FOS (Framingham Offspring Study) with baseline, serum aldosterone concentration, and plasma renin concentration who attended the sixth examination cycle and were followed up until 2014 and who were free of CVD were included. We further recruited 2612 hypertensive participants from the CONPASS (Chongqing Primary Aldosteronism Study). Captopril challenge test was performed to confirm renin‐dependent or ‐independent aldosteronism in CONPASS. Among 1433 hypertensive subjects of FOS, when compared with those with serum aldosterone concentration <10 ng dL −1 (normal aldosterone), participants who had serum aldosterone concentration ≥10 ng dL −1 and plasma renin concentration ≤15 mIU L −1 (identified as renin‐independent aldoste...
Background 44.7% adults in China have hypertension but the prevalence of primary aldosteronism (P... more Background 44.7% adults in China have hypertension but the prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) in Chinese hypertensives is unknown. Objective We prospectively investigated the prevalence of PA in newly diagnosed hypertensives and tested the hypothesis that these PA patients have less severe cardiovascular complications and better outcomes when compared to those diagnosed after established (or prolonged) hypertension. Method In a community health center, consecutive hypertensive patients with an aldosterone-renin ratio≥2 (ng∙dL−1/mIU∙L−1) and plasma aldosterone concentration >10ng/dL underwent captopril challenge test and/or saline infusion test for confirmation. Adrenal CT scan and adrenal vein sampling were used for subtyping. PA patients were followed up for one year and clinical outcomes were compared with PA patients from an established hypertensive cohort. Results 1020 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were screened over 16 months. Forty were diagnosed with PA, 948 ...
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020
BACKGROUND A total of 44.7% adults in China have hypertension, but the prevalence of primary aldo... more BACKGROUND A total of 44.7% adults in China have hypertension, but the prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) in Chinese hypertensive patients is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study prospectively investigated the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of PA in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. METHODS In a large community health center, consecutive hypertensive patients with an aldosterone-renin ratio >20 ng/mIU and plasma aldosterone concentration >10 ng/dl underwent captopril challenge test and/or saline infusion test for confirmation of PA. Adrenal computed tomography scan and adrenal vein sampling were used for subtyping. PA patients treated with surgery or medication were followed up for 1 year, and outcomes after treatment were evaluated. RESULTS In total, 1,020 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were screened over 16 months, of whom 40 were diagnosed with PA, 948 with non-PA, 32 with probable PA, resulting in a prevalence of more than 4.0%. Compared with non-PA, PA patients more frequently displayed microalbuminuria (p = 0.031), but the incidence of cardiovascular events was not different (p = 0.927). For surgically treated patients (n = 7), a complete biochemical success rate was 100% and a complete clinical success rate was 85.7%. For medically treated patients (n = 29), the proportion with optimal blood pressure control was 79%, and among them, 91% (21 of 23) only needed 1 antihypertensive drug: the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PA in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension in China was at least 4%. PA screening in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients leads to good clinical outcomes. (Primary Aldosteronism In Hypertensive Patients in China [PA-China]; NCT03155139).
Out of sixty surveys distributed to different hospitals, only 26 (43.3%) optometrists responded. ... more Out of sixty surveys distributed to different hospitals, only 26 (43.3%) optometrists responded. Some of the optometrists did not answer every question which resulted in different totals for some questions. The optometrists were asked about the number of patients younger than two years of age, they examine in a month. Even though only
Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels.... more Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels. In this paper a different stream cipher scheme is presented which is very simple in hardware implementation and provides relatively high level of security. Geffe generator is used for the generation of a complex key in a unique way. In this modified scheme, keystream is dependent not only on the inputs of the Geffe generator but also on the Gold Codes generated with the help of outputs of pseudo noise (PN) sequences of the two inputs of Geffe generator. Further complexity of the key is increased by introducing automatic shift of the contents of one LFSR to generate a new Gold code. Keywords— ―Geffe generator‖, ―Gold Code (GC)‖, ―Maximal Sequence (m-sequence)‖, ―Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR)‖, ―Pseudorandom number generator (PRNG)‖.
Purpose: To monitor central thickness changes prior to corneal collagen cross-linking combined ul... more Purpose: To monitor central thickness changes prior to corneal collagen cross-linking combined ultraviolet A irradiation, using isoosmolar riboflavin 0.1%. Method: Corneal thickness was measured pre-operatively before epithelial removal. Corneal thickness following epithelial debridement was calculated via subtracting 50 μm. Iso-osmolar riboflavin 0.1% was instilled into the eye every two minutes for ten minutes. Corneal thickness before and after instillation of iso-osmolar riboflavin was compared using Wilcoxon ANALYSIS 23(99), September October, 2019 Medical Science ISSN 2321–7359 EISSN 2321–7367
Purpose: To investigate the effects of small scale illumination levels and refractive error type ... more Purpose: To investigate the effects of small scale illumination levels and refractive error type on the pupil size measured with Visante Optical Coherence Tomography in healthy eyes. Findings: Pupil size increased with illumination decrements. Mean pupil size was 3.5 mm at 550 lux, 4.2 mm at 350 lux, 5.2 mm at 150 lux, 5.03 mm at 40 lux, and 5.4 mm at 2 lux. In multi-pairwise comparison of the five illumination levels, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) down to 150 lux. Comparisons among 150, 40 and 2 lux show no differences (p > 0.05). Refractive error ranged from spherical equivalent of +0.50 to-7.75D. Group of myopes had larger mean pupil size than emmetropes at all light levels but was not significant (p < 0.05). Both refractive groups had some amount of increase in pupil size with illumination decrements. There were no hyperopes and presbyopes in the study. This study has demonstrated that ambient illumination levels from high to low cause increase in pupil size and refractive error does not appear to have an extra influence. At or below 150 lux, pupil was maximally dilated at about 5.2 mm. These findings may assist in further understanding pupillary light reflex.
This cross sectional study was conducted to find out the awareness and practice of soft contact l... more This cross sectional study was conducted to find out the awareness and practice of soft contact lens wear and care among female students of King Saud University. Method: The data was collected from the soft contact lens users through a structured questionnaire distributed to 100 female students of King Saud University, Riyadh. This survey was based on the basic practice care in soft contact lens that is related to the replacement frequency, steps in hygiene and storage case of the soft contact lens. Results: The female students of age range 19-25 years participated in this study. It was found that out of 100 female students, 68% were using cosmetic soft contact lens. 73% of subjects reported to renew soft contact lenses after every 3 months. Only 59% students used to wash their hands before wearing soft contact lens and only 52% used to clean their lens with the solution before inserting and storing. Only 31 participants reported that they clean their lens case weekly. The students have awareness regarding contact lens hygiene but little awareness toward lens case hygiene was found. Conclusion: The majority of participants were aware about the cleaning and hygienic steps of contact lens care but most of them were unaware of contact lens case cleaning.
Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels.... more Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels. In this paper a different stream cipher scheme is presented which is very simple in hardware implementation and provides relatively high level of security. Geffe generator is used for the generation of a complex key in a unique way. In this modified scheme, keystream is dependent not only on the inputs of the Geffe generator but also on the Gold Codes generated with the help of outputs of pseudo noise (PN) sequences of the two inputs of Geffe generator. Further complexity of the key is increased by introducing automatic shift of the contents of one LFSR to generate a new Gold code.
Introduction: A non contact specular microscope has been used to acquire the morphology of the co... more Introduction: A non contact specular microscope has been used to acquire the morphology of the corneal endothelial cell layer. This analysis provides measurements of the Coefficient of Variation (CV), the hexagonal appearance of the cells, and the mean corneal Endothelial Cell Density (ECD). These parameters are used to assess the function of the corneal endothelial layer. Aim: To evaluate the average corneal ECD, Hexagonality (HEX), CV, and their relationship with myopia in young females. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of five months, from November 2016 to March 2017 at the clinics of the Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and involved 107 eyes of healthy subjects aged 18-25 years. The participants’ refraction was estimated using an automatic refractor. Non contact specular microscopy was performed on emmetropic and myopic subjects. The avera...
International Journal of Anatomy Radiology and Surgery, 2020
Introduction: The human crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, al... more Introduction: The human crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina and, by changing shape, it adjusts focal distance and this function of the lens is called accommodation. Accommodation is the way, the eye increases optical power as it is necessary to produce a clear image of an object when it draws near the eye. Ageing reduces the ability of the lens to change shape, to adjust for close or distance vision. Aim: To study the changes of lens thickness and Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) with age. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 healthy females were recruited from September to December 2018. The right eyes of 40 healthy participants were divided into two groups, the group 1 of 20 younger subjects (age range 18 to 28 years, mean age 21.9±2.73 years), and group 2 of middleaged 20 subjects (age range 40 to 50 years, mean age 44.6±3.95 years). The lens thickness a...
International Journal of Computing and Optimization, 2017
Multiple key streams can be generated with the help of a single generator for the encryption of m... more Multiple key streams can be generated with the help of a single generator for the encryption of multiple messages in parallel. In this paper a novel Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) based line encryption scheme is presented for the generation of parallel keys using Gold codes, which increases the complexity of the key with lesser number of hardware.
2009 International Multimedia, Signal Processing and Communication Technologies, 2009
Abstract In this paper a programmable long PN sequence generator using linear feedback shift regi... more Abstract In this paper a programmable long PN sequence generator using linear feedback shift register is presented that uses different taps randomly or in a predefined manner. Various statistical tests were also performed which show random nature of the sequence generated. Further, the sequence generated was applied to encrypt an image. The encrypted image shows white noise characteristics and is successfully decrypted.
Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were synthesized using a simple, eco-friendly green synt... more Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were synthesized using a simple, eco-friendly green synthesis approach in an alkaline medium from the extract of grapefruit peel waste. The pre-synthesized, nano-crystalline Al2O3 NPs were characterized by using spectroscopic (UV–vis, FTIR, XRD, and EDX) and microscopic (SEM and TEM) techniques. The formed Al2O3 NPs exhibited a pronounced absorption peak at 278 nm in the UV–vis spectrum. The average particle size of the as-prepared Al2O3 NPs was evaluated to be 57.34 nm, and the atomic percentages of O and Al were found to be 54.58 and 45.54, respectively. The fabricated Al2O3 NPs were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The Al2O3 NPs showed strong antioxidant potential towards all the four tested assays. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of Al2O3 NPs was investigated by measuring the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion (O2•−), as well as proinflammatory cytokines tumou...
Introduction:The increasing prevalence of myopia has become a major public health impact due to i... more Introduction:The increasing prevalence of myopia has become a major public health impact due to its potentially blinding ocular complications. This study was done to evaluate the choroidal and retinal thickness, depth of the anterior chamber and the curvature of the cornea using 3D Optical Coherence Topography (OCT) and Optical Coherence Biometry instrument (Zeiss IOLMaster 700) among Saudi female adults with emmetropia, low and moderate myopia. Aim:To evaluate the choroidal thickness, foveal retinal thickness, depth of anterior chamber, Axial Length (AL) and curvature of the cornea between myopic and emmetropic individuals. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was done in the female section of Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, in Saudi Arabia. Hundred and four eyes of healthy females between the ages of 19-26 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. There was no gender preference; only femal...
Background While both renin‐dependent and renin‐independent aldosterone secretion contribute to a... more Background While both renin‐dependent and renin‐independent aldosterone secretion contribute to aldosteronism, their relative associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has not been investigated. Methods and Results A total of 2909 participants from the FOS (Framingham Offspring Study) with baseline, serum aldosterone concentration, and plasma renin concentration who attended the sixth examination cycle and were followed up until 2014 and who were free of CVD were included. We further recruited 2612 hypertensive participants from the CONPASS (Chongqing Primary Aldosteronism Study). Captopril challenge test was performed to confirm renin‐dependent or ‐independent aldosteronism in CONPASS. Among 1433 hypertensive subjects of FOS, when compared with those with serum aldosterone concentration <10 ng dL −1 (normal aldosterone), participants who had serum aldosterone concentration ≥10 ng dL −1 and plasma renin concentration ≤15 mIU L −1 (identified as renin‐independent aldoste...
Background 44.7% adults in China have hypertension but the prevalence of primary aldosteronism (P... more Background 44.7% adults in China have hypertension but the prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) in Chinese hypertensives is unknown. Objective We prospectively investigated the prevalence of PA in newly diagnosed hypertensives and tested the hypothesis that these PA patients have less severe cardiovascular complications and better outcomes when compared to those diagnosed after established (or prolonged) hypertension. Method In a community health center, consecutive hypertensive patients with an aldosterone-renin ratio≥2 (ng∙dL−1/mIU∙L−1) and plasma aldosterone concentration >10ng/dL underwent captopril challenge test and/or saline infusion test for confirmation. Adrenal CT scan and adrenal vein sampling were used for subtyping. PA patients were followed up for one year and clinical outcomes were compared with PA patients from an established hypertensive cohort. Results 1020 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were screened over 16 months. Forty were diagnosed with PA, 948 ...
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020
BACKGROUND A total of 44.7% adults in China have hypertension, but the prevalence of primary aldo... more BACKGROUND A total of 44.7% adults in China have hypertension, but the prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) in Chinese hypertensive patients is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study prospectively investigated the prevalence, characteristics, and outcomes of PA in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. METHODS In a large community health center, consecutive hypertensive patients with an aldosterone-renin ratio >20 ng/mIU and plasma aldosterone concentration >10 ng/dl underwent captopril challenge test and/or saline infusion test for confirmation of PA. Adrenal computed tomography scan and adrenal vein sampling were used for subtyping. PA patients treated with surgery or medication were followed up for 1 year, and outcomes after treatment were evaluated. RESULTS In total, 1,020 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were screened over 16 months, of whom 40 were diagnosed with PA, 948 with non-PA, 32 with probable PA, resulting in a prevalence of more than 4.0%. Compared with non-PA, PA patients more frequently displayed microalbuminuria (p = 0.031), but the incidence of cardiovascular events was not different (p = 0.927). For surgically treated patients (n = 7), a complete biochemical success rate was 100% and a complete clinical success rate was 85.7%. For medically treated patients (n = 29), the proportion with optimal blood pressure control was 79%, and among them, 91% (21 of 23) only needed 1 antihypertensive drug: the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PA in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension in China was at least 4%. PA screening in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients leads to good clinical outcomes. (Primary Aldosteronism In Hypertensive Patients in China [PA-China]; NCT03155139).
Out of sixty surveys distributed to different hospitals, only 26 (43.3%) optometrists responded. ... more Out of sixty surveys distributed to different hospitals, only 26 (43.3%) optometrists responded. Some of the optometrists did not answer every question which resulted in different totals for some questions. The optometrists were asked about the number of patients younger than two years of age, they examine in a month. Even though only
Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels.... more Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels. In this paper a different stream cipher scheme is presented which is very simple in hardware implementation and provides relatively high level of security. Geffe generator is used for the generation of a complex key in a unique way. In this modified scheme, keystream is dependent not only on the inputs of the Geffe generator but also on the Gold Codes generated with the help of outputs of pseudo noise (PN) sequences of the two inputs of Geffe generator. Further complexity of the key is increased by introducing automatic shift of the contents of one LFSR to generate a new Gold code. Keywords— ―Geffe generator‖, ―Gold Code (GC)‖, ―Maximal Sequence (m-sequence)‖, ―Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR)‖, ―Pseudorandom number generator (PRNG)‖.
Purpose: To monitor central thickness changes prior to corneal collagen cross-linking combined ul... more Purpose: To monitor central thickness changes prior to corneal collagen cross-linking combined ultraviolet A irradiation, using isoosmolar riboflavin 0.1%. Method: Corneal thickness was measured pre-operatively before epithelial removal. Corneal thickness following epithelial debridement was calculated via subtracting 50 μm. Iso-osmolar riboflavin 0.1% was instilled into the eye every two minutes for ten minutes. Corneal thickness before and after instillation of iso-osmolar riboflavin was compared using Wilcoxon ANALYSIS 23(99), September October, 2019 Medical Science ISSN 2321–7359 EISSN 2321–7367
Purpose: To investigate the effects of small scale illumination levels and refractive error type ... more Purpose: To investigate the effects of small scale illumination levels and refractive error type on the pupil size measured with Visante Optical Coherence Tomography in healthy eyes. Findings: Pupil size increased with illumination decrements. Mean pupil size was 3.5 mm at 550 lux, 4.2 mm at 350 lux, 5.2 mm at 150 lux, 5.03 mm at 40 lux, and 5.4 mm at 2 lux. In multi-pairwise comparison of the five illumination levels, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) down to 150 lux. Comparisons among 150, 40 and 2 lux show no differences (p > 0.05). Refractive error ranged from spherical equivalent of +0.50 to-7.75D. Group of myopes had larger mean pupil size than emmetropes at all light levels but was not significant (p < 0.05). Both refractive groups had some amount of increase in pupil size with illumination decrements. There were no hyperopes and presbyopes in the study. This study has demonstrated that ambient illumination levels from high to low cause increase in pupil size and refractive error does not appear to have an extra influence. At or below 150 lux, pupil was maximally dilated at about 5.2 mm. These findings may assist in further understanding pupillary light reflex.
This cross sectional study was conducted to find out the awareness and practice of soft contact l... more This cross sectional study was conducted to find out the awareness and practice of soft contact lens wear and care among female students of King Saud University. Method: The data was collected from the soft contact lens users through a structured questionnaire distributed to 100 female students of King Saud University, Riyadh. This survey was based on the basic practice care in soft contact lens that is related to the replacement frequency, steps in hygiene and storage case of the soft contact lens. Results: The female students of age range 19-25 years participated in this study. It was found that out of 100 female students, 68% were using cosmetic soft contact lens. 73% of subjects reported to renew soft contact lenses after every 3 months. Only 59% students used to wash their hands before wearing soft contact lens and only 52% used to clean their lens with the solution before inserting and storing. Only 31 participants reported that they clean their lens case weekly. The students have awareness regarding contact lens hygiene but little awareness toward lens case hygiene was found. Conclusion: The majority of participants were aware about the cleaning and hygienic steps of contact lens care but most of them were unaware of contact lens case cleaning.
Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels.... more Encryption algorithms provide the securely transmitted data over insecure communication channels. In this paper a different stream cipher scheme is presented which is very simple in hardware implementation and provides relatively high level of security. Geffe generator is used for the generation of a complex key in a unique way. In this modified scheme, keystream is dependent not only on the inputs of the Geffe generator but also on the Gold Codes generated with the help of outputs of pseudo noise (PN) sequences of the two inputs of Geffe generator. Further complexity of the key is increased by introducing automatic shift of the contents of one LFSR to generate a new Gold code.
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Papers by Farah Maqsood