Compensation for ship base pollution is covered under Civil Liability Conventions and Fund Conventions. There are also other civil liability instruments such as EU's Environmental Liability Directive CELD) and Oil Pollution Act of USA... more
Compensation for ship base pollution is covered under Civil Liability Conventions and Fund Conventions. There are also other civil liability instruments such as EU's Environmental Liability Directive CELD) and Oil Pollution Act of USA 1990 COPA). Most maritime nations are signatory to international conventions developed since 1969 with amendments and protocols.Under the 1992 Civil Liability Convention C1992 CLC) compensation is limited to costs incurred for reasonable measures to reinstate the damaged environment, excluding loss of profits. 1992 CLC also gives the owner the right to limit in most cases. Economic damages are being considered under Fund Convention and the Fund was set up to facilitate those unable to get any compensation or adequate compensation from the 1992 CLC. The 1992 Fund and 2003 Supplementary Fund contributed by oil receivers of the contracting states are also limited to maximum of 750 million Special Drawing Rights including claims under 1992 CLC. Other t...
Research Interests:
legal powers of harbour master the author look at varies statutes and cases from the historical perspective and how they have developed under English Law
