ABSTRACT G.W. PETTIBONE, J.P. MEAR AND B.M. SAMPSELL. 1996. Seventy-four strains of Aeromonas wer... more ABSTRACT G.W. PETTIBONE, J.P. MEAR AND B.M. SAMPSELL. 1996. Seventy-four strains of Aeromonas were isolated from skin, intestine, kidney and liver of 16 brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus). All strains demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) with most strains resistant to rifampin (97%), novobiocin (96%) and vancomycin (85%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of eight metals to selected strains of Aeromonas revealed an apparent toxicity of chromium > copper > cadmium > nickel > mercury > zinc > cobalt > lead, based on the percentage of isolates sensitive to each concentration of metal. Plasmid DNA was found in 36% (27) of the isolates and most plasmid-containing strains had multiple plasmids less than 12 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size. No relationship between plasmid content and antibiotic or metal resistance was found. Plasmid incidence in bacteria isolated from five fish indicated that plasmids were more likely to occur in strains isolated from kidney and liver than in strains isolated from skin and intestine.
ABSTRACT Sediments collected throughout the summer of 1991 from a river bed around a combined sew... more ABSTRACT Sediments collected throughout the summer of 1991 from a river bed around a combined sewer outfall were found to have geometric mean faecal coliform and faecal streptococci densities ranging between 10‐10 g and 10‐10 g respectively. During the study period, faecal coliform densities in water samples from the same river reach were several logs lower than in the sediment, but still exceeded state guidelines for primary contact in six of nine sample weeks. Bacteria densities in sediment were weakly correlated with particle size and organic content (as represented by loss‐on‐ignition) during steady‐state baseline flows. Correlations were stronger at the outfall site in the two weeks following an overflow event. Multiple regression analyses indicated that organic content was the dominant factor in explaining variability in bacterial densities in post‐overflow sediments. Using a simple combination of sampled physical parameters (flow velocity, river discharge and bed sediment size distribution) and well‐established hydrologic relations (Hjulstrom diagram, flow duration curve), it is expected that bacteria‐laden sediments around the outfall could be resuspended, on average, thirteen days per year. Resuspension of contaminated sediments, therefore, could adversely impact water quality even in the absence of overflow events.
The impact of a sewage point source on the bacterial densities in an intertidal mud flat in Bosto... more The impact of a sewage point source on the bacterial densities in an intertidal mud flat in Boston Harbor, Mass., was investigated. The area, Savin Hill Cove, acts as a receiving basin for a combined storm and sewage outlet (CSO). Preliminary examination of sediments and overlying water at high tide demonstrated that fecal coliforms were present in sediments at abundances 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water column. The following bacterial counts were determined from sediments along a sampling transect extending 460 m from the CSO: total bacteria by epifluorescent microscopy, heterotrophic bacteria by plate counts on nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor media, fecal coliforms and enterococci by membrane filtration, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by a most-probable-number technique with a resuscitation step. Median sediment grain size, average tidal exposure, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and total organic carbon were also measured. All bacterial indices, except for V. para...
This paper summarizes the results of sampling that has been done in the Buffalo River, NY watersh... more This paper summarizes the results of sampling that has been done in the Buffalo River, NY watershed over the past decade and specifically makes links between levels ofturbidity, suspended solids, and fecal coliform using least squares regression. Fecal coliform levels in the Buffalo River are high enough to be ofconcern and there is local interest in developing Best Management Practices (BMPs) to improve water quality. An understanding of sediment and bacteria interactions is important in developing appropriate BMPs. Samples were collected at seven sites under both dry weather and storm event conditions, but the sampling did not occur at all sites contemporaneously. The correlations between suspended solids and turbidity or suspended solids and fecal coliform were strong, ranging between 0.46 and 1.O. The slopes ofthe regressions were significantly different from o(a=O. 05), although in the case ofsuspended solids vs.fecal coliform regressions some variability was observed in the sl...
Recent studies suggest that suspended sediment in rivers may move predominantly as floes rather t... more Recent studies suggest that suspended sediment in rivers may move predominantly as floes rather than as individual (discrete) particles. Research on flocculation has been facilitated by improved analytical technologies, including image analysis. Because image analysis is a relatively new analytical approach, there is limited information on quality assurance/quality control (QAlQC) procedures. Non-destructive image analysis was used to determine si;:.e distribution characteristics ofsuspended sediment samples collected from a site 011 Ca;:.enovia Creek, NY, during storm and non-storm events. An important focus of the study was refinement of QAIQC procedures. Samples could be refrigerated for up to 22 days without significant change in si;:.e distribution. Imaging approximately 1,000 particles appears optimum in providing a reliable size distribution and minimizing analytical time. The Pearson Type VI probability distribution typically provided the best fit for the flocculated sedimen...
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bowling Green State University, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leave... more Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bowling Green State University, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [78]-88).
ABSTRACT Most-Probable-Number tests for Escherichia coli were performed on 45 sediment samples us... more ABSTRACT Most-Probable-Number tests for Escherichia coli were performed on 45 sediment samples using Lauryl Tryptose broth (LTB) containing 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG). Eighty-three percent of 493 LTB-MUG reactions agreed with results obtained by conventional faecal coliform analysis. Although false-negative reactions are suspected in about 9% of the LTB-MUG tubes, anaerogenic E. coli, that would not be enumerated by conventional faecal coliform tests were recovered using LTB-MUG. The high percentage of agreement between the two methods suggests that the MPN method employing LTB-MUG is adequate to enumerate E. coli from some freshwater sediments.
Pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis and environmental water samples were... more Pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis and environmental water samples were examined for the possibility that pollution involving organotin compounds could decrease the values for indicator organisms when standard methods were applied to the analysis of water samples. (CHâ)2SnCâ and (CHâ)3SnCl decreased viable counts at about 10 to 100 mg of Sn liter-1 (8.4 X 10(-5) to 8.4
... Microbiol. 33:681-695. Babich H. and G. Stotzky. 1978. Effects of cadmium on the biota: influ... more ... Microbiol. 33:681-695. Babich H. and G. Stotzky. 1978. Effects of cadmium on the biota: influence of environmental factors. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 23:55-177. Babich, H. and G. Stotzky. 1979. Abioticfactors affecting the toxicity of lead to fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:506-513. ...
ABSTRACT G.W. PETTIBONE, J.P. MEAR AND B.M. SAMPSELL. 1996. Seventy-four strains of Aeromonas wer... more ABSTRACT G.W. PETTIBONE, J.P. MEAR AND B.M. SAMPSELL. 1996. Seventy-four strains of Aeromonas were isolated from skin, intestine, kidney and liver of 16 brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus). All strains demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) with most strains resistant to rifampin (97%), novobiocin (96%) and vancomycin (85%). The minimum inhibitory concentration of eight metals to selected strains of Aeromonas revealed an apparent toxicity of chromium > copper > cadmium > nickel > mercury > zinc > cobalt > lead, based on the percentage of isolates sensitive to each concentration of metal. Plasmid DNA was found in 36% (27) of the isolates and most plasmid-containing strains had multiple plasmids less than 12 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size. No relationship between plasmid content and antibiotic or metal resistance was found. Plasmid incidence in bacteria isolated from five fish indicated that plasmids were more likely to occur in strains isolated from kidney and liver than in strains isolated from skin and intestine.
ABSTRACT Sediments collected throughout the summer of 1991 from a river bed around a combined sew... more ABSTRACT Sediments collected throughout the summer of 1991 from a river bed around a combined sewer outfall were found to have geometric mean faecal coliform and faecal streptococci densities ranging between 10‐10 g and 10‐10 g respectively. During the study period, faecal coliform densities in water samples from the same river reach were several logs lower than in the sediment, but still exceeded state guidelines for primary contact in six of nine sample weeks. Bacteria densities in sediment were weakly correlated with particle size and organic content (as represented by loss‐on‐ignition) during steady‐state baseline flows. Correlations were stronger at the outfall site in the two weeks following an overflow event. Multiple regression analyses indicated that organic content was the dominant factor in explaining variability in bacterial densities in post‐overflow sediments. Using a simple combination of sampled physical parameters (flow velocity, river discharge and bed sediment size distribution) and well‐established hydrologic relations (Hjulstrom diagram, flow duration curve), it is expected that bacteria‐laden sediments around the outfall could be resuspended, on average, thirteen days per year. Resuspension of contaminated sediments, therefore, could adversely impact water quality even in the absence of overflow events.
The impact of a sewage point source on the bacterial densities in an intertidal mud flat in Bosto... more The impact of a sewage point source on the bacterial densities in an intertidal mud flat in Boston Harbor, Mass., was investigated. The area, Savin Hill Cove, acts as a receiving basin for a combined storm and sewage outlet (CSO). Preliminary examination of sediments and overlying water at high tide demonstrated that fecal coliforms were present in sediments at abundances 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water column. The following bacterial counts were determined from sediments along a sampling transect extending 460 m from the CSO: total bacteria by epifluorescent microscopy, heterotrophic bacteria by plate counts on nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor media, fecal coliforms and enterococci by membrane filtration, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by a most-probable-number technique with a resuscitation step. Median sediment grain size, average tidal exposure, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and total organic carbon were also measured. All bacterial indices, except for V. para...
This paper summarizes the results of sampling that has been done in the Buffalo River, NY watersh... more This paper summarizes the results of sampling that has been done in the Buffalo River, NY watershed over the past decade and specifically makes links between levels ofturbidity, suspended solids, and fecal coliform using least squares regression. Fecal coliform levels in the Buffalo River are high enough to be ofconcern and there is local interest in developing Best Management Practices (BMPs) to improve water quality. An understanding of sediment and bacteria interactions is important in developing appropriate BMPs. Samples were collected at seven sites under both dry weather and storm event conditions, but the sampling did not occur at all sites contemporaneously. The correlations between suspended solids and turbidity or suspended solids and fecal coliform were strong, ranging between 0.46 and 1.O. The slopes ofthe regressions were significantly different from o(a=O. 05), although in the case ofsuspended solids vs.fecal coliform regressions some variability was observed in the sl...
Recent studies suggest that suspended sediment in rivers may move predominantly as floes rather t... more Recent studies suggest that suspended sediment in rivers may move predominantly as floes rather than as individual (discrete) particles. Research on flocculation has been facilitated by improved analytical technologies, including image analysis. Because image analysis is a relatively new analytical approach, there is limited information on quality assurance/quality control (QAlQC) procedures. Non-destructive image analysis was used to determine si;:.e distribution characteristics ofsuspended sediment samples collected from a site 011 Ca;:.enovia Creek, NY, during storm and non-storm events. An important focus of the study was refinement of QAIQC procedures. Samples could be refrigerated for up to 22 days without significant change in si;:.e distribution. Imaging approximately 1,000 particles appears optimum in providing a reliable size distribution and minimizing analytical time. The Pearson Type VI probability distribution typically provided the best fit for the flocculated sedimen...
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bowling Green State University, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leave... more Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bowling Green State University, 1981. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [78]-88).
ABSTRACT Most-Probable-Number tests for Escherichia coli were performed on 45 sediment samples us... more ABSTRACT Most-Probable-Number tests for Escherichia coli were performed on 45 sediment samples using Lauryl Tryptose broth (LTB) containing 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG). Eighty-three percent of 493 LTB-MUG reactions agreed with results obtained by conventional faecal coliform analysis. Although false-negative reactions are suspected in about 9% of the LTB-MUG tubes, anaerogenic E. coli, that would not be enumerated by conventional faecal coliform tests were recovered using LTB-MUG. The high percentage of agreement between the two methods suggests that the MPN method employing LTB-MUG is adequate to enumerate E. coli from some freshwater sediments.
Pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis and environmental water samples were... more Pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis and environmental water samples were examined for the possibility that pollution involving organotin compounds could decrease the values for indicator organisms when standard methods were applied to the analysis of water samples. (CHâ)2SnCâ and (CHâ)3SnCl decreased viable counts at about 10 to 100 mg of Sn liter-1 (8.4 X 10(-5) to 8.4
... Microbiol. 33:681-695. Babich H. and G. Stotzky. 1978. Effects of cadmium on the biota: influ... more ... Microbiol. 33:681-695. Babich H. and G. Stotzky. 1978. Effects of cadmium on the biota: influence of environmental factors. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 23:55-177. Babich, H. and G. Stotzky. 1979. Abioticfactors affecting the toxicity of lead to fungi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:506-513. ...
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Papers by Gary Pettibone