Many problems in bioclimatology require an accurate knowledge of the variations of all meteorolog... more Many problems in bioclimatology require an accurate knowledge of the variations of all meteorological parameters which influence the thermal environment of man (i.g. short- and long-wave radiation, air temperature, wind velocity and air humidity). In addition to that a method for determining this thermal environment by a biometeorological index has to consider thermophysiologically relevant factors so as activity level and thermal resistance of the clothing. By means of the comfort equation (Fanger, 1970) it is possible, for any activity level and clothing to calculate all combinations of meteorological parameters, which will create optimal thermal comfort. The parametrization of the fluxes of short- and long-wave radiation permits to applicate this equation to outdoor conditions (Jendritzky, Sönning and Swantes, 1977). Examples for calculating some given conditions (i.g. street in the city, cross-country kinesitherapy, special land-use areas within a city) are demonstrated.
Die hohe Warmekapazitat des Wassers wirkt ausgleichend auf den Jahresgang der Temperatur der daru... more Die hohe Warmekapazitat des Wassers wirkt ausgleichend auf den Jahresgang der Temperatur der daruberlagernden Luft. Dadurch entstehen — insbesondere im Sommer und Winter — Temperaturgegensatze zwischen Meer und Kontinent. Die Zirkulation der Atmosphare ist bestrebt, diese Gegensatze durch monsunale Effekte (Flohn 1954) abzubauen. Fur den Nordseekustenbereich resultiert daraus ein ausgepragt fremdburtiger Klimatyp mit einem Maximum der Maritimitat im Sommer (Purschel u. Pahl 1978). Das Uberwiegen maritimer Luftmassen und die geographischen Gegebenheiten der Insel vor der, die Windgeschwindigkeit nur relativ gering beeinflussenden, Norddeutschen Tiefebene pragen das Klima Norderneys durch geringe Tages- und Jahresgange von Lufttemperatur und -feuchte; hohe Windgeschwindigkeiten; hohe Luftreinheit; im Vergleich zum Binnenland verbesserte Strahlungsbedingungen durch geringeren Bedeckungsgrad, weiten Horizont, Luftreinheit und Reflexstrahlung des hellen Sandes. Insbesondere im Juli und August erhohter UV-Anteil (Leistner 1966).
International Journal of Biometeorology, Feb 26, 2012
In the present study, we investigate the determination accuracy of the Universal Thermal Climate ... more In the present study, we investigate the determination accuracy of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). We study especially the UTCI uncertainties due to uncertainties in radiation fluxes, whose impacts on UTCI are evaluated via the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). We assume "normal conditions", which means that usual meteorological information and data are available but no special additional measurements. First, the uncertainty arising only from the measurement uncertainties of the meteorological data is determined. Here, simulations show that uncertainties between 0.4 and 2 K due to the uncertainty of just one of the meteorological input parameters may be expected. We then analyse the determination accuracy when not all radiation data are available and modelling of the missing data is required. Since radiative transfer models require a lot of information that is usually not available, we concentrate only on the determination accuracy achievable with empirical models. The simulations show that uncertainties in the calculation of the diffuse irradiance may lead to Tmrt uncertainties of up to ±2.9 K. If long-wave radiation is missing, we may expect an uncertainty of ±2 K. If modelling of diffuse radiation and of longwave radiation is used for the calculation of Tmrt, we may then expect a determination uncertainty of ±3 K. If all radiative fluxes are modelled based on synoptic observation, the uncertainty in Tmrt is ±5.9 K. Because Tmrt is only one of the four input data required in the calculation of UTCI, the uncertainty in UTCI due to the uncertainty in radiation fluxes is less than ±2 K. The UTCI uncertainties due to uncertainties of the four meteorological input values are not larger than the 6 K reference intervals of the UTCI scale, which means that UTCI may only be wrong by one UTCI scale. This uncertainty may, however, be critical at the two temperature extremes, i.e. under extreme hot or extreme cold conditions.
... Ein weiterer Vorteil dieses Verfahren ist, dass es aufgrund der Einbeziehung relativer, dh lo... more ... Ein weiterer Vorteil dieses Verfahren ist, dass es aufgrund der Einbeziehung relativer, dh lokaler Bedingungen grundsätzlich in allen Klimaten angewendet werden ... In order to allow for sea-sonal variations in the total mortality data (high mortal-ity in winter and low mortality in ...
Due to the need for human beings to adapt their heat budget to the thermal environment in order t... more Due to the need for human beings to adapt their heat budget to the thermal environment in order to optimise comfort, performance and health the adaptation issue is a question of vital importance. Balancing the human heat budget, i.e. equilibration of the organism to variable environmental (atmospheric) and metabolic heat loads is controlled by a very efficient (for healthy people)
Of the numerous factors which can be held responsible for the frequency of industrial accidents, ... more Of the numerous factors which can be held responsible for the frequency of industrial accidents, the influence of the weather plays a certain role. Accidents occur more frequently during warm air advection with climatic instability (heat thunderstorms), they occur less frequently in north west weather conditions with cold air advection and particularly in east weather conditions. Germans and foreigners are similarly affected by the weather.
Hemophilic hemarthroses occur more frequently in spring and autumn. In the present study, possibl... more Hemophilic hemarthroses occur more frequently in spring and autumn. In the present study, possible weather situations are investigated which are characterized by a particular action on the increasing of hemorrhagic tendency. In 574 hemarthroses in 45 patients, the regional weather events were set in relation to the hemarthroses by means of a computer program. The following weather constellations significantly increase the tendency to bleed: Regional west weather conditions combined with longer lasting ascending procedures. The weather dynamics are dominated by the warm face of weak frontal zones with formation of a warm front. The biotropic weather elements demonstrated are also shown to be biotropic in other disease processes.
Many problems in bioclimatology require an accurate knowledge of the variations of all meteorolog... more Many problems in bioclimatology require an accurate knowledge of the variations of all meteorological parameters which influence the thermal environment of man (i.g. short- and long-wave radiation, air temperature, wind velocity and air humidity). In addition to that a method for determining this thermal environment by a biometeorological index has to consider thermophysiologically relevant factors so as activity level and thermal resistance of the clothing. By means of the comfort equation (Fanger, 1970) it is possible, for any activity level and clothing to calculate all combinations of meteorological parameters, which will create optimal thermal comfort. The parametrization of the fluxes of short- and long-wave radiation permits to applicate this equation to outdoor conditions (Jendritzky, Sönning and Swantes, 1977). Examples for calculating some given conditions (i.g. street in the city, cross-country kinesitherapy, special land-use areas within a city) are demonstrated.
Die hohe Warmekapazitat des Wassers wirkt ausgleichend auf den Jahresgang der Temperatur der daru... more Die hohe Warmekapazitat des Wassers wirkt ausgleichend auf den Jahresgang der Temperatur der daruberlagernden Luft. Dadurch entstehen — insbesondere im Sommer und Winter — Temperaturgegensatze zwischen Meer und Kontinent. Die Zirkulation der Atmosphare ist bestrebt, diese Gegensatze durch monsunale Effekte (Flohn 1954) abzubauen. Fur den Nordseekustenbereich resultiert daraus ein ausgepragt fremdburtiger Klimatyp mit einem Maximum der Maritimitat im Sommer (Purschel u. Pahl 1978). Das Uberwiegen maritimer Luftmassen und die geographischen Gegebenheiten der Insel vor der, die Windgeschwindigkeit nur relativ gering beeinflussenden, Norddeutschen Tiefebene pragen das Klima Norderneys durch geringe Tages- und Jahresgange von Lufttemperatur und -feuchte; hohe Windgeschwindigkeiten; hohe Luftreinheit; im Vergleich zum Binnenland verbesserte Strahlungsbedingungen durch geringeren Bedeckungsgrad, weiten Horizont, Luftreinheit und Reflexstrahlung des hellen Sandes. Insbesondere im Juli und August erhohter UV-Anteil (Leistner 1966).
International Journal of Biometeorology, Feb 26, 2012
In the present study, we investigate the determination accuracy of the Universal Thermal Climate ... more In the present study, we investigate the determination accuracy of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). We study especially the UTCI uncertainties due to uncertainties in radiation fluxes, whose impacts on UTCI are evaluated via the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). We assume "normal conditions", which means that usual meteorological information and data are available but no special additional measurements. First, the uncertainty arising only from the measurement uncertainties of the meteorological data is determined. Here, simulations show that uncertainties between 0.4 and 2 K due to the uncertainty of just one of the meteorological input parameters may be expected. We then analyse the determination accuracy when not all radiation data are available and modelling of the missing data is required. Since radiative transfer models require a lot of information that is usually not available, we concentrate only on the determination accuracy achievable with empirical models. The simulations show that uncertainties in the calculation of the diffuse irradiance may lead to Tmrt uncertainties of up to ±2.9 K. If long-wave radiation is missing, we may expect an uncertainty of ±2 K. If modelling of diffuse radiation and of longwave radiation is used for the calculation of Tmrt, we may then expect a determination uncertainty of ±3 K. If all radiative fluxes are modelled based on synoptic observation, the uncertainty in Tmrt is ±5.9 K. Because Tmrt is only one of the four input data required in the calculation of UTCI, the uncertainty in UTCI due to the uncertainty in radiation fluxes is less than ±2 K. The UTCI uncertainties due to uncertainties of the four meteorological input values are not larger than the 6 K reference intervals of the UTCI scale, which means that UTCI may only be wrong by one UTCI scale. This uncertainty may, however, be critical at the two temperature extremes, i.e. under extreme hot or extreme cold conditions.
... Ein weiterer Vorteil dieses Verfahren ist, dass es aufgrund der Einbeziehung relativer, dh lo... more ... Ein weiterer Vorteil dieses Verfahren ist, dass es aufgrund der Einbeziehung relativer, dh lokaler Bedingungen grundsätzlich in allen Klimaten angewendet werden ... In order to allow for sea-sonal variations in the total mortality data (high mortal-ity in winter and low mortality in ...
Due to the need for human beings to adapt their heat budget to the thermal environment in order t... more Due to the need for human beings to adapt their heat budget to the thermal environment in order to optimise comfort, performance and health the adaptation issue is a question of vital importance. Balancing the human heat budget, i.e. equilibration of the organism to variable environmental (atmospheric) and metabolic heat loads is controlled by a very efficient (for healthy people)
Of the numerous factors which can be held responsible for the frequency of industrial accidents, ... more Of the numerous factors which can be held responsible for the frequency of industrial accidents, the influence of the weather plays a certain role. Accidents occur more frequently during warm air advection with climatic instability (heat thunderstorms), they occur less frequently in north west weather conditions with cold air advection and particularly in east weather conditions. Germans and foreigners are similarly affected by the weather.
Hemophilic hemarthroses occur more frequently in spring and autumn. In the present study, possibl... more Hemophilic hemarthroses occur more frequently in spring and autumn. In the present study, possible weather situations are investigated which are characterized by a particular action on the increasing of hemorrhagic tendency. In 574 hemarthroses in 45 patients, the regional weather events were set in relation to the hemarthroses by means of a computer program. The following weather constellations significantly increase the tendency to bleed: Regional west weather conditions combined with longer lasting ascending procedures. The weather dynamics are dominated by the warm face of weak frontal zones with formation of a warm front. The biotropic weather elements demonstrated are also shown to be biotropic in other disease processes.
Blazejczyk K, Jendritzky G, Broede P, Fiala D, Havenith G, Epstein Y, Psikuta A, Kampmann B. An i... more Blazejczyk K, Jendritzky G, Broede P, Fiala D, Havenith G, Epstein Y, Psikuta A, Kampmann B. An introduction to the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) Geographia Polonica 86(1):5-10 2013.
The assessment of the thermal environment is one of the main issues in bioclimatic research, and more than 100 simple bio-climatic indices have thus far been developed to facilitate it. However, most of these indices have proved to be of limited applicability , and do not portray the actual impacts of thermal conditions on human beings. Indices derived from human heat-balance models (one-or two-node) have been found to offer a better representation of the environmental impact in question than do simple ones. Indeed, the new generation of multi-node models for human heat balance do allow full account to be taken of heat transfer and exchange, both within the human body and between the body surface and the surrounding air layer. In this paper, it is essential background information regarding the newly-developed Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI that is presented, this in fact deriving from the Fiala multi-node model of human heatbalance. The UTCI is defined as the air temperature (Ta) of the reference condition causing the same model response as actual conditions. UTCI was developed in 2009 by virtue of international cooperation between leading experts in the areas of human thermophysiol-ogy, physiological modelling, meteorology and climatology. The necessary research for this had been conducted within the framework of a special commission of the International Society of Biometeorology (ISB) and European COST Action 730. UTCI • human heat balance • multi-node model • bioclimatic index •
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Papers by Gerd Jendritzky
The assessment of the thermal environment is one of the main issues in bioclimatic research, and more than 100 simple bio-climatic indices have thus far been developed to facilitate it. However, most of these indices have proved to be of limited applicability , and do not portray the actual impacts of thermal conditions on human beings. Indices derived from human heat-balance models (one-or two-node) have been found to offer a better representation of the environmental impact in question than do simple ones. Indeed, the new generation of multi-node models for human heat balance do allow full account to be taken of heat transfer and exchange, both within the human body and between the body surface and the surrounding air layer. In this paper, it is essential background information regarding the newly-developed Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI that is presented, this in fact deriving from the Fiala multi-node model of human heatbalance. The UTCI is defined as the air temperature (Ta) of the reference condition causing the same model response as actual conditions. UTCI was developed in 2009 by virtue of international cooperation between leading experts in the areas of human thermophysiol-ogy, physiological modelling, meteorology and climatology. The necessary research for this had been conducted within the framework of a special commission of the International Society of Biometeorology (ISB) and European COST Action 730. UTCI • human heat balance • multi-node model • bioclimatic index •