Food Additives and Contaminants Part a Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure and Risk Assessment, Jan 3, 2014
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl... more Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) exposure from food were estimated using new food consumption data from the recent German food consumption survey (Nationale Verzehrsstudie II - NVS II). Based on these comprehensive data, information on the consumption of 545 individual food items by the German population was derived. Concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in food were compiled from the German Food Monitoring Programme (GFMP), the German Dioxin Database, other German authority programmes, European countries' authority programmes and the published literature covering the years 2000-2010. By multiplication with consumption data, estimates of intake from food were determined. The main food groups contributing most to the intake of the general public are dairy products (including milk), meat and fish (including seafood), followed - due to high consumption - by the main group vegetables. The combined intake of PCDD/F and dl-PCB (as toxic equivalents - TEQ) from food was estimated to be 2.11/1.53 pg kg(-1) bw and day and 3.56/2.85 pg kg(-1) bw and day (upper/lower bound) for average and high-end consumers, respectively. The estimated intake of average consumers is close to a reference value derived by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2001. Uncertainties in these estimates pertain to the influence of values below the limit of quantification (upper/lower bound ratio) and some foods not considered due to the lack of contamination data.
SUMMARY Glucosinolates (alkyl aldoxime-O-sulphate esters with a β-D-thioglucopyranoside group) oc... more SUMMARY Glucosinolates (alkyl aldoxime-O-sulphate esters with a β-D-thioglucopyranoside group) occur in important oil- and protein-rich agricultural crops, including among others Brassica napus (rapeseed of Canola), B. campestris (turnip rape) and Sinapis alba (white mustard), all belonging to the plant family of Brassicaceae. They are present in all parts of these plants, with the highest concentrations often found in seeds. Several
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 19440049 2013 865146, Feb 24, 2014
To get a more realistic estimation of food additive intake for toddlers and children, a German da... more To get a more realistic estimation of food additive intake for toddlers and children, a German database on the occurrence of food additives was created. It uses consumption data of two recent national nutrition surveys for toddlers and children in combination with qualitative information of food additive occurrence in the consumed food. The information on food additive occurrence is based on food labelling. A categorisation system was developed according to regulations to classify the foods consumed and to identify possible food additive use in the food groups. Two natural (E120, E160b) and three artificial food colours (E110, E124, E129) were chosen for an assessment of food additive intake. The percentage of food items containing one of the chosen food colours was calculated for every food group and the food groups with most items containing the additive were identified. Intake estimations were performed based on maximum permitted-use levels (MPLs). Firstly, additive use was assumed in all foods consumed (tier 2); and secondly, food additive use was assumed only for those items where labelling confirmed the use and for all foods with no labelling available (tier 2b). Intake estimations were then compared with the ADI. Most food items with at least one of the food colours were found in the food groups confectionary, desserts, fermented milk products, flavoured drinks and breakfast cereals. The tier 2b approach provided more realistic estimations, which were always below those of the tier 2 approach and below the ADI for mean exposure. Exposure for high-level consumers exceeded the ADI for two of the food additives in tier 2b. Keeping in mind that the database is only mirroring the current situation, it provides a good possibility to refine the estimation of food additive intake for toddlers and children in Germany.
SUMMARY Pectenotoxin (PTX)-group toxins are a group of polyether-lactone toxins. They have been d... more SUMMARY Pectenotoxin (PTX)-group toxins are a group of polyether-lactone toxins. They have been detected in microalgae and bivalve molluscs in Australia, Japan and New Zealand and in a number of European countries. Their presence in shellfish was discovered due to their acute toxicity in the mouse bioassay after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of lipophilic extracts of shellfish. PTX-group toxins are exclusively
SUMMARY Gossypol is a yellow compound produced by the cotton plant that confers resistance to pes... more SUMMARY Gossypol is a yellow compound produced by the cotton plant that confers resistance to pests. Gossypol exists in two enantiomeric forms, (+) and (-), and is experimentally often used as a racemate, (±)-gossypol, or complexed with acetic acid. (±)-Gossypol is found in cottonseed and cottonseed products in two forms: free gossypol, which is readily extractable with solvents, and bound
SUMMARY The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to conduct a risk assessment on urani... more SUMMARY The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to conduct a risk assessment on uranium at the European level because of the existence of differing regulations and also due to existing gaps in the knowledge base concerning the chronic toxicity of uranium. This opinion focuses on uranium"s chemical toxicity, while the radiological risk will be addressed by the Group
SUMMARY Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal found as an environmental contaminant, both through natural... more SUMMARY Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal found as an environmental contaminant, both through natural occurrence and from industrial and agricultural sources. Foodstuffs are the main source of cadmium exposure for the non-smoking general population. Cadmium absorption after dietary exposure in humans is relatively low (3-5 %) but cadmium is efficiently retained in the kidney and liver in the human
SUMMARY Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of shellfish toxins causing AZA poisoning (AZP) which is ... more SUMMARY Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of shellfish toxins causing AZA poisoning (AZP) which is characterized by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach cramps. Approximately 20 different analogues have been identified, of which AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3 are the most important ones based on occurrence and toxicity. AZAs can be found in various species of filter-feeding bivalve molluscs such as oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams. Monitoring of AZAs in shellfish in Ireland has shown that mussels are the most affected species for this group of toxins. Only recently has the dinoflagellate that produces the AZA toxins been isolated. AZAs are nitrogen-containing polyether toxins comprising a unique spiral ring assembly, a heterocyclic amine (piperidine) and an aliphatic carboxylic acid moiety. AZAs in shellfish are not decomposed at temperatures relevant for cooking.
Food Additives and Contaminants Part a Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure and Risk Assessment, Jan 3, 2014
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl... more Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (dl-PCB) exposure from food were estimated using new food consumption data from the recent German food consumption survey (Nationale Verzehrsstudie II - NVS II). Based on these comprehensive data, information on the consumption of 545 individual food items by the German population was derived. Concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in food were compiled from the German Food Monitoring Programme (GFMP), the German Dioxin Database, other German authority programmes, European countries' authority programmes and the published literature covering the years 2000-2010. By multiplication with consumption data, estimates of intake from food were determined. The main food groups contributing most to the intake of the general public are dairy products (including milk), meat and fish (including seafood), followed - due to high consumption - by the main group vegetables. The combined intake of PCDD/F and dl-PCB (as toxic equivalents - TEQ) from food was estimated to be 2.11/1.53 pg kg(-1) bw and day and 3.56/2.85 pg kg(-1) bw and day (upper/lower bound) for average and high-end consumers, respectively. The estimated intake of average consumers is close to a reference value derived by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2001. Uncertainties in these estimates pertain to the influence of values below the limit of quantification (upper/lower bound ratio) and some foods not considered due to the lack of contamination data.
SUMMARY Glucosinolates (alkyl aldoxime-O-sulphate esters with a β-D-thioglucopyranoside group) oc... more SUMMARY Glucosinolates (alkyl aldoxime-O-sulphate esters with a β-D-thioglucopyranoside group) occur in important oil- and protein-rich agricultural crops, including among others Brassica napus (rapeseed of Canola), B. campestris (turnip rape) and Sinapis alba (white mustard), all belonging to the plant family of Brassicaceae. They are present in all parts of these plants, with the highest concentrations often found in seeds. Several
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 19440049 2013 865146, Feb 24, 2014
To get a more realistic estimation of food additive intake for toddlers and children, a German da... more To get a more realistic estimation of food additive intake for toddlers and children, a German database on the occurrence of food additives was created. It uses consumption data of two recent national nutrition surveys for toddlers and children in combination with qualitative information of food additive occurrence in the consumed food. The information on food additive occurrence is based on food labelling. A categorisation system was developed according to regulations to classify the foods consumed and to identify possible food additive use in the food groups. Two natural (E120, E160b) and three artificial food colours (E110, E124, E129) were chosen for an assessment of food additive intake. The percentage of food items containing one of the chosen food colours was calculated for every food group and the food groups with most items containing the additive were identified. Intake estimations were performed based on maximum permitted-use levels (MPLs). Firstly, additive use was assumed in all foods consumed (tier 2); and secondly, food additive use was assumed only for those items where labelling confirmed the use and for all foods with no labelling available (tier 2b). Intake estimations were then compared with the ADI. Most food items with at least one of the food colours were found in the food groups confectionary, desserts, fermented milk products, flavoured drinks and breakfast cereals. The tier 2b approach provided more realistic estimations, which were always below those of the tier 2 approach and below the ADI for mean exposure. Exposure for high-level consumers exceeded the ADI for two of the food additives in tier 2b. Keeping in mind that the database is only mirroring the current situation, it provides a good possibility to refine the estimation of food additive intake for toddlers and children in Germany.
SUMMARY Pectenotoxin (PTX)-group toxins are a group of polyether-lactone toxins. They have been d... more SUMMARY Pectenotoxin (PTX)-group toxins are a group of polyether-lactone toxins. They have been detected in microalgae and bivalve molluscs in Australia, Japan and New Zealand and in a number of European countries. Their presence in shellfish was discovered due to their acute toxicity in the mouse bioassay after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of lipophilic extracts of shellfish. PTX-group toxins are exclusively
SUMMARY Gossypol is a yellow compound produced by the cotton plant that confers resistance to pes... more SUMMARY Gossypol is a yellow compound produced by the cotton plant that confers resistance to pests. Gossypol exists in two enantiomeric forms, (+) and (-), and is experimentally often used as a racemate, (±)-gossypol, or complexed with acetic acid. (±)-Gossypol is found in cottonseed and cottonseed products in two forms: free gossypol, which is readily extractable with solvents, and bound
SUMMARY The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to conduct a risk assessment on urani... more SUMMARY The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked to conduct a risk assessment on uranium at the European level because of the existence of differing regulations and also due to existing gaps in the knowledge base concerning the chronic toxicity of uranium. This opinion focuses on uranium"s chemical toxicity, while the radiological risk will be addressed by the Group
SUMMARY Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal found as an environmental contaminant, both through natural... more SUMMARY Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal found as an environmental contaminant, both through natural occurrence and from industrial and agricultural sources. Foodstuffs are the main source of cadmium exposure for the non-smoking general population. Cadmium absorption after dietary exposure in humans is relatively low (3-5 %) but cadmium is efficiently retained in the kidney and liver in the human
SUMMARY Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of shellfish toxins causing AZA poisoning (AZP) which is ... more SUMMARY Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of shellfish toxins causing AZA poisoning (AZP) which is characterized by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach cramps. Approximately 20 different analogues have been identified, of which AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3 are the most important ones based on occurrence and toxicity. AZAs can be found in various species of filter-feeding bivalve molluscs such as oysters, mussels, scallops, and clams. Monitoring of AZAs in shellfish in Ireland has shown that mussels are the most affected species for this group of toxins. Only recently has the dinoflagellate that produces the AZA toxins been isolated. AZAs are nitrogen-containing polyether toxins comprising a unique spiral ring assembly, a heterocyclic amine (piperidine) and an aliphatic carboxylic acid moiety. AZAs in shellfish are not decomposed at temperatures relevant for cooking.
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