One of the remarkable features of Pakistan's economic performance since the mid-Fifties has b... more One of the remarkable features of Pakistan's economic performance since the mid-Fifties has been its success in achieving high rates of growth of manufacturing output and manufactured exports. During the political crisis of 1969-1971, which led to the formation of an independent Bangladesh, the advocates of its' independence attributed this success largely to Pakistan's union with Bangladesh. However, as shown by an analysis of published aggregate data, within a short period of four years after the separation of Bangladesh, Pakistan was once again able to achieve high rates of increase in both manufacturing output and manufactured exports. The limitations of statistics published by Governments are well-known. Not only are the available statistics highly aggregated, but also these statistics often fail to provide answers to relevant questions. Moreover, qualitative information on aspects such as factors affecting export growth and suggestions for policies is not available...
The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interf... more The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (a) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (b) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (c) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Notes The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply th...
Only a few attempts have been made at measuring the extent of poverty and inequalities in the dis... more Only a few attempts have been made at measuring the extent of poverty and inequalities in the distribution of income in Pakistan [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7]. Most, in fact all but one [4], have been based on information collected under the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys [8, 9, 10]. The aim of this paper is to point out the methodological shortcomings in the estimation procedure used in these studies and to suggest an alternative improved methodology for measuring poverty using data from the Household Surveys. It must be pointed out that it is not intended to discuss here at any length the estimates presented to illustrate the application of the suggested methodology.
During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boo... more During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boom that followed the price rise generated by the Saudi Arabian oil embargo of 1973. With increasing oil revenues, each country undertook massive development that resulted in, among other things, improvements in health and education services. As girls’ education increased and modern contraception became available, fertility and population growth rates declined. As the workforces were small and lacked needed skills, this led to increasing inflows of expatriate workers. Policies were initiated in the mid-1980s but had no appreciable impact. In view of the resulting heavy dependence on expatriate workers, the GCC countries have stepped up emphasis on workforce nationalization.
iCONTENTS ACKNOWEDGEMENTS........................................................................... more iCONTENTS ACKNOWEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................................................. ii FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................... iii ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................................................... iv
In this paper, consideration is given to social integration – namely, the extent to which individ... more In this paper, consideration is given to social integration – namely, the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities and rights – in the Asia-Pacific region and how policies can be implemented to achieve this. Although the region is characterized by demographic diversity, there are common challenges across the region with regard to enhancing social integration. In this paper, it is argued that in order to meet these challenges, rather than just addressing issues of poverty, consideration needs to be given to access to basic services, as well as to issues, such as stigmatization and discrimination. In the paper, the need to invest in social protection as a tool for addressing social exclusion, which is often faced by by children, the unemployed, persons with disabilities and older persons, is highlighted. Also, emphasized in the paper is the need to build social protection systems through partnerships among Governments, civil society organizations, members of the private sector and other stakeholders in the planning and implementation of social integration policies.
During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boo... more During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boom that followed the price rise generated by the Saudi Arabian oil embargo of 1973. With increasing oil revenues, each country undertook massive development that resulted in, among other things, improvements in health and education services. As girls’ education increased and modern contraception became available, fertility and population growth rates declined. As the workforces were small and lacked needed skills, this led to increasing inflows of expatriate workers. Policies were initiated in the mid-1980s but had no appreciable impact. In view of the resulting heavy dependence on expatriate workers, the GCC countries have stepped up emphasis on workforce nationalization. During the next four decades to 2050, the GCC will face two main demographic challenges – population ageing and a slowing down of the increase in national workforces. Population ageing, the increasing proportion of persons 60/65 years and older, will necessitate identification of issues facing older persons and how to address them. The slowing down of the increase in the national workforce will call for enhanced efforts to increase the supply of national workers and reduce the rise in labour demand. Hence, to achieve targets of reducing reliance on expatriate workers, GCC countries should focus on training nationals, encouraging female participation and promoting the use of labour-saving technology.
This is part of a series of 5 monographs based on the 2010 Census of Indonesia. It reviews the m... more This is part of a series of 5 monographs based on the 2010 Census of Indonesia. It reviews the magnitude and direction of inter-corridor and inter-provincial migration as well rural-urban migration. It highlights the socio-economic implications and the impact of migration on the age structure of population. The Monograph provides policy recommendations.
One of the remarkable features of Pakistan's economic performance since the mid-Fifties has b... more One of the remarkable features of Pakistan's economic performance since the mid-Fifties has been its success in achieving high rates of growth of manufacturing output and manufactured exports. During the political crisis of 1969-1971, which led to the formation of an independent Bangladesh, the advocates of its' independence attributed this success largely to Pakistan's union with Bangladesh. However, as shown by an analysis of published aggregate data, within a short period of four years after the separation of Bangladesh, Pakistan was once again able to achieve high rates of increase in both manufacturing output and manufactured exports. The limitations of statistics published by Governments are well-known. Not only are the available statistics highly aggregated, but also these statistics often fail to provide answers to relevant questions. Moreover, qualitative information on aspects such as factors affecting export growth and suggestions for policies is not available...
The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interf... more The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (a) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (b) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (c) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Notes The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply th...
Only a few attempts have been made at measuring the extent of poverty and inequalities in the dis... more Only a few attempts have been made at measuring the extent of poverty and inequalities in the distribution of income in Pakistan [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7]. Most, in fact all but one [4], have been based on information collected under the Household Income and Expenditure Surveys [8, 9, 10]. The aim of this paper is to point out the methodological shortcomings in the estimation procedure used in these studies and to suggest an alternative improved methodology for measuring poverty using data from the Household Surveys. It must be pointed out that it is not intended to discuss here at any length the estimates presented to illustrate the application of the suggested methodology.
During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boo... more During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boom that followed the price rise generated by the Saudi Arabian oil embargo of 1973. With increasing oil revenues, each country undertook massive development that resulted in, among other things, improvements in health and education services. As girls’ education increased and modern contraception became available, fertility and population growth rates declined. As the workforces were small and lacked needed skills, this led to increasing inflows of expatriate workers. Policies were initiated in the mid-1980s but had no appreciable impact. In view of the resulting heavy dependence on expatriate workers, the GCC countries have stepped up emphasis on workforce nationalization.
iCONTENTS ACKNOWEDGEMENTS........................................................................... more iCONTENTS ACKNOWEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................................................. ii FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................... iii ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................................................................... iv
In this paper, consideration is given to social integration – namely, the extent to which individ... more In this paper, consideration is given to social integration – namely, the extent to which individuals have equal opportunities and rights – in the Asia-Pacific region and how policies can be implemented to achieve this. Although the region is characterized by demographic diversity, there are common challenges across the region with regard to enhancing social integration. In this paper, it is argued that in order to meet these challenges, rather than just addressing issues of poverty, consideration needs to be given to access to basic services, as well as to issues, such as stigmatization and discrimination. In the paper, the need to invest in social protection as a tool for addressing social exclusion, which is often faced by by children, the unemployed, persons with disabilities and older persons, is highlighted. Also, emphasized in the paper is the need to build social protection systems through partnerships among Governments, civil society organizations, members of the private sector and other stakeholders in the planning and implementation of social integration policies.
During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boo... more During 1970–2010, demographic changes in six GCC countries were influenced largely by the oil boom that followed the price rise generated by the Saudi Arabian oil embargo of 1973. With increasing oil revenues, each country undertook massive development that resulted in, among other things, improvements in health and education services. As girls’ education increased and modern contraception became available, fertility and population growth rates declined. As the workforces were small and lacked needed skills, this led to increasing inflows of expatriate workers. Policies were initiated in the mid-1980s but had no appreciable impact. In view of the resulting heavy dependence on expatriate workers, the GCC countries have stepped up emphasis on workforce nationalization. During the next four decades to 2050, the GCC will face two main demographic challenges – population ageing and a slowing down of the increase in national workforces. Population ageing, the increasing proportion of persons 60/65 years and older, will necessitate identification of issues facing older persons and how to address them. The slowing down of the increase in the national workforce will call for enhanced efforts to increase the supply of national workers and reduce the rise in labour demand. Hence, to achieve targets of reducing reliance on expatriate workers, GCC countries should focus on training nationals, encouraging female participation and promoting the use of labour-saving technology.
This is part of a series of 5 monographs based on the 2010 Census of Indonesia. It reviews the m... more This is part of a series of 5 monographs based on the 2010 Census of Indonesia. It reviews the magnitude and direction of inter-corridor and inter-provincial migration as well rural-urban migration. It highlights the socio-economic implications and the impact of migration on the age structure of population. The Monograph provides policy recommendations.
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In the paper, the need to invest in social protection as a tool for addressing social exclusion, which is often faced by by children, the unemployed,
persons with disabilities and older persons, is highlighted. Also, emphasized in the paper is the need to build social protection systems through partnerships among Governments, civil society organizations, members of the private sector and other stakeholders in the planning and implementation of social integration policies.
workforces were small and lacked needed skills, this led to increasing inflows of expatriate workers. Policies were initiated in the mid-1980s but had no appreciable impact. In view of the resulting heavy dependence on expatriate workers, the GCC
countries have stepped up emphasis on workforce nationalization.
During the next four decades to 2050, the GCC will face two main demographic challenges – population ageing and a slowing down of the increase in national workforces. Population ageing, the increasing proportion of persons 60/65 years and older, will necessitate identification of issues facing older persons and how to address them. The slowing down of the increase in the national workforce will call for enhanced efforts to increase the supply of national workers and reduce the rise in labour demand. Hence, to achieve targets of reducing reliance on expatriate workers, GCC countries should focus on training nationals, encouraging female participation and promoting the use of labour-saving technology.
In the paper, the need to invest in social protection as a tool for addressing social exclusion, which is often faced by by children, the unemployed,
persons with disabilities and older persons, is highlighted. Also, emphasized in the paper is the need to build social protection systems through partnerships among Governments, civil society organizations, members of the private sector and other stakeholders in the planning and implementation of social integration policies.
workforces were small and lacked needed skills, this led to increasing inflows of expatriate workers. Policies were initiated in the mid-1980s but had no appreciable impact. In view of the resulting heavy dependence on expatriate workers, the GCC
countries have stepped up emphasis on workforce nationalization.
During the next four decades to 2050, the GCC will face two main demographic challenges – population ageing and a slowing down of the increase in national workforces. Population ageing, the increasing proportion of persons 60/65 years and older, will necessitate identification of issues facing older persons and how to address them. The slowing down of the increase in the national workforce will call for enhanced efforts to increase the supply of national workers and reduce the rise in labour demand. Hence, to achieve targets of reducing reliance on expatriate workers, GCC countries should focus on training nationals, encouraging female participation and promoting the use of labour-saving technology.