The utilisation of roof collected rainwater to supplement conventional drinking water supplies is... more The utilisation of roof collected rainwater to supplement conventional drinking water supplies is currently advocated as a means to conserve existing urban drinking water supplies in Australia. Whilst the use of rainwater for garden irrigation and toilet flushing is universally endorsed by health authorities throughout Australia this is not the case for use for household hot water systems and for delivery to indoor household taps (eg bathroom and laundry). This is because there is still some uncertainty relating to the potential health risk associated with personal washing and the incidental household consumption of rainwater. The aim of this project was to perform a descriptive study to ascertain the prevalence and concentration of a variety of bacterial contaminants in roof collected rainwater supplies in 6 localities throughout Australia. Samples were analysed for E.coli, total coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp, Campylobacter spp, Legionella spp and ...
Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You m... more Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You may make a print or digital copy of a work for your personal non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved, except for fair dealings or other user rights granted by the ...
Chemicals released into the environment by anthropogenic activities have been linked to estrogeni... more Chemicals released into the environment by anthropogenic activities have been linked to estrogenic or androgenic effects in exposed wildlife, and there is a need to develop and validate rapid and cost-effective methods to quantify the total estrogenic and androgenic activity of environmental water samples. In this study, estrogen receptors (ER) were isolated from sheep (Ovis aries) uteri and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) livers and androgen receptors (AR) were isolated from rainbow trout brains: The isolated receptors were used in competitive receptor binding assays to test the affinity of known estrogenic and androgenic chemicals for the receptor binding site, and results were compared with literature values for the rat uterine ER binding assay and the E-Screen. The relative binding affinities of the tested compounds to ER from different species were similar, and binding to the ER was a more responsive endpoint than the cellular effect measured in the E-Screen. Using the shee...
Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You m... more Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You may make a print or digital copy of a work for your personal non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved, except for fair dealings or other user rights granted by the ...
Raw sewage and sewage at various stages of treatment were sampled from 15 municipal sewage treatm... more Raw sewage and sewage at various stages of treatment were sampled from 15 municipal sewage treatment plants in south Queensland (Australia) and Canterbury (New Zealand). Estrogenic and androgenic activities were determined with sheep estrogen receptor and rainbow trout androgen receptor binding assays, respectively. Selected estrogenic chemicals were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The raw sewage influents contained significant levels of both estrogenic (< 4-185ng/L estradiol equivalents) and androgenic (1920-9330 ng/L testosterone equivalents) activity. Subsequent treatment of raw sewage successfully removed most of the activity so that the estrogenicity and androgenicity associated with the final effluents were very low (< 1-4.2 ng/L estradiol equivalents and < 6.5-736 ng/L testosterone equivalents, respectively). Secondary treatment was the most effective treatment step to remove estrogenic and androgenic activity from sewage water. Activated sludg...
Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums used in cosmetics have been categ... more Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums used in cosmetics have been categor-ised as chemicals of concern in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent largely on the basis of emerging evidence of toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, little is ...
Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums are used not only in the water an... more Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums are used not only in the water and wastewater industry but also in cosmetics. The former have been extensively studied with sorption to waste-water treatment plant (WWTP) biosolids an important factor in their fate, ...
Metachromatic polyelectrolyte titration was investigated as a means of analyzing polymeric quater... more Metachromatic polyelectrolyte titration was investigated as a means of analyzing polymeric quaternary ammonium salts (polyquaterniums) of relatively low charge density used as ingredients in cosmetics. They are of possible toxicological concern, but little is known of their environmental fate and behavior. With o-toluidine blue as the indicator, determination of the concentration of a range of polyquaterniums of commercial importance and
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2008
The toxicity of 11 polyquaterniums used in cosmetic applications, and polydimethyldiallylammonium... more The toxicity of 11 polyquaterniums used in cosmetic applications, and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (poly(DADMAC)) were studied for toxicity of the polyquaternium alone, and of a polyquaternium/anionic surfactant complex as occurs in some cosmetic formulations. The surfactant used in the study was sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is used in cosmetic formulations under its International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name Sodium Laurel Sulfate. In fish immobilization studies with Gambusia holbrooki, the EC(50) of the polyquaternium/surfactant complex was found to be the same as or similar to the EC(50) for the polyquaternium alone. The toxicity of the polyquaterniums investigated was similar to the published values for other cationic polyelectrolytes and cationic surfactants, in the range from &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 1.0 to 10 mg/L, with the exception of low charge density cellulosic polyquaterniums. The anionic surfactant alone was not toxic to fish in the concentration range tested. Results thus showed the toxicity of the polyquaternium was not mitigated by the presence of the anionic surfactant.
The utilisation of roof collected rainwater to supplement conventional drinking water supplies is... more The utilisation of roof collected rainwater to supplement conventional drinking water supplies is currently advocated as a means to conserve existing urban drinking water supplies in Australia. Whilst the use of rainwater for garden irrigation and toilet flushing is universally endorsed by health authorities throughout Australia this is not the case for use for household hot water systems and for delivery to indoor household taps (eg bathroom and laundry). This is because there is still some uncertainty relating to the potential health risk associated with personal washing and the incidental household consumption of rainwater. The aim of this project was to perform a descriptive study to ascertain the prevalence and concentration of a variety of bacterial contaminants in roof collected rainwater supplies in 6 localities throughout Australia. Samples were analysed for E.coli, total coliforms, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp, Campylobacter spp, Legionella spp and ...
Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You m... more Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You may make a print or digital copy of a work for your personal non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved, except for fair dealings or other user rights granted by the ...
Chemicals released into the environment by anthropogenic activities have been linked to estrogeni... more Chemicals released into the environment by anthropogenic activities have been linked to estrogenic or androgenic effects in exposed wildlife, and there is a need to develop and validate rapid and cost-effective methods to quantify the total estrogenic and androgenic activity of environmental water samples. In this study, estrogen receptors (ER) were isolated from sheep (Ovis aries) uteri and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) livers and androgen receptors (AR) were isolated from rainbow trout brains: The isolated receptors were used in competitive receptor binding assays to test the affinity of known estrogenic and androgenic chemicals for the receptor binding site, and results were compared with literature values for the rat uterine ER binding assay and the E-Screen. The relative binding affinities of the tested compounds to ER from different species were similar, and binding to the ER was a more responsive endpoint than the cellular effect measured in the E-Screen. Using the shee...
Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You m... more Copyright in individual works within the repository belongs to their authors or publishers. You may make a print or digital copy of a work for your personal non-commercial use. All other rights are reserved, except for fair dealings or other user rights granted by the ...
Raw sewage and sewage at various stages of treatment were sampled from 15 municipal sewage treatm... more Raw sewage and sewage at various stages of treatment were sampled from 15 municipal sewage treatment plants in south Queensland (Australia) and Canterbury (New Zealand). Estrogenic and androgenic activities were determined with sheep estrogen receptor and rainbow trout androgen receptor binding assays, respectively. Selected estrogenic chemicals were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The raw sewage influents contained significant levels of both estrogenic (< 4-185ng/L estradiol equivalents) and androgenic (1920-9330 ng/L testosterone equivalents) activity. Subsequent treatment of raw sewage successfully removed most of the activity so that the estrogenicity and androgenicity associated with the final effluents were very low (< 1-4.2 ng/L estradiol equivalents and < 6.5-736 ng/L testosterone equivalents, respectively). Secondary treatment was the most effective treatment step to remove estrogenic and androgenic activity from sewage water. Activated sludg...
Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums used in cosmetics have been categ... more Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums used in cosmetics have been categor-ised as chemicals of concern in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent largely on the basis of emerging evidence of toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, little is ...
Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums are used not only in the water an... more Abstract Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts or polyquaterniums are used not only in the water and wastewater industry but also in cosmetics. The former have been extensively studied with sorption to waste-water treatment plant (WWTP) biosolids an important factor in their fate, ...
Metachromatic polyelectrolyte titration was investigated as a means of analyzing polymeric quater... more Metachromatic polyelectrolyte titration was investigated as a means of analyzing polymeric quaternary ammonium salts (polyquaterniums) of relatively low charge density used as ingredients in cosmetics. They are of possible toxicological concern, but little is known of their environmental fate and behavior. With o-toluidine blue as the indicator, determination of the concentration of a range of polyquaterniums of commercial importance and
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2008
The toxicity of 11 polyquaterniums used in cosmetic applications, and polydimethyldiallylammonium... more The toxicity of 11 polyquaterniums used in cosmetic applications, and polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (poly(DADMAC)) were studied for toxicity of the polyquaternium alone, and of a polyquaternium/anionic surfactant complex as occurs in some cosmetic formulations. The surfactant used in the study was sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is used in cosmetic formulations under its International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name Sodium Laurel Sulfate. In fish immobilization studies with Gambusia holbrooki, the EC(50) of the polyquaternium/surfactant complex was found to be the same as or similar to the EC(50) for the polyquaternium alone. The toxicity of the polyquaterniums investigated was similar to the published values for other cationic polyelectrolytes and cationic surfactants, in the range from &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 1.0 to 10 mg/L, with the exception of low charge density cellulosic polyquaterniums. The anionic surfactant alone was not toxic to fish in the concentration range tested. Results thus showed the toxicity of the polyquaternium was not mitigated by the presence of the anionic surfactant.
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