Professor of Dairy Production and Technology Phone: +249 912251610 Address: Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan
Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of ... more Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of farms in Sudan causes challenges among the majority of small farmholders. The present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of production and reproduction in Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Materials and methods: In December 2017, a random selection of 100 farms was carried out. The current cross-sectional study was based on a structural questionnaire and direct interviews with the farm owners. Results: Vaccination against contagious diseases was practiced in 80% of the farms in the Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Quarantine of sick animals and newly introduced cows to the herd was practiced only in 23% of the farms. The study found a high prevalence of mastitis (95 farms), the spread of tick infestation (86 farms), and theileriosis (53 farms). There have been 58 farms, where animals showed signs of lameness and 67 farms showed signs of jaundice disease. In the case of selected dairy camps, natural mating was predominant at 98% and bulls from outside the herd accounted for 89% of farms. Besides, 75% of the selected farms suffered from repeat breeders' syndrome. The culling strategy was used in 86% of the dairy farms. There was a low risk of association between the treatment of diseases by the veterinarian, washing labor's hands and udders of cows before and after the milking process, and between the type of mating and repeat breeders. In addition, there was a moderate risk of a correlation between the treatment of the disease by the veterinarian and the contact of other species of animals with the cows in the pen, monitoring of estrus and repeat breeders, abortions, and calving intervals as well. Moreover, a high risk of correlation was obtained between the isolation of animals and the use of vaccination. Conclusion: Control of the disease was unsatisfactory, especially in the Saig camp, with traditional basis management. Hence it is highly recommended to train the farm workers, improve their management, and enhance the animals' health level.
Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of ... more Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of farms in Sudan causes challenges among the majority of small farmholders. The present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of production and reproduction in Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Materials and methods: In December 2017, a random selection of 100 farms was carried out. The current cross-sectional study was based on a structural questionnaire and direct interviews with the farm owners. Results: Vaccination against contagious diseases was practiced in 80% of the farms in the Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Quarantine of sick animals and newly introduced cows to the herd was practiced only in 23% of the farms. The study found a high prevalence of mastitis (95 farms), the spread of tick infestation (86 farms), and theileriosis (53 farms). There have been 58 farms, where animals showed signs of lameness and 67 farms showed signs of jaundice disease. In the case of selected dairy camps, natural mating was predominant at 98% and bulls from outside the herd accounted for 89% of farms. Besides, 75% of the selected farms suffered from repeat breeders' syndrome. The culling strategy was used in 86% of the dairy farms. There was a low risk of association between the treatment of diseases by the veterinarian, washing labor's hands and udders of cows before and after the milking process, and between the type of mating and repeat breeders. In addition, there was a moderate risk of a correlation between the treatment of the disease by the veterinarian and the contact of other species of animals with the cows in the pen, monitoring of estrus and repeat breeders, abortions, and calving intervals as well. Moreover, a high risk of correlation was obtained between the isolation of animals and the use of vaccination. Conclusion: Control of the disease was unsatisfactory, especially in the Saig camp, with traditional basis management. Hence it is highly recommended to train the farm workers, improve their management, and enhance the animals' health level.
This study showed herd structure and husbandry practices in 60 dairy farms at different preurban ... more This study showed herd structure and husbandry practices in 60 dairy farms at different preurban areas of Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman of Khartoum State (20 farms from each town). Information about dairy management was collected by questionnaire and direct interview with farms' owners. The results indicated that there were significant (P < 0.05) differences in education levels of dairy farms' owners. Dairy farms' owners in Khartoum exhibit higher illiteracy level (35%), compared to those in Khartoum North (15%) and Omdurman (30%). Significant (P< 0.05) differences were obtained in herds size and herds structure. Moreover, dairy herd numbers were 170.25± 72.83, 123.10± 105.71 and 92.35± 29.23 in Khartoum North, Khartoum and Omdurman, respectively. Breed type revealed non-significant differences between the three cities. However, 92% of the cattle in the studied farms were grade cattle and mainly they were of unknown foreign blood percentages. Ideal building...
The present study was conducted to evaluate colostrum composition and performance of Damascus goa... more The present study was conducted to evaluate colostrum composition and performance of Damascus goats raised under climate of Sudan. Thirteen Damascus goats at their first parity were selected from a flock owned by the Mamlakat El-Nahal farm in Jabal Awlia, Khartoum state. The traits recorded for the study were age and body weight of dams at first mating and kidding, birth weight and body weight of kids at 2nd and 3rd months of age. The average age of the does at first mating and kidding were 10 and 16.5 months, respectively. Meanwhile the average body weight of the does at first kidding was 56 kg. The average birth weights (kg) of male and female kids were 3.63± 0.03 and 3.47±0.024, respectively. Colostrum was collected daily and the composition was analyzed. The colostral constituents viz. protein, protein fractions, total solids and ash were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in the first day and then decreased sharply in the second day, whereas fat content was found to be stable. T...
This study used sixty samples of locally and imported processed cheeses from the market in Kharto... more This study used sixty samples of locally and imported processed cheeses from the market in Khartoum North and Omdurman, Sudan. The chemical composition (protein content, fat content and ash content), titratable acidity and microbiological quality (total bacterial count, coliform count and yeast and mold count) of the processed cheese were estimated. The result indicated that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in protein content, while there were non significant differences in fat content, titratable acidity and ash content between types of cheeses. Higher values were obtained for the protein (14.60%) and the fat content (32.41%) of the processed cheese samples collected during the year 2007 compared to those collected during 2008. Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05 and p<0.001) were obtained for protein and the ash contents of processed cheese samples respectively, which were collected during 2008. The titratable acidity revealed lower values for cheese samp...
Background Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be contaminated by any substance... more Background Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be contaminated by any substance throughout the chain of its production. Of these aflatoxins M1 was considered as an important health risk associated with the milk. The objectives of this study are to analyse milk samples for the detection of aflatoxin M1. Method Eighty milk samples were collected from different sources randomly; 33 samples from farms, 31 samples from sale points and 16 samples from groceries in Gedarif town. Unisensor kits were used as screening method for detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Results The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples were found in 22(27.50%) of the samples. The presence of aflatoxin contamination was high in milk samples collected from sales points (15.0%) followed by farms (11.25%) compared to those obtained from groceries (1.25%). Conclusion The presences of aflatoxin M1 in the milk samples might indicate that the cow milk was contaminated with aflatoxins through feed...
Background: Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be adulterated or contaminated ... more Background: Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be adulterated or contaminated by wide varieties of substance throughout the chain of its production. Of these aflatoxins M1 was considered as an important health risk associated with the milk. The objectives of this study are to analyse milk samples, for chemical composition and detection of aflatoxin M1. Method: One hundred milk samples were collected from different sources randomly; 35 samples from farms, 35 samples from sale points and 30 samples from groceries in Gedarif town. Milk-Kana was used for determination of chemical composition (fat, solids not fat, lactose and protein and analysis of freezing point, density and added water) and Unisensor kits were used as screening method for detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Results: The chemical composition of milk samples collected from farms, sales points and groceries showed lower content of the fat (3.4±1.3%, 3.4±1.3% and 3.5±1.25%), solids not fat (7.7±1.1%, 8.1...
A bacterial strain 2H isolated from soil and identified as Thermoactinomyces vulgaris produce a p... more A bacterial strain 2H isolated from soil and identified as Thermoactinomyces vulgaris produce a potent Type II restriction endonuclease activity that has been extracted by a PEG/dextran aqueous two-phase system. Optimal temperature for the restriction endonuclease activity was 55-65 °C. Specific DNA cleavage was obtained at pH range 7-10 and 10-20 mM MgCl2. Restriction cleavage analysis followed by sequencing confirms GG^CC as the recognition sequence. This enzyme, named Tvu2HI, is a thermostable isoschizomer of the mesophilic prototype restriction endonuclease HaeIII. Sequencing of the complete Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 2H genome revealed the presence of two adjacent ORFs coding for the restriction endonuclease Tvu2HI and the corresponding methyltransferase; an ORF coding for a putative Vsr nicking enzyme was found close to those coding for the Tvu2HI restriction-modification system. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence alignment suggests a common origin of Tvu2HI R-M system with HaeIII-like R-M systems. This is the first investigation dealing with a Type II restriction endonuclease identified in a natural isolate of the genus Thermoactinomyces.
Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of ... more Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of farms in Sudan causes challenges among the majority of small farmholders. The present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of production and reproduction in Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Materials and methods: In December 2017, a random selection of 100 farms was carried out. The current cross-sectional study was based on a structural questionnaire and direct interviews with the farm owners. Results: Vaccination against contagious diseases was practiced in 80% of the farms in the Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Quarantine of sick animals and newly introduced cows to the herd was practiced only in 23% of the farms. The study found a high prevalence of mastitis (95 farms), the spread of tick infestation (86 farms), and theileriosis (53 farms). There have been 58 farms, where animals showed signs of lameness and 67 farms showed signs of jaundice disease. In the case of selected dairy camps, natural mating was predominant at 98% and bulls from outside the herd accounted for 89% of farms. Besides, 75% of the selected farms suffered from repeat breeders&#39; syndrome. The culling strategy was used in 86% of the dairy farms. There was a low risk of association between the treatment of diseases by the veterinarian, washing labor&#39;s hands and udders of cows before and after the milking process, and between the type of mating and repeat breeders. In addition, there was a moderate risk of a correlation between the treatment of the disease by the veterinarian and the contact of other species of animals with the cows in the pen, monitoring of estrus and repeat breeders, abortions, and calving intervals as well. Moreover, a high risk of correlation was obtained between the isolation of animals and the use of vaccination. Conclusion: Control of the disease was unsatisfactory, especially in the Saig camp, with traditional basis management. Hence it is highly recommended to train the farm workers, improve their management, and enhance the animals&#39; health level.
Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of ... more Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of farms in Sudan causes challenges among the majority of small farmholders. The present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of production and reproduction in Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Materials and methods: In December 2017, a random selection of 100 farms was carried out. The current cross-sectional study was based on a structural questionnaire and direct interviews with the farm owners. Results: Vaccination against contagious diseases was practiced in 80% of the farms in the Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Quarantine of sick animals and newly introduced cows to the herd was practiced only in 23% of the farms. The study found a high prevalence of mastitis (95 farms), the spread of tick infestation (86 farms), and theileriosis (53 farms). There have been 58 farms, where animals showed signs of lameness and 67 farms showed signs of jaundice disease. In the case of selected dairy camps, natural mating was predominant at 98% and bulls from outside the herd accounted for 89% of farms. Besides, 75% of the selected farms suffered from repeat breeders' syndrome. The culling strategy was used in 86% of the dairy farms. There was a low risk of association between the treatment of diseases by the veterinarian, washing labor's hands and udders of cows before and after the milking process, and between the type of mating and repeat breeders. In addition, there was a moderate risk of a correlation between the treatment of the disease by the veterinarian and the contact of other species of animals with the cows in the pen, monitoring of estrus and repeat breeders, abortions, and calving intervals as well. Moreover, a high risk of correlation was obtained between the isolation of animals and the use of vaccination. Conclusion: Control of the disease was unsatisfactory, especially in the Saig camp, with traditional basis management. Hence it is highly recommended to train the farm workers, improve their management, and enhance the animals' health level.
This study showed herd structure and husbandry practices in 60 dairy farms at different preurban ... more This study showed herd structure and husbandry practices in 60 dairy farms at different preurban areas of Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman of Khartoum State (20 farms from each town). Information about dairy management was collected by questionnaire and direct interview with farms' owners. The results indicated that there were significant (P < 0.05) differences in education levels of dairy farms' owners. Dairy farms' owners in Khartoum exhibit higher illiteracy level (35%), compared to those in Khartoum North (15%) and Omdurman (30%). Significant (P< 0.05) differences were obtained in herds size and herds structure. Moreover, dairy herd numbers were 170.25± 72.83, 123.10± 105.71 and 92.35± 29.23 in Khartoum North, Khartoum and Omdurman, respectively. Breed type revealed non-significant differences between the three cities. However, 92% of the cattle in the studied farms were grade cattle and mainly they were of unknown foreign blood percentages. Ideal building...
The present study was conducted to evaluate colostrum composition and performance of Damascus goa... more The present study was conducted to evaluate colostrum composition and performance of Damascus goats raised under climate of Sudan. Thirteen Damascus goats at their first parity were selected from a flock owned by the Mamlakat El-Nahal farm in Jabal Awlia, Khartoum state. The traits recorded for the study were age and body weight of dams at first mating and kidding, birth weight and body weight of kids at 2nd and 3rd months of age. The average age of the does at first mating and kidding were 10 and 16.5 months, respectively. Meanwhile the average body weight of the does at first kidding was 56 kg. The average birth weights (kg) of male and female kids were 3.63± 0.03 and 3.47±0.024, respectively. Colostrum was collected daily and the composition was analyzed. The colostral constituents viz. protein, protein fractions, total solids and ash were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in the first day and then decreased sharply in the second day, whereas fat content was found to be stable. T...
This study used sixty samples of locally and imported processed cheeses from the market in Kharto... more This study used sixty samples of locally and imported processed cheeses from the market in Khartoum North and Omdurman, Sudan. The chemical composition (protein content, fat content and ash content), titratable acidity and microbiological quality (total bacterial count, coliform count and yeast and mold count) of the processed cheese were estimated. The result indicated that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in protein content, while there were non significant differences in fat content, titratable acidity and ash content between types of cheeses. Higher values were obtained for the protein (14.60%) and the fat content (32.41%) of the processed cheese samples collected during the year 2007 compared to those collected during 2008. Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05 and p<0.001) were obtained for protein and the ash contents of processed cheese samples respectively, which were collected during 2008. The titratable acidity revealed lower values for cheese samp...
Background Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be contaminated by any substance... more Background Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be contaminated by any substance throughout the chain of its production. Of these aflatoxins M1 was considered as an important health risk associated with the milk. The objectives of this study are to analyse milk samples for the detection of aflatoxin M1. Method Eighty milk samples were collected from different sources randomly; 33 samples from farms, 31 samples from sale points and 16 samples from groceries in Gedarif town. Unisensor kits were used as screening method for detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Results The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples were found in 22(27.50%) of the samples. The presence of aflatoxin contamination was high in milk samples collected from sales points (15.0%) followed by farms (11.25%) compared to those obtained from groceries (1.25%). Conclusion The presences of aflatoxin M1 in the milk samples might indicate that the cow milk was contaminated with aflatoxins through feed...
Background: Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be adulterated or contaminated ... more Background: Milk is a perfect complete perishable food that could be adulterated or contaminated by wide varieties of substance throughout the chain of its production. Of these aflatoxins M1 was considered as an important health risk associated with the milk. The objectives of this study are to analyse milk samples, for chemical composition and detection of aflatoxin M1. Method: One hundred milk samples were collected from different sources randomly; 35 samples from farms, 35 samples from sale points and 30 samples from groceries in Gedarif town. Milk-Kana was used for determination of chemical composition (fat, solids not fat, lactose and protein and analysis of freezing point, density and added water) and Unisensor kits were used as screening method for detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Results: The chemical composition of milk samples collected from farms, sales points and groceries showed lower content of the fat (3.4±1.3%, 3.4±1.3% and 3.5±1.25%), solids not fat (7.7±1.1%, 8.1...
A bacterial strain 2H isolated from soil and identified as Thermoactinomyces vulgaris produce a p... more A bacterial strain 2H isolated from soil and identified as Thermoactinomyces vulgaris produce a potent Type II restriction endonuclease activity that has been extracted by a PEG/dextran aqueous two-phase system. Optimal temperature for the restriction endonuclease activity was 55-65 °C. Specific DNA cleavage was obtained at pH range 7-10 and 10-20 mM MgCl2. Restriction cleavage analysis followed by sequencing confirms GG^CC as the recognition sequence. This enzyme, named Tvu2HI, is a thermostable isoschizomer of the mesophilic prototype restriction endonuclease HaeIII. Sequencing of the complete Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 2H genome revealed the presence of two adjacent ORFs coding for the restriction endonuclease Tvu2HI and the corresponding methyltransferase; an ORF coding for a putative Vsr nicking enzyme was found close to those coding for the Tvu2HI restriction-modification system. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequence alignment suggests a common origin of Tvu2HI R-M system with HaeIII-like R-M systems. This is the first investigation dealing with a Type II restriction endonuclease identified in a natural isolate of the genus Thermoactinomyces.
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