The study of Malay settlement that focus on the individual house compound is important in develop... more The study of Malay settlement that focus on the individual house compound is important in developing the future city that carries the Malay identity. The original Malay traditional house usually have an open space at outside of their house which is called as house compound and has its own functions. However, as a household increase, the house in a lot is extended and has decrease the sizes of house compound. The modernization also has changed the functions and positions of some elements of the house compound like the hard landscape. Thus, the objectives of this paper are to; 1) analyses the current elements of traditional house compound in Kg Seri Tanjung and 2) prepare a preliminary framework of Malay traditional house compound. The method of this study is by using thematic analysis that results in the formation of the framework of traditional Malay house compound. GIS data analysis is used in mapping the traditional houses in the study area. The percentage of the elements of Malay...
Forests are the primary ecosystem on earth that preserves natural resources. This paper aims to i... more Forests are the primary ecosystem on earth that preserves natural resources. This paper aims to identify the forest loss percentage in the Selangor River Basin areas from 1990 to 2020. The objectives are to analyze (i) the pattern of forest loss in the Selangor River Basin area and (ii) the land-cover changes in the study area using a change detection analysis. Datasets of four clear cloud images were based upon to produce the land-cover map and identify the forest loss. Landsat images were employed to detect the land-cover changes. The Landsat images’ methodology of land-cover classification was unsupervised pixel-based classification methods using maximum likelihoods. The specific land cover includes forest, built-up area, bare land, vegetation, water bodies, and cloud. The result showed that the forest areas decreased from 108546.93 hectares in 1990 to 70239.33 hectares in 2020, representing a class change of 17.05 percent. A drastic increase was also noted in the built-up area f...
The orientation of buildings is one of the factors that define the characteristics and pattern of... more The orientation of buildings is one of the factors that define the characteristics and pattern of a settlement. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the orientation setting of the buildings in one of the gazetted traditional Malay settlements in Melaka, namely Kg Seri Tanjung, which has been listed as Heritage Village in Melaka State Structure Plan 2035. The objective of this research is to identify the orientation setting of the built-up areas and analyse the factors of the orientation of the built up. This research has used the drone technology to identify the orientation setting of each built up in the settlements, which is also supported by the ground survey to confirm the social interactions among the settlers. The findings indicate that the orientation of a building is influenced by the geographical factors and distribution of houses that depends on the family ties among the dwellers. It is identified that the geographical factors and relationship among the neighbours are h...
The Malay traditional environment is the interaction between human, natural environment, and cult... more The Malay traditional environment is the interaction between human, natural environment, and culture, which is then translated into the spatial design of houses and their surroundings. However, rapid urbanisation has transformed many traditional villages by incorporating urban elements into the villages. This study focuses on understanding the existence of the socio-cultural values of a traditional Malay house compound in Kampung Paya Rumput Jaya, Melaka. The objective of this study is to identify the Malay socio-cultural values and the spatial arrangement of the traditional Malay house compound. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews, a mapping analysis (site inventory), and a thematic/content analysis (interviews). The findings indicate that the community in the villages are still upholding the Malay traditional socio-cultural values. Future design of a house compound should incorporate the characterisation of a traditional Malay houses ...
Understanding the urban form is crucial in determining the structure of a city in terms of physic... more Understanding the urban form is crucial in determining the structure of a city in terms of physical and nonphysical aspects. The physical aspects include built-up areas that can be seen on the earth surface, and the nonphysical aspects include the shape, size, density, and configuration of settlements. The objectives of this study are to (i) analyse the elements of historical urban form that are suitable for the site and (ii) to study on the elements of urban form in Melaka. Content analysis was adopted to analyse the literature of urban form and Melaka. Results show that the following four elements of urban form are suitable to be used for historical urban form analysis: (i) streets, (ii) land use, (iii) buildings, and (iv) open space. The findings also indicate that the selected urban form has successfully delineated in the historical of Melaka as the selected urban elements can be specifically scrutinized with the content analysis. Further study will focus on the historical urban...
The scenic landscape characters along driving routes have been acknowledged by numerous studies t... more The scenic landscape characters along driving routes have been acknowledged by numerous studies to be important in planning for rural tourism. Landscape characters shape the setting and ambience of a place. This study focuses on mapping the landscape characters along a rural route as a way to identify potential characteristics to be conserved and enhanced for tourism. The case study area covers the Kuala Selangor to Sabak Bernam route, which is part of a federal route that runs along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Using landscape character mapping, observation and landscape character assessment (LCA), mapping was conducted to identify and analyse the landscape characters along the route based on the physical, cultural and environmental attributes. It is found that each segment along the route has its own attributes and the physical images based on their activities and environment. This study found that the rural route has a unique and distinctive rural landscape identity tha...
Malaysia’s heritage structures are facing challenges due to rapid local development and societal ... more Malaysia’s heritage structures are facing challenges due to rapid local development and societal challenges that threaten their cultural and artistic values. Improving conservation approaches in this context is an urgent and crucial task. The application of geo-information technologies in laser scanning, photogrammetry, and geographic information systems (GISs) has significantly improved these conservation approaches. In this study, we fused drone images and range data from a laser scanner to construct a high-resolution three-dimensional GIS city model for one traditional Malay settlement located in Malaysia. The results showed that fusing photogrammetry and laser scanning can effectively capture the architectural uniqueness of Malay buildings, including specific façade geometries on walls, roofs, and motifs. The findings show that the development of various geoinformation approaches can assist with the conservation of Malay city heritage in this region.
This paper aims to construct a 3D Malay city based on data collected from DJI Phantom 3, a multi ... more This paper aims to construct a 3D Malay city based on data collected from DJI Phantom 3, a multi rotor drone, and further analyse the urban form of traditional Malay cities using 3 main urban form components which are buildings, land use and streets. Kota Bharu was selected as the study area and the flight mission produced 793 images which were processed in Agisoft and further constructed 3D GIS in ArcGIS 10.2. The analysis of urban form shows that the old traditional development in north-north west still maintain the identity of Malay urban form, of the organic pattern of streets, preserve Malay architectures and the type of land use for traditional settlement. This finding shows that, Malay values in cities and architecture still remain and it must be preserved from any development and it can be a benchmark on adapting technologies and shifting methods in conservation and safeguarding our heritage cities in Malaysia.
Socio-economic indicators are important indexes to measure the effect of human activities towards... more Socio-economic indicators are important indexes to measure the effect of human activities towards climate. This paper aims to study on the two main socioeconomic indicators for the urban area, namely population and GDP, to determine the relationship between these variables and climate condition. The State of Selangor, Malaysia was chosen as the study area as this state is among the highest GDP contributors to the country. Secondary data was used for this study by utilising datasets from Statistical Department and Department of Meteorology. The model derived shows that climate condition is moderately dependence of population and GDP. Further analysis can focus on more important socioeconomic variables which may contributed to the climate condition in the urban area.
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2016
Land cover type is an important signature that is usually used to understand the interaction betw... more Land cover type is an important signature that is usually used to understand the interaction between the ground surfaces with the local temperature. Various land cover types such as high density built up areas, vegetation, bare land and water bodies are areas where heat signature are measured using remote sensing image. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of land surface temperature on land cover types. The objectives are 1) to analyse the mean temperature for each land cover types and 2) to analyse the relationship of temperature variation within land cover types: built up area, green area, forest, water bodies and bare land. The method used in this research was supervised classification for land cover map and mono window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) extraction. The statistical analysis of post hoc Tukey test was used on an image captured on five available images. A pixel-based change detection was applied to the temperature and land cover images. The res...
The study of Malay settlement that focus on the individual house compound is important in develop... more The study of Malay settlement that focus on the individual house compound is important in developing the future city that carries the Malay identity. The original Malay traditional house usually have an open space at outside of their house which is called as house compound and has its own functions. However, as a household increase, the house in a lot is extended and has decrease the sizes of house compound. The modernization also has changed the functions and positions of some elements of the house compound like the hard landscape. Thus, the objectives of this paper are to; 1) analyses the current elements of traditional house compound in Kg Seri Tanjung and 2) prepare a preliminary framework of Malay traditional house compound. The method of this study is by using thematic analysis that results in the formation of the framework of traditional Malay house compound. GIS data analysis is used in mapping the traditional houses in the study area. The percentage of the elements of Malay...
Forests are the primary ecosystem on earth that preserves natural resources. This paper aims to i... more Forests are the primary ecosystem on earth that preserves natural resources. This paper aims to identify the forest loss percentage in the Selangor River Basin areas from 1990 to 2020. The objectives are to analyze (i) the pattern of forest loss in the Selangor River Basin area and (ii) the land-cover changes in the study area using a change detection analysis. Datasets of four clear cloud images were based upon to produce the land-cover map and identify the forest loss. Landsat images were employed to detect the land-cover changes. The Landsat images’ methodology of land-cover classification was unsupervised pixel-based classification methods using maximum likelihoods. The specific land cover includes forest, built-up area, bare land, vegetation, water bodies, and cloud. The result showed that the forest areas decreased from 108546.93 hectares in 1990 to 70239.33 hectares in 2020, representing a class change of 17.05 percent. A drastic increase was also noted in the built-up area f...
The orientation of buildings is one of the factors that define the characteristics and pattern of... more The orientation of buildings is one of the factors that define the characteristics and pattern of a settlement. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the orientation setting of the buildings in one of the gazetted traditional Malay settlements in Melaka, namely Kg Seri Tanjung, which has been listed as Heritage Village in Melaka State Structure Plan 2035. The objective of this research is to identify the orientation setting of the built-up areas and analyse the factors of the orientation of the built up. This research has used the drone technology to identify the orientation setting of each built up in the settlements, which is also supported by the ground survey to confirm the social interactions among the settlers. The findings indicate that the orientation of a building is influenced by the geographical factors and distribution of houses that depends on the family ties among the dwellers. It is identified that the geographical factors and relationship among the neighbours are h...
The Malay traditional environment is the interaction between human, natural environment, and cult... more The Malay traditional environment is the interaction between human, natural environment, and culture, which is then translated into the spatial design of houses and their surroundings. However, rapid urbanisation has transformed many traditional villages by incorporating urban elements into the villages. This study focuses on understanding the existence of the socio-cultural values of a traditional Malay house compound in Kampung Paya Rumput Jaya, Melaka. The objective of this study is to identify the Malay socio-cultural values and the spatial arrangement of the traditional Malay house compound. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews, a mapping analysis (site inventory), and a thematic/content analysis (interviews). The findings indicate that the community in the villages are still upholding the Malay traditional socio-cultural values. Future design of a house compound should incorporate the characterisation of a traditional Malay houses ...
Understanding the urban form is crucial in determining the structure of a city in terms of physic... more Understanding the urban form is crucial in determining the structure of a city in terms of physical and nonphysical aspects. The physical aspects include built-up areas that can be seen on the earth surface, and the nonphysical aspects include the shape, size, density, and configuration of settlements. The objectives of this study are to (i) analyse the elements of historical urban form that are suitable for the site and (ii) to study on the elements of urban form in Melaka. Content analysis was adopted to analyse the literature of urban form and Melaka. Results show that the following four elements of urban form are suitable to be used for historical urban form analysis: (i) streets, (ii) land use, (iii) buildings, and (iv) open space. The findings also indicate that the selected urban form has successfully delineated in the historical of Melaka as the selected urban elements can be specifically scrutinized with the content analysis. Further study will focus on the historical urban...
The scenic landscape characters along driving routes have been acknowledged by numerous studies t... more The scenic landscape characters along driving routes have been acknowledged by numerous studies to be important in planning for rural tourism. Landscape characters shape the setting and ambience of a place. This study focuses on mapping the landscape characters along a rural route as a way to identify potential characteristics to be conserved and enhanced for tourism. The case study area covers the Kuala Selangor to Sabak Bernam route, which is part of a federal route that runs along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Using landscape character mapping, observation and landscape character assessment (LCA), mapping was conducted to identify and analyse the landscape characters along the route based on the physical, cultural and environmental attributes. It is found that each segment along the route has its own attributes and the physical images based on their activities and environment. This study found that the rural route has a unique and distinctive rural landscape identity tha...
Malaysia’s heritage structures are facing challenges due to rapid local development and societal ... more Malaysia’s heritage structures are facing challenges due to rapid local development and societal challenges that threaten their cultural and artistic values. Improving conservation approaches in this context is an urgent and crucial task. The application of geo-information technologies in laser scanning, photogrammetry, and geographic information systems (GISs) has significantly improved these conservation approaches. In this study, we fused drone images and range data from a laser scanner to construct a high-resolution three-dimensional GIS city model for one traditional Malay settlement located in Malaysia. The results showed that fusing photogrammetry and laser scanning can effectively capture the architectural uniqueness of Malay buildings, including specific façade geometries on walls, roofs, and motifs. The findings show that the development of various geoinformation approaches can assist with the conservation of Malay city heritage in this region.
This paper aims to construct a 3D Malay city based on data collected from DJI Phantom 3, a multi ... more This paper aims to construct a 3D Malay city based on data collected from DJI Phantom 3, a multi rotor drone, and further analyse the urban form of traditional Malay cities using 3 main urban form components which are buildings, land use and streets. Kota Bharu was selected as the study area and the flight mission produced 793 images which were processed in Agisoft and further constructed 3D GIS in ArcGIS 10.2. The analysis of urban form shows that the old traditional development in north-north west still maintain the identity of Malay urban form, of the organic pattern of streets, preserve Malay architectures and the type of land use for traditional settlement. This finding shows that, Malay values in cities and architecture still remain and it must be preserved from any development and it can be a benchmark on adapting technologies and shifting methods in conservation and safeguarding our heritage cities in Malaysia.
Socio-economic indicators are important indexes to measure the effect of human activities towards... more Socio-economic indicators are important indexes to measure the effect of human activities towards climate. This paper aims to study on the two main socioeconomic indicators for the urban area, namely population and GDP, to determine the relationship between these variables and climate condition. The State of Selangor, Malaysia was chosen as the study area as this state is among the highest GDP contributors to the country. Secondary data was used for this study by utilising datasets from Statistical Department and Department of Meteorology. The model derived shows that climate condition is moderately dependence of population and GDP. Further analysis can focus on more important socioeconomic variables which may contributed to the climate condition in the urban area.
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2016
Land cover type is an important signature that is usually used to understand the interaction betw... more Land cover type is an important signature that is usually used to understand the interaction between the ground surfaces with the local temperature. Various land cover types such as high density built up areas, vegetation, bare land and water bodies are areas where heat signature are measured using remote sensing image. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of land surface temperature on land cover types. The objectives are 1) to analyse the mean temperature for each land cover types and 2) to analyse the relationship of temperature variation within land cover types: built up area, green area, forest, water bodies and bare land. The method used in this research was supervised classification for land cover map and mono window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) extraction. The statistical analysis of post hoc Tukey test was used on an image captured on five available images. A pixel-based change detection was applied to the temperature and land cover images. The res...
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