Este volumen pretende hacer visible, a una audiencia especializada como no-especialista, diferent... more Este volumen pretende hacer visible, a una audiencia especializada como no-especialista, diferentes comprensiones y aplicaciones del término Smart City, proponiendo problemáticas, casos y conceptualizaciones que van más allá de una visión tecnologizada del urbanismos smart. Permite pluralizar y a la vez tomar distancia crítica de esta ola de Ciudades Inteligentes, mostrando las múltiples formas de inteligencia que adopta la vida urbana, que pueden ir desde la recomposición de espacios públicos hasta sofisticadas formas de gestión en transporte. Digámoslo de otra manera: aquellos productos diseñados y definidos por “sistemas expertos”, no tiene el monopolio de lo smart, y el prototipo espontáneo de una cancha de fútbol o de una barrera anti-ruido elaborada por un colectivo ciudadano puede ser tan inteligente o más que que un brazalete wearable. Lo importante es estar atento a esas pulsiones y gestos, sensores y desplazamientos urbanos En suma, la vocación de este libro es abrir el debate sobre las Smart Cities, explorando a partir de diferentes perspectivas y disciplinas (Antropología, Diseño, Ingeniería, Sociología, Arquitectura, Políticas Públicas...), la pregunta sobre qué implica una práctica urbana inteligente y sus efectos en la estructuración de la ciudad y sus discursos.
Eighth International Symposium on Laser Metrology, 2005
Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD"s) can be defined by the criteria of either diffuse ... more Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD"s) can be defined by the criteria of either diffuse or localized necks. We used Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) in commercial 1100 aluminum sheet metals annealed at 400°C to determine the strains at which both types of neck started in uniaxial tension (U) and in quasi plane strain tension (PS) tests. In biaxial (B) loading we
Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, 2007
... Guillaume Montay1, Bruno Guelorget1, Ignacio Lira2, Marie Tourneix1, Manuel François1 and Cri... more ... Guillaume Montay1, Bruno Guelorget1, Ignacio Lira2, Marie Tourneix1, Manuel François1 and Cristián Vial-Edwards2 1Université de Technologie de Troyes, Laboratoire des ... In it, an initially flat specimen is placed between a matrix and a blank holder, and hydraulic pressure is ...
In this paper, an original application of ESPI in materials engineering has been described. The t... more In this paper, an original application of ESPI in materials engineering has been described. The technique was used to analyze a bulge test in order to study strain localization by following the strain rate progress. Results show that ESPI allows detecting clearly the two stages of localization, namely, the diffuse and localized necks. Using this technique, forming limit diagrams can
The motion of a red blood cell suspended in blood plasma in a two-beam plane interference field w... more The motion of a red blood cell suspended in blood plasma in a two-beam plane interference field was studied experimentally. A cw Argon Ion laser was used. A model is proposed to describe the observed motion. The model is based on a balance between the optical gradient force and the drag force, and yields the location of the cell as a function of time, starting from a stationary position at an arbitrary distance from a dark fringe until becoming trapped at the center of the closest bright fringe. It is suggested that the discrepancy between the predictions of the model and the observed motion is attributable to the influence of the wall close to which the cell flows.
The process of localization of strains, diffuse and localized necking, up to fracture in equi-bia... more The process of localization of strains, diffuse and localized necking, up to fracture in equi-biaxial loading was analyzed through the images obtained by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). The problem of localization is important in the sheet metal forming processes. The ESPI technique is used to have a better resolution on the measured strains (10 À5 ) than other technique such as the image correlation (10 À2 , 10 À3 ). The bulge test is currently used to determine the mechanical properties of materials by measuring the deformation that occurs in response to the application of a controlled pressure. This test is used to determine the mechanical properties of sheet metals submitted to an equi-biaxial loading path, the strains at failure are used as data to determine forming limit diagrams (FLDs).
A procedure is proposed to calculate the uncertainty of the energy content associated with real-t... more A procedure is proposed to calculate the uncertainty of the energy content associated with real-time flow measurements of natural gas. The procedure was applied to a measuring scheme consisting of an arrangement of orifice plate meters installed in parallel, coupled to an on-line gas chromatograph and a real-time data processing flow computer. Two distinct sources of natural gas with appreciable
A model is proposed for the calibration of a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) in a... more A model is proposed for the calibration of a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) in accordance with the BIPM recommended procedures to realize the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The model is used to obtain the standard uncertainty of measurement associated with the temperature indicated by the thermometer. The difference between calibration uncertainty and user's uncertainty is established. Equations
... PII: S0957-0233(97)81582-2 The ESPI measurement of the residual stress distribution in chemic... more ... PII: S0957-0233(97)81582-2 The ESPI measurement of the residual stress distribution in chemically etched cold-rolled metallic sheets Ignacio H Lira, Cristián Vial and Kimberly Robinson Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingenierıa, Santiago 22, Chile ...
Two methods to measure the diffusion coefficient of a species in a liquid by optical interferomet... more Two methods to measure the diffusion coefficient of a species in a liquid by optical interferometry were compared. The methods were tested on a 1.75 M NaCl aqueous solution diffusing into water at 26 °C. Results were D = 1.587 × 10-9 m2 s-1 with the first method and D = 1.602 × 10-9 m2 s-1 with the second method.
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000
A method is proposed for analyzing key comparison data. It is based on the assumption that each l... more A method is proposed for analyzing key comparison data. It is based on the assumption that each laboratory participating in the comparison exercise obtains independent and consistent estimates of the measurand and that, in addition, each laboratory provides an estimate of the quantity that collects all systematic effects that the laboratory took into account. The unknown value of the latter quantity, subtracted from its estimate, is defined as the laboratory's bias. The uncertainties associated with the estimates of the measurand and with the vanishing biases' estimates are also assumed to be reported. In this paper, we show that the information provided in this way may be of help for judging the performances of the laboratories in their correction of systematic effects. This is done by developing formulas for the final (consensus) estimates and uncertainties of the measurand and of the biases. Formulas for the final estimates and uncertainties of the pairwise differences between the biases are also developed. An example involving simulated key comparison data makes apparent the benefits of the proposed approach.
We consider the task of Bayesian inference of the mean of normal observations when the available ... more We consider the task of Bayesian inference of the mean of normal observations when the available data have been discretized and when no prior knowledge about the mean and the variance exists. An application is presented which illustrates that the discretization of the data should not be ignored when their variability is of the order of the discretization step. We
Phase-shifting Moir e interferometry is a whole-field optical technique used to measure displacem... more Phase-shifting Moir e interferometry is a whole-field optical technique used to measure displacements. Because of its high sensitivity, its results are affected by even small environmental perturbations. In this paper, the influences of these perturbations are characterized and compared with other systematic effects. The experiment was a uniaxial tensile test. In-plane displacement measurements were performed several times under repeatability conditions at different load stages. The dispersions of these results were evaluated by their standard deviations, which showed fluctuations at twice the fringe frequency. An uncertainty analysis was carried out to include other systematic effects. We found that the local displacement uncertainties depended on the sample elongation and on the reference location. An equation was found for these uncertainties as a function of the total number of fringes occurring.
Optical Trapping Dynamics in Interference Field. [AIP Conference Proceedings 992, 681 (2008)]. Lu... more Optical Trapping Dynamics in Interference Field. [AIP Conference Proceedings 992, 681 (2008)]. Luis Alfredo Viera, Ignacio Lira, Leopoldo Soto, Cristián Pavez. Abstract. A model that predicts a particle trapping time in an two beams interference laser fields is proposed. ...
Este volumen pretende hacer visible, a una audiencia especializada como no-especialista, diferent... more Este volumen pretende hacer visible, a una audiencia especializada como no-especialista, diferentes comprensiones y aplicaciones del término Smart City, proponiendo problemáticas, casos y conceptualizaciones que van más allá de una visión tecnologizada del urbanismos smart. Permite pluralizar y a la vez tomar distancia crítica de esta ola de Ciudades Inteligentes, mostrando las múltiples formas de inteligencia que adopta la vida urbana, que pueden ir desde la recomposición de espacios públicos hasta sofisticadas formas de gestión en transporte. Digámoslo de otra manera: aquellos productos diseñados y definidos por “sistemas expertos”, no tiene el monopolio de lo smart, y el prototipo espontáneo de una cancha de fútbol o de una barrera anti-ruido elaborada por un colectivo ciudadano puede ser tan inteligente o más que que un brazalete wearable. Lo importante es estar atento a esas pulsiones y gestos, sensores y desplazamientos urbanos En suma, la vocación de este libro es abrir el debate sobre las Smart Cities, explorando a partir de diferentes perspectivas y disciplinas (Antropología, Diseño, Ingeniería, Sociología, Arquitectura, Políticas Públicas...), la pregunta sobre qué implica una práctica urbana inteligente y sus efectos en la estructuración de la ciudad y sus discursos.
Eighth International Symposium on Laser Metrology, 2005
Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD"s) can be defined by the criteria of either diffuse ... more Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD"s) can be defined by the criteria of either diffuse or localized necks. We used Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) in commercial 1100 aluminum sheet metals annealed at 400°C to determine the strains at which both types of neck started in uniaxial tension (U) and in quasi plane strain tension (PS) tests. In biaxial (B) loading we
Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, 2007
... Guillaume Montay1, Bruno Guelorget1, Ignacio Lira2, Marie Tourneix1, Manuel François1 and Cri... more ... Guillaume Montay1, Bruno Guelorget1, Ignacio Lira2, Marie Tourneix1, Manuel François1 and Cristián Vial-Edwards2 1Université de Technologie de Troyes, Laboratoire des ... In it, an initially flat specimen is placed between a matrix and a blank holder, and hydraulic pressure is ...
In this paper, an original application of ESPI in materials engineering has been described. The t... more In this paper, an original application of ESPI in materials engineering has been described. The technique was used to analyze a bulge test in order to study strain localization by following the strain rate progress. Results show that ESPI allows detecting clearly the two stages of localization, namely, the diffuse and localized necks. Using this technique, forming limit diagrams can
The motion of a red blood cell suspended in blood plasma in a two-beam plane interference field w... more The motion of a red blood cell suspended in blood plasma in a two-beam plane interference field was studied experimentally. A cw Argon Ion laser was used. A model is proposed to describe the observed motion. The model is based on a balance between the optical gradient force and the drag force, and yields the location of the cell as a function of time, starting from a stationary position at an arbitrary distance from a dark fringe until becoming trapped at the center of the closest bright fringe. It is suggested that the discrepancy between the predictions of the model and the observed motion is attributable to the influence of the wall close to which the cell flows.
The process of localization of strains, diffuse and localized necking, up to fracture in equi-bia... more The process of localization of strains, diffuse and localized necking, up to fracture in equi-biaxial loading was analyzed through the images obtained by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). The problem of localization is important in the sheet metal forming processes. The ESPI technique is used to have a better resolution on the measured strains (10 À5 ) than other technique such as the image correlation (10 À2 , 10 À3 ). The bulge test is currently used to determine the mechanical properties of materials by measuring the deformation that occurs in response to the application of a controlled pressure. This test is used to determine the mechanical properties of sheet metals submitted to an equi-biaxial loading path, the strains at failure are used as data to determine forming limit diagrams (FLDs).
A procedure is proposed to calculate the uncertainty of the energy content associated with real-t... more A procedure is proposed to calculate the uncertainty of the energy content associated with real-time flow measurements of natural gas. The procedure was applied to a measuring scheme consisting of an arrangement of orifice plate meters installed in parallel, coupled to an on-line gas chromatograph and a real-time data processing flow computer. Two distinct sources of natural gas with appreciable
A model is proposed for the calibration of a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) in a... more A model is proposed for the calibration of a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) in accordance with the BIPM recommended procedures to realize the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The model is used to obtain the standard uncertainty of measurement associated with the temperature indicated by the thermometer. The difference between calibration uncertainty and user's uncertainty is established. Equations
... PII: S0957-0233(97)81582-2 The ESPI measurement of the residual stress distribution in chemic... more ... PII: S0957-0233(97)81582-2 The ESPI measurement of the residual stress distribution in chemically etched cold-rolled metallic sheets Ignacio H Lira, Cristián Vial and Kimberly Robinson Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingenierıa, Santiago 22, Chile ...
Two methods to measure the diffusion coefficient of a species in a liquid by optical interferomet... more Two methods to measure the diffusion coefficient of a species in a liquid by optical interferometry were compared. The methods were tested on a 1.75 M NaCl aqueous solution diffusing into water at 26 °C. Results were D = 1.587 × 10-9 m2 s-1 with the first method and D = 1.602 × 10-9 m2 s-1 with the second method.
IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2000
A method is proposed for analyzing key comparison data. It is based on the assumption that each l... more A method is proposed for analyzing key comparison data. It is based on the assumption that each laboratory participating in the comparison exercise obtains independent and consistent estimates of the measurand and that, in addition, each laboratory provides an estimate of the quantity that collects all systematic effects that the laboratory took into account. The unknown value of the latter quantity, subtracted from its estimate, is defined as the laboratory's bias. The uncertainties associated with the estimates of the measurand and with the vanishing biases' estimates are also assumed to be reported. In this paper, we show that the information provided in this way may be of help for judging the performances of the laboratories in their correction of systematic effects. This is done by developing formulas for the final (consensus) estimates and uncertainties of the measurand and of the biases. Formulas for the final estimates and uncertainties of the pairwise differences between the biases are also developed. An example involving simulated key comparison data makes apparent the benefits of the proposed approach.
We consider the task of Bayesian inference of the mean of normal observations when the available ... more We consider the task of Bayesian inference of the mean of normal observations when the available data have been discretized and when no prior knowledge about the mean and the variance exists. An application is presented which illustrates that the discretization of the data should not be ignored when their variability is of the order of the discretization step. We
Phase-shifting Moir e interferometry is a whole-field optical technique used to measure displacem... more Phase-shifting Moir e interferometry is a whole-field optical technique used to measure displacements. Because of its high sensitivity, its results are affected by even small environmental perturbations. In this paper, the influences of these perturbations are characterized and compared with other systematic effects. The experiment was a uniaxial tensile test. In-plane displacement measurements were performed several times under repeatability conditions at different load stages. The dispersions of these results were evaluated by their standard deviations, which showed fluctuations at twice the fringe frequency. An uncertainty analysis was carried out to include other systematic effects. We found that the local displacement uncertainties depended on the sample elongation and on the reference location. An equation was found for these uncertainties as a function of the total number of fringes occurring.
Optical Trapping Dynamics in Interference Field. [AIP Conference Proceedings 992, 681 (2008)]. Lu... more Optical Trapping Dynamics in Interference Field. [AIP Conference Proceedings 992, 681 (2008)]. Luis Alfredo Viera, Ignacio Lira, Leopoldo Soto, Cristián Pavez. Abstract. A model that predicts a particle trapping time in an two beams interference laser fields is proposed. ...
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Books by Ignacio Lira
En suma, la vocación de este libro es abrir el debate sobre las Smart Cities, explorando a partir de diferentes perspectivas y disciplinas (Antropología, Diseño, Ingeniería, Sociología, Arquitectura, Políticas Públicas...), la pregunta sobre qué implica una práctica urbana inteligente y sus efectos en la estructuración de la ciudad y sus discursos.
Papers by Ignacio Lira
En suma, la vocación de este libro es abrir el debate sobre las Smart Cities, explorando a partir de diferentes perspectivas y disciplinas (Antropología, Diseño, Ingeniería, Sociología, Arquitectura, Políticas Públicas...), la pregunta sobre qué implica una práctica urbana inteligente y sus efectos en la estructuración de la ciudad y sus discursos.