Investigates the history and development of major national european philosophies with respect to ... more Investigates the history and development of major national european philosophies with respect to historic buildings, monuments and sites, the cross fertilization of these ideas, and their contribution towards an international approach in the treatments of historic structures. Illustrated by case studies from rome, athens durman (england, magdeburg (prussia), and vezelay (france). The study distinguishes between the traditional approach to the treatment of historic monuments the romantic restoration (established in the italian renaissance and developed in the 19th century), the conservation movement and modern conservation theory as reflected in the venice chapter (1964). Extensive notes, bibliography. List of librairies containing documentary materials.
Este articulo explora en un inicio la definicion de los valores y las nociones relacionadas, como... more Este articulo explora en un inicio la definicion de los valores y las nociones relacionadas, como la relatividad, lo absoluto, lo universal y la relacion entre los valores del patrimonio y los derechos humanos. A esto le sigue una revision de la evolucion de los valores del patrimonio, desde la Antigu?edad hasta el presente, tomando en cuenta algunos de los puntos mas relevantes en este camino, incluyendo referencias a pensadores como John Ruskin, Alois Riegl y Cesare Brandi. Se hace alusion a la doctrina internacional y, particularmente, a la definicion del Valor Universal Excepcional dentro del contexto del Patrimonio Mundial. La cuestion es saber si se puede medir el valor del patrimonio. La respuesta mas apropiada implica hablar de medir el impacto de esos valores. Se observa, por ejemplo, que el valor del patrimonio no es comparable con el valor de mercado, a pesar de que a veces son iguales. Los parametros relevantes para cada caso son diferentes. Una forma de medir el impacto...
The importance of awareness raising and training has been fur ther emphasised in other documents... more The importance of awareness raising and training has been fur ther emphasised in other documents related more specifically to risk preparedness. The Canadian summit, held at Quebec in 1996. stressed the links between heritage protection and clear identifica tion of heritage values in the built environment. The KobeTokyo meeting on risk preparedness iJanuan I ' " ' 7 ) listed several target groups whose sensiiivin should be increased in terms of the bene fits and requirements of risk preparedness for cultural heritage: heritage specialists, site managers, policy and programme admin istrators, politicians, property owners, occupants and users, mili tary personnel, volunteers, media and the public in general. The declaration further stressed the need to integrate appropriate train ing within existing educational systems, institutional frameworks and relief efforts, to continue preparing and diffusing practical guidelines and training packages. After the earthquake t...
Jokilehto, A History of Architectural Conservation,, 2017
The policies and practices described in previous chapters were subsequently, especially since the... more The policies and practices described in previous chapters were subsequently, especially since the mid-nineteenth century, diffused also to other continents. This resulted in the establishment of legal and administrative frameworks for the protection of cultural heritage, and the impact can be measured by the fact that by 2015 most States of the world have ratified the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 191 out of 195 UNESCO Member States. The policies that were initially developed in the European context have been tested in an increasing number of different social-cultural contexts and physical realities. There has appeared a need to define some common parameters; these are expressed in international charters, recommendations, guidelines, as well as in the development of scientific methodologies for the analysis and care of heritage. In the Middle East and the Asian countries, there were already ancient cultures that continued to remain present as part of modern developments. The various trade routes, the antique Silk Roads and the sea routes between Asia and the Mediterranean facilitated the contacts and interchange of influences since the antiquity. In modern times, the European presence was strengthened through the establishment of settlements and the introduction of Christianity even though in reality marginal. The impact of the European conservation ideas was felt particularly from the 19th century. India became part of the British Commonwealth, and consequently the British influence was felt strongly here. In China, the ideas were particularly introduced in the field of archaeology and the protection of excavated sites. In Japan, with the opening of the country to foreign influences in the later nineteenth century, the impact was felt in the restoration of temples and in the development of national legislation.
One of the main topics of discussion and research at present in the building sector is related to... more One of the main topics of discussion and research at present in the building sector is related to the principles of circular economy in a new global scenario of resilience and sustainability. Given that most of European urban areas and landscapes are considered as cultural, it derives that the circular economy should be also applied to the actions and processes of conservation and valorisation, giving thus new emphasis on the concept of adaptive reuse. Thus, it is not merely an issue of retrofitting historic buildings to respond to energy efficiency parameters, or to adapt them for the climate change threats, but much more: it is about rethinking adaptive reuse of cultural heritage (adaptive in both directions) within and overall sustainable process which intakes reflections on materials, techniques, technologies, praxes, but also policies, businesses, management and governance. This is the effort of the CLIC project, Circular Models leveraging investments in Cultural heritage adapt...
The modern approach to the identification and safeguarding of heritage has had a major developmen... more The modern approach to the identification and safeguarding of heritage has had a major development from the second half of the 20 th century. Starting from the definition of the work of art and monuments in the aftermath of the Second World War, the notions have broadened into creative cultural expression and cultural landscape. At the same time, increasing attention has been given to heritage in its widest dimension, involving local communities in the conservation and management, respecting human rights, and taking into account the social and economic factors. This implies that heritage cannot be seen or preserved in isolation. Nor can it be the sole responsibility of the authority. Understanding heritage, cultural and natural, in its context is a learning process that has become a fundamental part of modern conservation practice.
Titulaire d’une formation en architecture de l’Université McGill, à Montréal, Herb Stovel est dev... more Titulaire d’une formation en architecture de l’Université McGill, à Montréal, Herb Stovel est devenu un leader mondial dans la conservation et la gestion du patrimoine. Il a mené son impressionnante carrière sur plusieurs fronts, en tant qu’universitaire, consultant et membre de plusieurs organisations internationales. Il a enseigné dans le programme de conservation de l’environnement bâti de l’Université de Montréal de 1990 à 1993, puis dans le programme d’études canadiennes de l’Université Carleton de 2006 jusqu’à son décès en 2012. Impliqué au sein de nombreux organismes dédiés à la conservation, il a été Président de l’Association internationale pour la préservation et ses techniques de 1989 à 1991, Secrétaire général de l’ICOMOS de 1990 à 1993, Président d’ICOMOS Canada de 1993 à 1997 et Directeur de l’Unité Habitat patrimonial à l'ICCROM de 1998 à 2004. En 2011, il a reçu le Prix ICCROM pour son importante contribution au domaine de la conservation et de la protection du patrimoine culturel. Herb Stovel a commencé à s’impliquer officiellement dans le patrimoine mondial en 1990, lors de la session annuelle du Comité du patrimoine mondial à Banff. Au cours de son mandat comme Secrétaire général de l’ICOMOS, il a coordonné le processus d’évaluation des biens culturels proposés pour inscription. Il a par la suite été l’un des principaux rédacteurs du Document de Nara sur l’authenticité en 1994. À l’ICCROM, il a coordonné le rôle consultatif de l’organisation envers le Comité du patrimoine mondial sur les questions de gestion du patrimoine et de formation. Parmi ses nombreuses publications, on retrouve notamment Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage, publié conjointement par l’ICOMOS, l’ICCROM et le Centre du patrimoine mondial en 1998. Plus récemment, il a aussi édité (avec Nicholas Stanley-Price et Robert Killick) Conservation of Living Religious Heritage, publié par l’ICCROM en 2005. Les extraits audio suivants sont issus de trois entrevues menées avec Herb Stovel par Christina Cameron en février, mars et avril 2011. Ils soulignent le rôle de premier plan qu’Herb Stovel a tenu dans le développement de la Convention du patrimoine mondial et témoignent du regard à la fois positif et critique de celui-ci quant à sa mise en œuvre. Nourri par son expérience polyvalente de la Convention, Herb Stovel commente avec franchise et philosophie les objectifs, les réussites et les défis des différents acteurs impliqués dans les rouages complexes du patrimoine mondial.1. La Convention du patrimoine mondial ; 1a. Implication et rôle de Herb Stovel au sein du patrimoine mondial : les débuts à l’ICOMOS ; 1b. Implication et rôle de Herb Stovel au sein du patrimoine mondial : ICCROM et après ; 1c. Les objectifs de la Convention du patrimoine mondial ; 1d. La liste du patrimoine mondial ; 1e. Moments et décisions clés dans la mise en œuvre de la Convention ; 1f. Appréciation globale des succès et des échecs de la Convention ; 2. Les organes consultatifs : 2a. Appréciation de la performance de l’ICOMOS, l’ICCROM et l’UICN ; 2b. Rôle des organisations consultatives dans l’élaboration et l’application de la Stratégie globale ; 3. Le Secrétariat de l’UNESCO ; 4. L’engagement des États parties ; 4a. Conservation des sites inscrits sur leur territoire ; 4b. Respect du patrimoine mondial partout dans le monde ; 4c. Actions collectives de sauvegarde ; 5. Processus de suivi de l’état de conservation des sites du patrimoine mondia
These guidelines are intended to provide advice and suggestions for implementing the intentions o... more These guidelines are intended to provide advice and suggestions for implementing the intentions of the World Heritage Convention (1972). Actions to implement the management of World Heritage sites should be based upon the traditions and legislation of the State Party, which should review its legislation and update it if necessary. The following chapters are included: summary of the guiding principles; general policy of the convention; evaluation for conservation; management of World Heritage sites; management by resource projects; maintenance programme; staffing and personnel services; treatments and authenticity; urban planning and World Heritage town; visitors to World Heritage sites.
Conservation concepts and policies are subject to continuous evolution over time. In relation to ... more Conservation concepts and policies are subject to continuous evolution over time. In relation to urban conservation, the period of 1970s seems to be of crucial importance, considering that it marks the adoption of the World Heritage Convention (1972) and the International Recommendation concerning Historic Areas (1976) of UNESCO, as well as the Council of Europe’s Amsterdam Declaration (1975). In 1972, there was also the United Nations International Conference concerning environment. Combined with the practical examples in various countries, these policy documents have all contributed to broadening the concepts of what is the urban heritage and its integrated conservation. Since then there have been other developments, which have caused the earlier centralized planning to become increasingly decentralized. As a result, it is necessary to verify and update the formerly established policies and their efficacy in relation to the current trends and challenges.
A history of architectural conservation expands knowledge about the conservation of ancient monum... more A history of architectural conservation expands knowledge about the conservation of ancient monuments, works of art and historic buildings. This includes the origins of the interest in conservation within the European context and the development of the concepts from Antiquity and the Renaissance to the present day. The influence this development has had on international collaboration in the protection and conservation of cultural heritage is covered. Also emphasized are the evolution of values from traditional to modern society, and the challenges of the present built environment. This book is a scholarly work based on archival research of original documents and the study of key restoration examples in countries that have influenced the international conservation movement. It includes conservation trends in Europe, the USA, India, Iran and Japan.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 1998
AbstractThe Venice Charter has been the benchmark for principles governing architectural conserva... more AbstractThe Venice Charter has been the benchmark for principles governing architectural conservation/restoration for over thirty years. We asked Jukka Jokilehto to comment on the context in which it was drawn up. Now often referred to simply as the ‘Venice Charter’, the correct full name of this document (of which we print the text in an appendix) is: ‘The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites’, adopted by the IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice, 1964.
Investigates the history and development of major national european philosophies with respect to ... more Investigates the history and development of major national european philosophies with respect to historic buildings, monuments and sites, the cross fertilization of these ideas, and their contribution towards an international approach in the treatments of historic structures. Illustrated by case studies from rome, athens durman (england, magdeburg (prussia), and vezelay (france). The study distinguishes between the traditional approach to the treatment of historic monuments the romantic restoration (established in the italian renaissance and developed in the 19th century), the conservation movement and modern conservation theory as reflected in the venice chapter (1964). Extensive notes, bibliography. List of librairies containing documentary materials.
Este articulo explora en un inicio la definicion de los valores y las nociones relacionadas, como... more Este articulo explora en un inicio la definicion de los valores y las nociones relacionadas, como la relatividad, lo absoluto, lo universal y la relacion entre los valores del patrimonio y los derechos humanos. A esto le sigue una revision de la evolucion de los valores del patrimonio, desde la Antigu?edad hasta el presente, tomando en cuenta algunos de los puntos mas relevantes en este camino, incluyendo referencias a pensadores como John Ruskin, Alois Riegl y Cesare Brandi. Se hace alusion a la doctrina internacional y, particularmente, a la definicion del Valor Universal Excepcional dentro del contexto del Patrimonio Mundial. La cuestion es saber si se puede medir el valor del patrimonio. La respuesta mas apropiada implica hablar de medir el impacto de esos valores. Se observa, por ejemplo, que el valor del patrimonio no es comparable con el valor de mercado, a pesar de que a veces son iguales. Los parametros relevantes para cada caso son diferentes. Una forma de medir el impacto...
The importance of awareness raising and training has been fur ther emphasised in other documents... more The importance of awareness raising and training has been fur ther emphasised in other documents related more specifically to risk preparedness. The Canadian summit, held at Quebec in 1996. stressed the links between heritage protection and clear identifica tion of heritage values in the built environment. The KobeTokyo meeting on risk preparedness iJanuan I ' " ' 7 ) listed several target groups whose sensiiivin should be increased in terms of the bene fits and requirements of risk preparedness for cultural heritage: heritage specialists, site managers, policy and programme admin istrators, politicians, property owners, occupants and users, mili tary personnel, volunteers, media and the public in general. The declaration further stressed the need to integrate appropriate train ing within existing educational systems, institutional frameworks and relief efforts, to continue preparing and diffusing practical guidelines and training packages. After the earthquake t...
Jokilehto, A History of Architectural Conservation,, 2017
The policies and practices described in previous chapters were subsequently, especially since the... more The policies and practices described in previous chapters were subsequently, especially since the mid-nineteenth century, diffused also to other continents. This resulted in the establishment of legal and administrative frameworks for the protection of cultural heritage, and the impact can be measured by the fact that by 2015 most States of the world have ratified the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 191 out of 195 UNESCO Member States. The policies that were initially developed in the European context have been tested in an increasing number of different social-cultural contexts and physical realities. There has appeared a need to define some common parameters; these are expressed in international charters, recommendations, guidelines, as well as in the development of scientific methodologies for the analysis and care of heritage. In the Middle East and the Asian countries, there were already ancient cultures that continued to remain present as part of modern developments. The various trade routes, the antique Silk Roads and the sea routes between Asia and the Mediterranean facilitated the contacts and interchange of influences since the antiquity. In modern times, the European presence was strengthened through the establishment of settlements and the introduction of Christianity even though in reality marginal. The impact of the European conservation ideas was felt particularly from the 19th century. India became part of the British Commonwealth, and consequently the British influence was felt strongly here. In China, the ideas were particularly introduced in the field of archaeology and the protection of excavated sites. In Japan, with the opening of the country to foreign influences in the later nineteenth century, the impact was felt in the restoration of temples and in the development of national legislation.
One of the main topics of discussion and research at present in the building sector is related to... more One of the main topics of discussion and research at present in the building sector is related to the principles of circular economy in a new global scenario of resilience and sustainability. Given that most of European urban areas and landscapes are considered as cultural, it derives that the circular economy should be also applied to the actions and processes of conservation and valorisation, giving thus new emphasis on the concept of adaptive reuse. Thus, it is not merely an issue of retrofitting historic buildings to respond to energy efficiency parameters, or to adapt them for the climate change threats, but much more: it is about rethinking adaptive reuse of cultural heritage (adaptive in both directions) within and overall sustainable process which intakes reflections on materials, techniques, technologies, praxes, but also policies, businesses, management and governance. This is the effort of the CLIC project, Circular Models leveraging investments in Cultural heritage adapt...
The modern approach to the identification and safeguarding of heritage has had a major developmen... more The modern approach to the identification and safeguarding of heritage has had a major development from the second half of the 20 th century. Starting from the definition of the work of art and monuments in the aftermath of the Second World War, the notions have broadened into creative cultural expression and cultural landscape. At the same time, increasing attention has been given to heritage in its widest dimension, involving local communities in the conservation and management, respecting human rights, and taking into account the social and economic factors. This implies that heritage cannot be seen or preserved in isolation. Nor can it be the sole responsibility of the authority. Understanding heritage, cultural and natural, in its context is a learning process that has become a fundamental part of modern conservation practice.
Titulaire d’une formation en architecture de l’Université McGill, à Montréal, Herb Stovel est dev... more Titulaire d’une formation en architecture de l’Université McGill, à Montréal, Herb Stovel est devenu un leader mondial dans la conservation et la gestion du patrimoine. Il a mené son impressionnante carrière sur plusieurs fronts, en tant qu’universitaire, consultant et membre de plusieurs organisations internationales. Il a enseigné dans le programme de conservation de l’environnement bâti de l’Université de Montréal de 1990 à 1993, puis dans le programme d’études canadiennes de l’Université Carleton de 2006 jusqu’à son décès en 2012. Impliqué au sein de nombreux organismes dédiés à la conservation, il a été Président de l’Association internationale pour la préservation et ses techniques de 1989 à 1991, Secrétaire général de l’ICOMOS de 1990 à 1993, Président d’ICOMOS Canada de 1993 à 1997 et Directeur de l’Unité Habitat patrimonial à l'ICCROM de 1998 à 2004. En 2011, il a reçu le Prix ICCROM pour son importante contribution au domaine de la conservation et de la protection du patrimoine culturel. Herb Stovel a commencé à s’impliquer officiellement dans le patrimoine mondial en 1990, lors de la session annuelle du Comité du patrimoine mondial à Banff. Au cours de son mandat comme Secrétaire général de l’ICOMOS, il a coordonné le processus d’évaluation des biens culturels proposés pour inscription. Il a par la suite été l’un des principaux rédacteurs du Document de Nara sur l’authenticité en 1994. À l’ICCROM, il a coordonné le rôle consultatif de l’organisation envers le Comité du patrimoine mondial sur les questions de gestion du patrimoine et de formation. Parmi ses nombreuses publications, on retrouve notamment Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage, publié conjointement par l’ICOMOS, l’ICCROM et le Centre du patrimoine mondial en 1998. Plus récemment, il a aussi édité (avec Nicholas Stanley-Price et Robert Killick) Conservation of Living Religious Heritage, publié par l’ICCROM en 2005. Les extraits audio suivants sont issus de trois entrevues menées avec Herb Stovel par Christina Cameron en février, mars et avril 2011. Ils soulignent le rôle de premier plan qu’Herb Stovel a tenu dans le développement de la Convention du patrimoine mondial et témoignent du regard à la fois positif et critique de celui-ci quant à sa mise en œuvre. Nourri par son expérience polyvalente de la Convention, Herb Stovel commente avec franchise et philosophie les objectifs, les réussites et les défis des différents acteurs impliqués dans les rouages complexes du patrimoine mondial.1. La Convention du patrimoine mondial ; 1a. Implication et rôle de Herb Stovel au sein du patrimoine mondial : les débuts à l’ICOMOS ; 1b. Implication et rôle de Herb Stovel au sein du patrimoine mondial : ICCROM et après ; 1c. Les objectifs de la Convention du patrimoine mondial ; 1d. La liste du patrimoine mondial ; 1e. Moments et décisions clés dans la mise en œuvre de la Convention ; 1f. Appréciation globale des succès et des échecs de la Convention ; 2. Les organes consultatifs : 2a. Appréciation de la performance de l’ICOMOS, l’ICCROM et l’UICN ; 2b. Rôle des organisations consultatives dans l’élaboration et l’application de la Stratégie globale ; 3. Le Secrétariat de l’UNESCO ; 4. L’engagement des États parties ; 4a. Conservation des sites inscrits sur leur territoire ; 4b. Respect du patrimoine mondial partout dans le monde ; 4c. Actions collectives de sauvegarde ; 5. Processus de suivi de l’état de conservation des sites du patrimoine mondia
These guidelines are intended to provide advice and suggestions for implementing the intentions o... more These guidelines are intended to provide advice and suggestions for implementing the intentions of the World Heritage Convention (1972). Actions to implement the management of World Heritage sites should be based upon the traditions and legislation of the State Party, which should review its legislation and update it if necessary. The following chapters are included: summary of the guiding principles; general policy of the convention; evaluation for conservation; management of World Heritage sites; management by resource projects; maintenance programme; staffing and personnel services; treatments and authenticity; urban planning and World Heritage town; visitors to World Heritage sites.
Conservation concepts and policies are subject to continuous evolution over time. In relation to ... more Conservation concepts and policies are subject to continuous evolution over time. In relation to urban conservation, the period of 1970s seems to be of crucial importance, considering that it marks the adoption of the World Heritage Convention (1972) and the International Recommendation concerning Historic Areas (1976) of UNESCO, as well as the Council of Europe’s Amsterdam Declaration (1975). In 1972, there was also the United Nations International Conference concerning environment. Combined with the practical examples in various countries, these policy documents have all contributed to broadening the concepts of what is the urban heritage and its integrated conservation. Since then there have been other developments, which have caused the earlier centralized planning to become increasingly decentralized. As a result, it is necessary to verify and update the formerly established policies and their efficacy in relation to the current trends and challenges.
A history of architectural conservation expands knowledge about the conservation of ancient monum... more A history of architectural conservation expands knowledge about the conservation of ancient monuments, works of art and historic buildings. This includes the origins of the interest in conservation within the European context and the development of the concepts from Antiquity and the Renaissance to the present day. The influence this development has had on international collaboration in the protection and conservation of cultural heritage is covered. Also emphasized are the evolution of values from traditional to modern society, and the challenges of the present built environment. This book is a scholarly work based on archival research of original documents and the study of key restoration examples in countries that have influenced the international conservation movement. It includes conservation trends in Europe, the USA, India, Iran and Japan.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 1998
AbstractThe Venice Charter has been the benchmark for principles governing architectural conserva... more AbstractThe Venice Charter has been the benchmark for principles governing architectural conservation/restoration for over thirty years. We asked Jukka Jokilehto to comment on the context in which it was drawn up. Now often referred to simply as the ‘Venice Charter’, the correct full name of this document (of which we print the text in an appendix) is: ‘The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites’, adopted by the IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice, 1964.
According to the UNESCO and ICOMOS charters, conventions and recommendations that are outlined in... more According to the UNESCO and ICOMOS charters, conventions and recommendations that are outlined in the international framework for conservation approaches, it is evident that there is a need for heritage management with democratic governance, including monitoring and evaluation processes. The political dimension of heritage assumes more and more relevance of factors such as international dialogue opportunities (as testified in recent UNESCO policies and programs implemented in the Balkans and Palestine) in order to stimulate a sense of belonging that goes beyond local interests and to provide a basis for new forms of identity and citizenship.
The special edition of this journal is dedicated to exploring how the notion of heritage has evol... more The special edition of this journal is dedicated to exploring how the notion of heritage has evolved in different parts of the world.
It contains essays by Jukka Jokilehto, Gamini Wijesuriya, Bolfy Cottom, Jesús Antonio Machuca, Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani, Haydée López Hernández, Ancila Nhamo, Purity Kiura, David Mbuthia, Hatthaya Siriphatthanakun, Niyati Jigyasu, Rohit Jigyasu, Salvador Rueda Smithers and María Mata Caravaca.
Enjoy the reading!
This volume is dedicated to two well-known architects, the Spanish Fernando Chueca Goitia and the... more This volume is dedicated to two well-known architects, the Spanish Fernando Chueca Goitia and the Mexican Carlos Flores Marini
This volume is dedicated to an admired and missed colleague, Herb Stovel, and one of his articles... more This volume is dedicated to an admired and missed colleague, Herb Stovel, and one of his articles in which he analysed the context that led to the drafting of the Nara Document on Authenticity and its impact.
The text, "Origins and influence of the Nara document on authenticity", originally published in the APT Bulletin, and which they kindly allowed us to reproduce and translate into Spanish provides important insights into that important document.
The text is accompanied by essays from Jukka Jokilehto, Christina Cameron, Pascall Taruvinga, Jean-Louis Luxen and Rohit Jigyasu.
Enjoy the reading!
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Papers by Jukka Jokilehto
It contains essays by Jukka Jokilehto, Gamini Wijesuriya, Bolfy Cottom, Jesús Antonio Machuca, Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani, Haydée López Hernández, Ancila Nhamo, Purity Kiura, David Mbuthia, Hatthaya Siriphatthanakun, Niyati Jigyasu, Rohit Jigyasu, Salvador Rueda Smithers and María Mata Caravaca.
Enjoy the reading!
The text, "Origins and influence of the Nara document on authenticity", originally published in the APT Bulletin, and which they kindly allowed us to reproduce and translate into Spanish provides important insights into that important document.
The text is accompanied by essays from Jukka Jokilehto, Christina Cameron, Pascall Taruvinga, Jean-Louis Luxen and Rohit Jigyasu.
Enjoy the reading!