Powdered dry fruits of white pepper (Piper nigrum, Linn.) were extracted with dichloromethane and... more Powdered dry fruits of white pepper (Piper nigrum, Linn.) were extracted with dichloromethane and fractionated into various portions. The powder obtained from the aqueous weakly acidic fraction, which gave a yield of 1.09% w/w of crude pepper, was tested for antioxidative activity in comparison with commercial antioxidants (sodium metabisulfite and BHT) at 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% w/w in 2% w/w hydroquinone cream. The systems were incubated in a dark room at 24° 1.0°C for two weeks and at 45° 0.5°C for three months. The physical stability and the percentages of hydroquinone remaining after two weeks and one, two, and three months were determined by UV spectrophotometry at 294 nm according to official standard procedures. The experiment revealed that oxidation degradation of hydroquinone was accelerated by heat even with the existence of antioxidants. The higher percentages of remaining hydroquinone were observed for higher antioxidant concentration but showed lower physical stability of...
Ten-year-old Mekong giant catfish (MGC) held in captivity were divided in three treatments. Treat... more Ten-year-old Mekong giant catfish (MGC) held in captivity were divided in three treatments. Treatment 1 served as the control, treatment 2 was injected once a week with gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) 50 µg•kg-1 and treatment 3 was given 100 µg•kg-1 during the spawning season (May-July, 2002). The highest level of Testosterone (T) in male occurred seven days after injection, but the highest Estradiol (E2) level in female occurred fourteen days after the first injection. The T and E2 levels post-injection were respectively significantly different (P<0.05) compared with the levels before injection. Before the spawning season, T and E2 were 800 ng•ml–1 in the males and 3,179 pg•ml-1 in the females, respectively. During the first and second weeks after injection, the T and E2 levels continued to increase. The male MGC achieved greater and earlier maturation than the females. More sperm density was also observed in treatment 2 and 3 as compared with the control. Better f...
This study has investigated the effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) in com... more This study has investigated the effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) in combination with domperidone (DOM) suspended in soybean oil injected both in male and female Pangasius Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2) oil suspension injected in male or female fish respectively on the improve- ment of gonad development. Twenty five males or females (1.5 years
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 6, 2008
The objective of this study was to develop a novel elastic bilayer vesicle entrapped with the non... more The objective of this study was to develop a novel elastic bilayer vesicle entrapped with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac diethylammonium (DCFD) for topical use. Eighteen bilayer vesicular formulations composing of DPPC or Tween 61 or Span 60 mixed with cholesterol (at 1:1, 3:7 and 1:1 molar ratios, respectively) and ethanol at 0-25% (v/v), by chloroform film method with sonication were developed. The elastic Tween 61 niosomes which gave no sedimentation, no layer separation, unchanged particle sizes (about 200 nm) were selected to entrap DCFD. The entrapment efficiency of the drug in the conventional and elastic Tween 61 niosomes was 65 and 93%, respectively. At least 87% of DCFD determined by HPLC remained in elastic Tween 61 niosomes when kept at 4, 27 and 45 degrees C for 3 months. The deformability index values of the elastic niosomes were 13.76 and 3.44 times higher than the conventional niosomes entrapped and not entrapped with the drug, respectiv...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 22, 2008
Characteristics and physical stability of luciferase plasmid (pLuc) entrapped in cationic bilayer... more Characteristics and physical stability of luciferase plasmid (pLuc) entrapped in cationic bilayer vesicles prepared from various molar ratios of amphiphiles (DPPC, Tween61 or Span60), cholesterol (Chol) and cationic charge lipid (DDAB) were investigated. The cationic liposomes were composed of DPPC/Chol/DDAB in the molar ratio of 7:2:1. The cationic (Tween61 or Span60) niosomes were composed of Tween61/Chol/DDAB or Span60/Chol/DDAB in the molar ratio of 1:1:0.05. The maximum loading of pLuc was 15.29, 22.70, and 18.92 microg/mg of the total lipids or surfactants of liposomes, Tween61 and Span60 niosomes, respectively. The morphology of the vesicles showing multilamellar structure was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The particle sizes of the vesicles in nanosize range (160-850 nm) were determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). Gel electrophoresis and gel documentation were modified to determine the entrapment efficiency of pLuc in cationic bilayer ...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 20, 2008
Characteristics of niosomes prepared by a novel supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (scCO(2)) tech... more Characteristics of niosomes prepared by a novel supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (scCO(2)) technique have been investigated. Niosomes were composed of Tween61/cholesterol at 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1 molar ratios and entrapped with d-(+)-glucose by the scCO(2) method without and with ethanol at 5, 10 and 15% (w/w) as a co-solvent, and the conventional chloroform film method with sonication. Tween61/cholesterol at 1:1 molar ratio niosomes prepared by all methods exhibited the best physical stability. Niosomes by the scCO(2) method with 10% (w/w) ethanol gave higher trapping efficiency (12.22+/-0.26%) than those by the conventional chloroform film method with sonication (10.85+/-0.24%) and the scCO(2) method without ethanol (8.40+/-1.60%). Niosomes by the scCO(2) method with and without ethanol were large unilamellar structure under TEM with the average sizes of 271.9+/-159.6 and 202.5+/-136.7 nm, respectively, whereas those by the conventional chloroform film method with sonicatio...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 14, 2005
The entrapment of kojic acid and its newly synthesized ester (kojic oleate) has been evaluated. K... more The entrapment of kojic acid and its newly synthesized ester (kojic oleate) has been evaluated. Kojic oleate was synthesized by DCC (N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DCC)/(4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine, DMAP) esterification method and identified by FAB-MS and 1H NMR. The synthesized product was mainly 7-O-kojic oleate with more than 80% yield. It was entrapped in vesicular membrane prepared from 9.5:9.5:1.0 molar ratio of amphiphiles (Span 60, Tween 61 or DPPC), cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate. Kojic acid was encapsulated in the water compartment of these vesicles in order to confirm the vesicle formation. The morphology and particle size of the vesicles were characterized by an optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The entrapment efficiencies of kojic acid and kojic oleate in the vesicles were investigated by dialysis and column chromatography, respectively. The contents of the entrapped kojic acid and kojic oleate were assayed by HPLC. The entrapment e...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 11, 2004
The aim os this study was to characterize the stability and transdermal absorption of amphoterici... more The aim os this study was to characterize the stability and transdermal absorption of amphotericin B (AMB: 0.05 mg/mg lipid) in hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/charged lipid [dicetyl phosphate (-) or stearylamine (+)] liposomes at molar ratios of 1:1:0, 7:2:0, 7:2:1(-) and 7:2:1(+). The AmB contents in liposomes were determined by HPLC with UV detection at 382 nm. Stabilities of AmB in liposome formulations were compared with those in solution and powder forms, during storage at 4, 30 and 45 degrees C for 90 days. Absorption studies of AmB across the rat skin were conducted, using vertical Franz diffusion cells at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The slowest degradation was observed in the positive liposome (7:2:1(+)AmB), with shelf life of approximately 1 year (30 degrees C). In comparison, the shelf lives of AmB in solution and powder were 4 and 14 days, respectively. AmB in positive liposomes seemed to demonstrate the highest flux in stratum corneum (58 ng/cm(2)/h), while...
Tranexamic acid (TA) has been claimed to have whitening effects. The effects of TA contents (5% a... more Tranexamic acid (TA) has been claimed to have whitening effects. The effects of TA contents (5% and 10%) and charges on the stability and release of TA entrapped in hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/charged lipid [dicetyl phosphate (-) or stearylamine (+)] liposomes at molar ratios of 7:2:1(-) and 7:2:1 (+) were investigated. The TA contents were determined spectrophotometrically at 415 nm, following derivatization with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzosulfonic acid. Stability and leakage of TA from liposomes were characterized at 4 degrees, 30 degrees and 45 degrees C for 90 days. The leakage rates of TA in negative liposomes were lower than those in positive liposomes. The TA in all liposome formulations was relatively stable, as > 90% of total drug remained after up to two months. The release of TA from liposomes was examined using vertical Franz diffusion cells at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The release rates of TA from all liposome formulations were approximately 3 times lower ...
The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2000
The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxic effect of aqueous extracts of Aegle mar... more The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxic effect of aqueous extracts of Aegle marmelos (AM), Stevia rebaudiana (SR), Pouteria cambodiana (PC) and Clausena excavata (CE) on rats by dominant lethal test. The data of 8-week treatment suggested that none of the extracts adversely affected male body and testicular weights as well as cauda epididymal sperm counts. No notable changes in sperm morphology and motility were observed. On the other hand, sperm count in the CE group was significantly higher as compared to both control and other treatment groups. There were no abnormal changes in the number of implantation sites, number of viable fetuses and number of dead fetuses in females mated with plant extract-treated males relative to controls. Based on these results, it could be concluded that all the investigated plant extracts have no toxic effect on male rat reproduction and progeny outcome.
Powdered dry fruits of white pepper (Piper nigrum, Linn.) were extracted with dichloromethane and... more Powdered dry fruits of white pepper (Piper nigrum, Linn.) were extracted with dichloromethane and fractionated into various portions. The powder obtained from the aqueous weakly acidic fraction, which gave a yield of 1.09% w/w of crude pepper, was tested for antioxidative activity in comparison with commercial antioxidants (sodium metabisulfite and BHT) at 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% w/w in 2% w/w hydroquinone cream. The systems were incubated in a dark room at 24° 1.0°C for two weeks and at 45° 0.5°C for three months. The physical stability and the percentages of hydroquinone remaining after two weeks and one, two, and three months were determined by UV spectrophotometry at 294 nm according to official standard procedures. The experiment revealed that oxidation degradation of hydroquinone was accelerated by heat even with the existence of antioxidants. The higher percentages of remaining hydroquinone were observed for higher antioxidant concentration but showed lower physical stability of...
Ten-year-old Mekong giant catfish (MGC) held in captivity were divided in three treatments. Treat... more Ten-year-old Mekong giant catfish (MGC) held in captivity were divided in three treatments. Treatment 1 served as the control, treatment 2 was injected once a week with gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (GnRHa) 50 µg•kg-1 and treatment 3 was given 100 µg•kg-1 during the spawning season (May-July, 2002). The highest level of Testosterone (T) in male occurred seven days after injection, but the highest Estradiol (E2) level in female occurred fourteen days after the first injection. The T and E2 levels post-injection were respectively significantly different (P<0.05) compared with the levels before injection. Before the spawning season, T and E2 were 800 ng•ml–1 in the males and 3,179 pg•ml-1 in the females, respectively. During the first and second weeks after injection, the T and E2 levels continued to increase. The male MGC achieved greater and earlier maturation than the females. More sperm density was also observed in treatment 2 and 3 as compared with the control. Better f...
This study has investigated the effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) in com... more This study has investigated the effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) in combination with domperidone (DOM) suspended in soybean oil injected both in male and female Pangasius Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2) oil suspension injected in male or female fish respectively on the improve- ment of gonad development. Twenty five males or females (1.5 years
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 6, 2008
The objective of this study was to develop a novel elastic bilayer vesicle entrapped with the non... more The objective of this study was to develop a novel elastic bilayer vesicle entrapped with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac diethylammonium (DCFD) for topical use. Eighteen bilayer vesicular formulations composing of DPPC or Tween 61 or Span 60 mixed with cholesterol (at 1:1, 3:7 and 1:1 molar ratios, respectively) and ethanol at 0-25% (v/v), by chloroform film method with sonication were developed. The elastic Tween 61 niosomes which gave no sedimentation, no layer separation, unchanged particle sizes (about 200 nm) were selected to entrap DCFD. The entrapment efficiency of the drug in the conventional and elastic Tween 61 niosomes was 65 and 93%, respectively. At least 87% of DCFD determined by HPLC remained in elastic Tween 61 niosomes when kept at 4, 27 and 45 degrees C for 3 months. The deformability index values of the elastic niosomes were 13.76 and 3.44 times higher than the conventional niosomes entrapped and not entrapped with the drug, respectiv...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 22, 2008
Characteristics and physical stability of luciferase plasmid (pLuc) entrapped in cationic bilayer... more Characteristics and physical stability of luciferase plasmid (pLuc) entrapped in cationic bilayer vesicles prepared from various molar ratios of amphiphiles (DPPC, Tween61 or Span60), cholesterol (Chol) and cationic charge lipid (DDAB) were investigated. The cationic liposomes were composed of DPPC/Chol/DDAB in the molar ratio of 7:2:1. The cationic (Tween61 or Span60) niosomes were composed of Tween61/Chol/DDAB or Span60/Chol/DDAB in the molar ratio of 1:1:0.05. The maximum loading of pLuc was 15.29, 22.70, and 18.92 microg/mg of the total lipids or surfactants of liposomes, Tween61 and Span60 niosomes, respectively. The morphology of the vesicles showing multilamellar structure was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The particle sizes of the vesicles in nanosize range (160-850 nm) were determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). Gel electrophoresis and gel documentation were modified to determine the entrapment efficiency of pLuc in cationic bilayer ...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 20, 2008
Characteristics of niosomes prepared by a novel supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (scCO(2)) tech... more Characteristics of niosomes prepared by a novel supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (scCO(2)) technique have been investigated. Niosomes were composed of Tween61/cholesterol at 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1 molar ratios and entrapped with d-(+)-glucose by the scCO(2) method without and with ethanol at 5, 10 and 15% (w/w) as a co-solvent, and the conventional chloroform film method with sonication. Tween61/cholesterol at 1:1 molar ratio niosomes prepared by all methods exhibited the best physical stability. Niosomes by the scCO(2) method with 10% (w/w) ethanol gave higher trapping efficiency (12.22+/-0.26%) than those by the conventional chloroform film method with sonication (10.85+/-0.24%) and the scCO(2) method without ethanol (8.40+/-1.60%). Niosomes by the scCO(2) method with and without ethanol were large unilamellar structure under TEM with the average sizes of 271.9+/-159.6 and 202.5+/-136.7 nm, respectively, whereas those by the conventional chloroform film method with sonicatio...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 14, 2005
The entrapment of kojic acid and its newly synthesized ester (kojic oleate) has been evaluated. K... more The entrapment of kojic acid and its newly synthesized ester (kojic oleate) has been evaluated. Kojic oleate was synthesized by DCC (N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DCC)/(4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine, DMAP) esterification method and identified by FAB-MS and 1H NMR. The synthesized product was mainly 7-O-kojic oleate with more than 80% yield. It was entrapped in vesicular membrane prepared from 9.5:9.5:1.0 molar ratio of amphiphiles (Span 60, Tween 61 or DPPC), cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate. Kojic acid was encapsulated in the water compartment of these vesicles in order to confirm the vesicle formation. The morphology and particle size of the vesicles were characterized by an optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The entrapment efficiencies of kojic acid and kojic oleate in the vesicles were investigated by dialysis and column chromatography, respectively. The contents of the entrapped kojic acid and kojic oleate were assayed by HPLC. The entrapment e...
International journal of pharmaceutics, Jan 11, 2004
The aim os this study was to characterize the stability and transdermal absorption of amphoterici... more The aim os this study was to characterize the stability and transdermal absorption of amphotericin B (AMB: 0.05 mg/mg lipid) in hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/charged lipid [dicetyl phosphate (-) or stearylamine (+)] liposomes at molar ratios of 1:1:0, 7:2:0, 7:2:1(-) and 7:2:1(+). The AmB contents in liposomes were determined by HPLC with UV detection at 382 nm. Stabilities of AmB in liposome formulations were compared with those in solution and powder forms, during storage at 4, 30 and 45 degrees C for 90 days. Absorption studies of AmB across the rat skin were conducted, using vertical Franz diffusion cells at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The slowest degradation was observed in the positive liposome (7:2:1(+)AmB), with shelf life of approximately 1 year (30 degrees C). In comparison, the shelf lives of AmB in solution and powder were 4 and 14 days, respectively. AmB in positive liposomes seemed to demonstrate the highest flux in stratum corneum (58 ng/cm(2)/h), while...
Tranexamic acid (TA) has been claimed to have whitening effects. The effects of TA contents (5% a... more Tranexamic acid (TA) has been claimed to have whitening effects. The effects of TA contents (5% and 10%) and charges on the stability and release of TA entrapped in hydrogenated soya phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/charged lipid [dicetyl phosphate (-) or stearylamine (+)] liposomes at molar ratios of 7:2:1(-) and 7:2:1 (+) were investigated. The TA contents were determined spectrophotometrically at 415 nm, following derivatization with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzosulfonic acid. Stability and leakage of TA from liposomes were characterized at 4 degrees, 30 degrees and 45 degrees C for 90 days. The leakage rates of TA in negative liposomes were lower than those in positive liposomes. The TA in all liposome formulations was relatively stable, as > 90% of total drug remained after up to two months. The release of TA from liposomes was examined using vertical Franz diffusion cells at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The release rates of TA from all liposome formulations were approximately 3 times lower ...
The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 2000
The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxic effect of aqueous extracts of Aegle mar... more The present study was undertaken to investigate the toxic effect of aqueous extracts of Aegle marmelos (AM), Stevia rebaudiana (SR), Pouteria cambodiana (PC) and Clausena excavata (CE) on rats by dominant lethal test. The data of 8-week treatment suggested that none of the extracts adversely affected male body and testicular weights as well as cauda epididymal sperm counts. No notable changes in sperm morphology and motility were observed. On the other hand, sperm count in the CE group was significantly higher as compared to both control and other treatment groups. There were no abnormal changes in the number of implantation sites, number of viable fetuses and number of dead fetuses in females mated with plant extract-treated males relative to controls. Based on these results, it could be concluded that all the investigated plant extracts have no toxic effect on male rat reproduction and progeny outcome.
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