Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1994
An acute non‐immune inflammation model was used to compare the action of two non‐steroidal anti‐i... more An acute non‐immune inflammation model was used to compare the action of two non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, flunixin meglumine and tolfenamic acid, on prostaglandin E2, (PGE2) synthesis in bovine inflammatory exudate. The tissue cage model used involves subcutaneous implantation of polypropylene cages and subsequent stimulation by carrageenan injection of the granulation tissue which develops within the cage. Twelve calves were randomly assigned to three groups receiving placebo, flunixin meglumine and tolfenamic acid, respectively. Inflammatory exudate was sampled 30 min after carrageenan injection and at seven subsequent time points. PGE2, levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. At each time point post‐carrageenan injection, flunixin meglumine inhibited PGE2, synthesis to a greater extent than tolfenamic acid. At 4, 8,12 and 24 h these differences were statistically significant.
Background The vector-borne human viral zoonosis tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is of growing conc... more Background The vector-borne human viral zoonosis tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is of growing concern in Sweden. The area where TBE is considered endemic has expanded, with an increasing geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus as the tick vector and a rising number of reported TBE cases in humans. Efforts to map TBE risk areas have been carried out by sentinel monitoring, mainly based on individual sampling and analysis of wild and domestic animals, as well as ticks, for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). However, the interpretation of the geographical distribution has been hampered by the patchy and focal nature of TBEV occurrence. This study presents TBEV surveillance data based on antibody analysis of bulk tank milk collected from dairy herds located throughout Sweden before (May) and after (November) the vector season. A commercial TBEV antibody ELISA was modified and evaluated for use in this study. Results The initial comparative TBEV antibody analysis revealed a good co...
We determined complete 1D gene sequences for one serotype A and seven additional serotype O Korea... more We determined complete 1D gene sequences for one serotype A and seven additional serotype O Korean foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) and then analyzed them together with published sequences for 180 type A and 300 type O isolates from throughout the world using a Bayesian coalescent approach. Here, Korean serotype A virus was linked with those from Laos. Korean serotype O viruses were divided into three clades and were closely related to isolates from Japan, Thailand, the UK, France, Ireland, South Africa, and Singapore, as well as Laos. There was no apparent correlation between time, country, or host species and the evolution of global FMDVs. Additionally, our results showed that purifying selection acts on the overall 1D sequences and there was no evidence of recombination among the FMDV sequences. The evolutionary rates were 5.77 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year for serotype A and 4.81 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year for serotype O. Serotype A viruses diverged approximately 110 y...
Les hypophosphatemies sont chroniques (carence d'apport, hemoglobinurie puerperale) ou aigues... more Les hypophosphatemies sont chroniques (carence d'apport, hemoglobinurie puerperale) ou aigues (associees ou non a une hypocalcemie). Le seuil a partir duquel le decubitus survient varie de 10 a 20 mg/lde phosphore sanguin. Le traitement fait appel au phosphate monosodique par voie veineuse ou orale. Les hypokaliemies sont toujours secondaires (ileus, iatrogeniques, etc.). Les signes diniques (paralysie flasque) apparaissent pour des valeurs de kaliemies inferieures a 2,3 mmol/l. Le traitement de l'affection primaire, indispensable, doit etre complete par l'administration veineuse de KCI dilue dans du solute NaCI isotonique ou par l'administration orale de NaCl et de KCI dilues dans de reau. Le pronostic est toujours reserve. Les hypomagnesiemies aigues se traduisent par des syndromes tetaniformes. Les magnesiemies associees aux tetanies sont generalement inferieures a 12 mg/l. Le traitement fait appel a l'administration veineuse de magnesium, relayee par l'apport oral d'oxyde ou de sulfate de magnesium.
BoHV4 is a double-stranded DNA virus which has been associated to endometritis, metritis, and abo... more BoHV4 is a double-stranded DNA virus which has been associated to endometritis, metritis, and abortions in dairy cow. The objective of this study was to characterise its cytopathic effects on bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEEC). Bovine uteri were collected from slaughter house and bEEC separated and cultivated as previously described (Guo et al. 2014 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 26, 165–166). In Experiment 1 (Exp 1), bEEC (passage 5) from 3 cows were cultivated for 6 days without virus or following exposure to serial dilutions (10–4, 10–3, 10–2) of virus. Living cells were counted for each group at start of the experiment and by Day 6. Proliferation or inhibition of proliferation was calculated by (Number of cells Day 6 – Number of cells Day 0)/Number of cells Day 0. In Experiment 2 (Exp 2) cells were challenged with a single dosage of virus (MOI 0.01; 1 virus: 100 cells) and culture performed during 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days. Cells were counted at Day 0 and each day, proliferation...
ABSTRACTBluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. Th... more ABSTRACTBluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. The recent northerly spread of BTV serotype 8 in Europe resulted in outbreaks characterized by clinical signs in cattle, including unusual teratogenic effects. Vaccination has been shown to be crucial for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases such as BTV. With the aim of developing a novel subunit vaccine targeting BTV-8 that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals, five His-tagged recombinant proteins, VP2 and VP5 of BTV-8 and NS1, NS2, and NS3 of BTV-2, were expressed in baculovirus orEscherichia coliexpression systems for further study. Optimized purification protocols were determined for VP2, NS1, NS2, and NS3, which remained stable for detection for at least 560 to 610 days of storage at +4°C or −80°C, and Western blotting using sera from vaccinated or experimentally infected cattle indicated that VP2 and NS2 were recognized by BTV-specific antibodies. To ...
A retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in seven West African countries was conducted for... more A retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in seven West African countries was conducted for the period 1970 to 2003. The study included three cattle-exporting Sahel countries (Burkina-Faso, Mali and Niger) and four cattle-importing coastal countries (Benin, Côte d'lvoire, Ghana and Togo). Foot and mouth disease has been enzootic in these countries since 1990/1991. Four of the seven serotypes are regularly notified (O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2). In the seven countries as a whole, 198 biological samples from identified foot and mouth disease outbreaks confirmed the involvement of the following serotypes: O (62 outbreaks); A (32 outbreaks); SAT 1 (18 outbreaks); SAT 2 (86 outbreaks). This result, which is largely underestimated, clearly demonstrates the seriousness of foot and mouth disease in West Africa, whose livestock production system characterised by continual uncontrolled animal movements facilitates the spread of the disease. Unlike in Southern Africa, for foot and mouth disease to be controlled in West Africa it is necessary immediately to introduce a regional strategy involving all countries which takes into account the real situation in the field: transhumance, nomadism and live-animal imports by coastal countries.
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in n... more Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in northern Europe. The 2006 outbreak of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe was marked by an unusual teratogenic effect and a high frequency of clinical signs in cattle. Conventional control strategies targeting small ruminants were therefore extended to include cattle. Since cattle were not routinely vaccinated before 2006, the immune responses to BTV have not been studied extensively in this species. With the aims of developing a subunit vaccine against BTV-8 for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals based on viral protein 7 (VP7) antibody detection and of improving the current understanding of the immunogenicity of BTV proteins in cattle, the immune responses induced by recombinant VP2 (BTV-8) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and NS2 (BTV-2) were studied. Cows were immunized twice (with a 3-week interval) with the experimental vaccine, a commercial inactivated vaccine, or...
Respiratory diseases in calves are responsible of major economic losses in both beef and dairy pr... more Respiratory diseases in calves are responsible of major economic losses in both beef and dairy production (Smith, 2000; van der Fels-Klerx et al. 2001). Alone or in association with other pathogens, viral infections are probably the main causes of these diseases. Different viruses, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine adenoviruses or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are detected in most clinical cases that are investigated early after the onset of clinical signs (Bryson et al. 1978a; Stott et al. 1980; Schelcher et al. 1990; Kapil & Basaraba, 1997). They sometimes occur in combination and they are frequently also associated with bacterial invasion of the lung (e.g. with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus somnus, Salmonella dublin and Arcanobacterium pyogenes) (Babiuk et al. 1988). Bacteria and viruses may also interact with Mycoplasma spp. (e....
S Zohari (siamak.zohari@sva.se)1, A Neimanis2, T Härkönen3, C Moraeus3, J F Valarcher1 1. Departm... more S Zohari (siamak.zohari@sva.se)1, A Neimanis2, T Härkönen3, C Moraeus3, J F Valarcher1 1. Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden 2. Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, Wildlife Section, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden 3. Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
A comparison of the effects of two antiinflammatory drugs, flunixine meglumine (FM) and tolfenami... more A comparison of the effects of two antiinflammatory drugs, flunixine meglumine (FM) and tolfenamic acid (TA) has been conducted in cattle using a tissue cage model. "Practice" polypropylene golf balls have been implanted subcutaneously in the neck of 12 young males calves. After a 3 weeks stabilisation period, an acute inflammatory reaction has been induced with an injection in the tissue cage of a 2% carragenine sterile solution. After randomisation of the animals in 3 groups : one received an intramuscular injection of distilled water (placebo), another group was treated with 2 mg/Kg FM intramuscularly, the third group received TA at the same posology and through the same route. Starting half an hour after the carragenine injection the tissue cage exudate were collected seven times during the first 48 hours to measure the prostaglandine E2 level using a radioimmunologic method. To decrease the variability between animals the study has been conducted in a cross-over way, ...
Regulation of fluid balance is pivotal during surgery and anesthesia and affects patient morbidit... more Regulation of fluid balance is pivotal during surgery and anesthesia and affects patient morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay. Retention of sodium and water is known to occur during surgery but the mechanisms are poorly defined. In this study, we explore how the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane influences renal function by affecting renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Our results demonstrate that sevoflurane induces renal sodium and water retention during pediatric anesthesia in association with elevated plasma concentration of renin but not arginine–vasopressin. The mechanisms are further explored in conscious and anesthetized ewes where we show that RSNA is increased by sevoflurane compared with when conscious. This is accompanied by renal sodium and water retention and decreased renal blood flow (RBF). Finally, we demonstrate that renal denervation normalizes renal excretory function and improves RBF during sevoflurane anesthesia in sheep. Taken together, this st...
The induction of long-lasting clinical and virological protection is needed for a successful vacc... more The induction of long-lasting clinical and virological protection is needed for a successful vaccination program against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). In this study, calves with BRSV-specific maternally derived antibodies were vaccinated once, either with (i) a BRSV pre-fusion protein (PreF) and MontanideTM ISA61 VG (ISA61, n = 6), (ii) BRSV lacking the SH gene (ΔSHrBRSV, n = 6), (iii) a commercial vaccine (CV, n = 6), or were injected with ISA61 alone (n = 6). All calves were challenged with BRSV 92 days later and were euthanized 13 days post-infection. Based on clinical, pathological, and proteomic data, all vaccines appeared safe. Compared to the controls, PreF induced the most significant clinical and virological protection post-challenge, followed by ΔSHrBRSV and CV, whereas the protection of PreF-vaccinated calves was correlated with BRSV-specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody responses 84 days post-vaccination, and the IgG antibody titers of ΔSHrBRSV- a...
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1994
An acute non‐immune inflammation model was used to compare the action of two non‐steroidal anti‐i... more An acute non‐immune inflammation model was used to compare the action of two non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, flunixin meglumine and tolfenamic acid, on prostaglandin E2, (PGE2) synthesis in bovine inflammatory exudate. The tissue cage model used involves subcutaneous implantation of polypropylene cages and subsequent stimulation by carrageenan injection of the granulation tissue which develops within the cage. Twelve calves were randomly assigned to three groups receiving placebo, flunixin meglumine and tolfenamic acid, respectively. Inflammatory exudate was sampled 30 min after carrageenan injection and at seven subsequent time points. PGE2, levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. At each time point post‐carrageenan injection, flunixin meglumine inhibited PGE2, synthesis to a greater extent than tolfenamic acid. At 4, 8,12 and 24 h these differences were statistically significant.
Background The vector-borne human viral zoonosis tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is of growing conc... more Background The vector-borne human viral zoonosis tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is of growing concern in Sweden. The area where TBE is considered endemic has expanded, with an increasing geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus as the tick vector and a rising number of reported TBE cases in humans. Efforts to map TBE risk areas have been carried out by sentinel monitoring, mainly based on individual sampling and analysis of wild and domestic animals, as well as ticks, for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). However, the interpretation of the geographical distribution has been hampered by the patchy and focal nature of TBEV occurrence. This study presents TBEV surveillance data based on antibody analysis of bulk tank milk collected from dairy herds located throughout Sweden before (May) and after (November) the vector season. A commercial TBEV antibody ELISA was modified and evaluated for use in this study. Results The initial comparative TBEV antibody analysis revealed a good co...
We determined complete 1D gene sequences for one serotype A and seven additional serotype O Korea... more We determined complete 1D gene sequences for one serotype A and seven additional serotype O Korean foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) and then analyzed them together with published sequences for 180 type A and 300 type O isolates from throughout the world using a Bayesian coalescent approach. Here, Korean serotype A virus was linked with those from Laos. Korean serotype O viruses were divided into three clades and were closely related to isolates from Japan, Thailand, the UK, France, Ireland, South Africa, and Singapore, as well as Laos. There was no apparent correlation between time, country, or host species and the evolution of global FMDVs. Additionally, our results showed that purifying selection acts on the overall 1D sequences and there was no evidence of recombination among the FMDV sequences. The evolutionary rates were 5.77 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year for serotype A and 4.81 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year for serotype O. Serotype A viruses diverged approximately 110 y...
Les hypophosphatemies sont chroniques (carence d'apport, hemoglobinurie puerperale) ou aigues... more Les hypophosphatemies sont chroniques (carence d'apport, hemoglobinurie puerperale) ou aigues (associees ou non a une hypocalcemie). Le seuil a partir duquel le decubitus survient varie de 10 a 20 mg/lde phosphore sanguin. Le traitement fait appel au phosphate monosodique par voie veineuse ou orale. Les hypokaliemies sont toujours secondaires (ileus, iatrogeniques, etc.). Les signes diniques (paralysie flasque) apparaissent pour des valeurs de kaliemies inferieures a 2,3 mmol/l. Le traitement de l'affection primaire, indispensable, doit etre complete par l'administration veineuse de KCI dilue dans du solute NaCI isotonique ou par l'administration orale de NaCl et de KCI dilues dans de reau. Le pronostic est toujours reserve. Les hypomagnesiemies aigues se traduisent par des syndromes tetaniformes. Les magnesiemies associees aux tetanies sont generalement inferieures a 12 mg/l. Le traitement fait appel a l'administration veineuse de magnesium, relayee par l'apport oral d'oxyde ou de sulfate de magnesium.
BoHV4 is a double-stranded DNA virus which has been associated to endometritis, metritis, and abo... more BoHV4 is a double-stranded DNA virus which has been associated to endometritis, metritis, and abortions in dairy cow. The objective of this study was to characterise its cytopathic effects on bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEEC). Bovine uteri were collected from slaughter house and bEEC separated and cultivated as previously described (Guo et al. 2014 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 26, 165–166). In Experiment 1 (Exp 1), bEEC (passage 5) from 3 cows were cultivated for 6 days without virus or following exposure to serial dilutions (10–4, 10–3, 10–2) of virus. Living cells were counted for each group at start of the experiment and by Day 6. Proliferation or inhibition of proliferation was calculated by (Number of cells Day 6 – Number of cells Day 0)/Number of cells Day 0. In Experiment 2 (Exp 2) cells were challenged with a single dosage of virus (MOI 0.01; 1 virus: 100 cells) and culture performed during 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days. Cells were counted at Day 0 and each day, proliferation...
ABSTRACTBluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. Th... more ABSTRACTBluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. The recent northerly spread of BTV serotype 8 in Europe resulted in outbreaks characterized by clinical signs in cattle, including unusual teratogenic effects. Vaccination has been shown to be crucial for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases such as BTV. With the aim of developing a novel subunit vaccine targeting BTV-8 that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals, five His-tagged recombinant proteins, VP2 and VP5 of BTV-8 and NS1, NS2, and NS3 of BTV-2, were expressed in baculovirus orEscherichia coliexpression systems for further study. Optimized purification protocols were determined for VP2, NS1, NS2, and NS3, which remained stable for detection for at least 560 to 610 days of storage at +4°C or −80°C, and Western blotting using sera from vaccinated or experimentally infected cattle indicated that VP2 and NS2 were recognized by BTV-specific antibodies. To ...
A retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in seven West African countries was conducted for... more A retrospective study of foot and mouth disease in seven West African countries was conducted for the period 1970 to 2003. The study included three cattle-exporting Sahel countries (Burkina-Faso, Mali and Niger) and four cattle-importing coastal countries (Benin, Côte d'lvoire, Ghana and Togo). Foot and mouth disease has been enzootic in these countries since 1990/1991. Four of the seven serotypes are regularly notified (O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2). In the seven countries as a whole, 198 biological samples from identified foot and mouth disease outbreaks confirmed the involvement of the following serotypes: O (62 outbreaks); A (32 outbreaks); SAT 1 (18 outbreaks); SAT 2 (86 outbreaks). This result, which is largely underestimated, clearly demonstrates the seriousness of foot and mouth disease in West Africa, whose livestock production system characterised by continual uncontrolled animal movements facilitates the spread of the disease. Unlike in Southern Africa, for foot and mouth disease to be controlled in West Africa it is necessary immediately to introduce a regional strategy involving all countries which takes into account the real situation in the field: transhumance, nomadism and live-animal imports by coastal countries.
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in n... more Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in northern Europe. The 2006 outbreak of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe was marked by an unusual teratogenic effect and a high frequency of clinical signs in cattle. Conventional control strategies targeting small ruminants were therefore extended to include cattle. Since cattle were not routinely vaccinated before 2006, the immune responses to BTV have not been studied extensively in this species. With the aims of developing a subunit vaccine against BTV-8 for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals based on viral protein 7 (VP7) antibody detection and of improving the current understanding of the immunogenicity of BTV proteins in cattle, the immune responses induced by recombinant VP2 (BTV-8) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and NS2 (BTV-2) were studied. Cows were immunized twice (with a 3-week interval) with the experimental vaccine, a commercial inactivated vaccine, or...
Respiratory diseases in calves are responsible of major economic losses in both beef and dairy pr... more Respiratory diseases in calves are responsible of major economic losses in both beef and dairy production (Smith, 2000; van der Fels-Klerx et al. 2001). Alone or in association with other pathogens, viral infections are probably the main causes of these diseases. Different viruses, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine adenoviruses or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are detected in most clinical cases that are investigated early after the onset of clinical signs (Bryson et al. 1978a; Stott et al. 1980; Schelcher et al. 1990; Kapil & Basaraba, 1997). They sometimes occur in combination and they are frequently also associated with bacterial invasion of the lung (e.g. with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus somnus, Salmonella dublin and Arcanobacterium pyogenes) (Babiuk et al. 1988). Bacteria and viruses may also interact with Mycoplasma spp. (e....
S Zohari (siamak.zohari@sva.se)1, A Neimanis2, T Härkönen3, C Moraeus3, J F Valarcher1 1. Departm... more S Zohari (siamak.zohari@sva.se)1, A Neimanis2, T Härkönen3, C Moraeus3, J F Valarcher1 1. Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden 2. Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, Wildlife Section, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden 3. Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
A comparison of the effects of two antiinflammatory drugs, flunixine meglumine (FM) and tolfenami... more A comparison of the effects of two antiinflammatory drugs, flunixine meglumine (FM) and tolfenamic acid (TA) has been conducted in cattle using a tissue cage model. "Practice" polypropylene golf balls have been implanted subcutaneously in the neck of 12 young males calves. After a 3 weeks stabilisation period, an acute inflammatory reaction has been induced with an injection in the tissue cage of a 2% carragenine sterile solution. After randomisation of the animals in 3 groups : one received an intramuscular injection of distilled water (placebo), another group was treated with 2 mg/Kg FM intramuscularly, the third group received TA at the same posology and through the same route. Starting half an hour after the carragenine injection the tissue cage exudate were collected seven times during the first 48 hours to measure the prostaglandine E2 level using a radioimmunologic method. To decrease the variability between animals the study has been conducted in a cross-over way, ...
Regulation of fluid balance is pivotal during surgery and anesthesia and affects patient morbidit... more Regulation of fluid balance is pivotal during surgery and anesthesia and affects patient morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay. Retention of sodium and water is known to occur during surgery but the mechanisms are poorly defined. In this study, we explore how the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane influences renal function by affecting renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). Our results demonstrate that sevoflurane induces renal sodium and water retention during pediatric anesthesia in association with elevated plasma concentration of renin but not arginine–vasopressin. The mechanisms are further explored in conscious and anesthetized ewes where we show that RSNA is increased by sevoflurane compared with when conscious. This is accompanied by renal sodium and water retention and decreased renal blood flow (RBF). Finally, we demonstrate that renal denervation normalizes renal excretory function and improves RBF during sevoflurane anesthesia in sheep. Taken together, this st...
The induction of long-lasting clinical and virological protection is needed for a successful vacc... more The induction of long-lasting clinical and virological protection is needed for a successful vaccination program against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). In this study, calves with BRSV-specific maternally derived antibodies were vaccinated once, either with (i) a BRSV pre-fusion protein (PreF) and MontanideTM ISA61 VG (ISA61, n = 6), (ii) BRSV lacking the SH gene (ΔSHrBRSV, n = 6), (iii) a commercial vaccine (CV, n = 6), or were injected with ISA61 alone (n = 6). All calves were challenged with BRSV 92 days later and were euthanized 13 days post-infection. Based on clinical, pathological, and proteomic data, all vaccines appeared safe. Compared to the controls, PreF induced the most significant clinical and virological protection post-challenge, followed by ΔSHrBRSV and CV, whereas the protection of PreF-vaccinated calves was correlated with BRSV-specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody responses 84 days post-vaccination, and the IgG antibody titers of ΔSHrBRSV- a...
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Papers by Jean Valarcher