To study the current prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescen... more To study the current prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Denmark from 1995 to 2000-2002. Cross-sectional national dietary surveys were conducted in 1995 and 2000-2002. The analysis was based on two random population samples from the Danish civil registration system. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported height and weight for 1,026 and 1,152 children and adolescents (4-18 years), who participated in 1995 and 2000-2002, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was defined according to the international age and gender-specific child BMI cut-off points. In the statistical analysis, overweight and obesity were included in the prevalence of overweight. Mean BMI increased significantly between 1995 and 2000-2002 for all combinations of age groups (4-6, 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18 years) and genders. Prevalence of overweight increased between survey years for boys and girls for all age groups (4-6, 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18 years), although formal statistical significance was not reached (p>0.05). When all children and adolescents (4-18 years) were analysed, the prevalence of overweight rose significantly from 10.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.0-12.8) to 14.4% (95% CI 12.5-16.3) between 1995 and 2000- 2002 (p=0.01), whereas the increase in the prevalence of obesity did not reach significance (1995, 2.3% (95% CI 1.3-3.3) vs. 2000-2002, 2.4% (95% CI 1.6-3.3); p=0.74). The present study revealed a significant increase from 1995 to 2000-2002 in mean BMI for boys and girls for all age groups and a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight when all Danish children and adolescents (4-18 years) were analysed.
The aim of this study was to examine the association between different dimensions of socioeconomi... more The aim of this study was to examine the association between different dimensions of socioeconomic position, body mass index (BMI) and obesity in the Danish population. Possible interactions between the different dimensions and gender differences were also investigated. This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2000-2002 including a simple random sample from the civil registration system, comprising 1953 males and 2167 females aged 4-75 years. Information about different dimensions of socioeconomic position, height and weight was obtained by face-to-face interview. Associations between dimensions of socioeconomic position and weight status were examined by use of linear multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. BMI and prevalence of obesity were significantly associated with education for both men and women. Odds ratios (ORs) for obesity were 2.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.9) and 6.5 (95% CI 2.3-18.7) for those with basic school as compared with th...
Celiac disease, an immunological response triggered by gluten, affects ~1 % of the Western popula... more Celiac disease, an immunological response triggered by gluten, affects ~1 % of the Western population. Information concerning gluten intake in the general population is scarce. We determined intake of gluten from wheat, barley, rye and oat in the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity 2005-2008. The study population comprised a random cross-sectional sample of 1494 adults 20-75 years, selected from the Danish Civil Registration System. Protein content in wheat, rye, barley and oat was determined from the National Danish Food Composition Table and multiplied with the amount of cereal used in recipes. Amount of gluten was calculated as amount of cereal protein ×0.80 for wheat and oat, ×0.65 for rye and ×0.50 for barley. Dietary intake was recorded daily during seven consecutive days in pre-coded food diaries with open-answer possibilities. Mean total gluten intake was 10.4 ± 4.4 g/day (10th-90th percentiles; 5.4-16.2 g/day), in men 12.0 ± 4.6 g/day and 9.0 ± 3.4 g/day in...
Trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Denmark were compared to changes in diet an... more Trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Denmark were compared to changes in diet and physical activity by using data from the nationwide dietary surveys of 1985 and 1995 comprising 2,000 adults, aged 15-80 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased by more than 20% in men (1985: 35.7% vs 1995: 44.1%) and women (1985: 22.3% vs 1995: 29.4%). The prevalence of obesity rose especially in men from 1985 (5.0%) to 1995 (8.8%), less dramatically in women (1985: 5.3% vs 1995: 6.6%). A decrease of 20% and 5% in energy intake has been registered, respectively in men and women. At the same time, sedentary work increased considerably from 1995 (19.5%) to 1985 (38.2%), whereas leisure time physical activity was higher than before. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is probably explained by a decrease in the total energy expenditure, owing to the fact that sedentary work has doubled. Hence, a rise in the level of leisure time physical activity did ...
Data on dietary intake and physical activity has been collected from a representative sample of t... more Data on dietary intake and physical activity has been collected from a representative sample of the Danish population from 2003-2008. The aim of the present study was to describe the habitual diet in Denmark and to evaluate the overall diet quality using a diet quality index based on the National Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG), which consists of seven guidelines regarding diet and one regarding physical activity. Data from the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity 2003-2008 (n=3354) were included. The diet quality index was constructed based on five of the seven dietary guidelines. Individuals were categorised according to quartiles of the diet quality index, and food and nutrient intakes were estimated in each of the groups. Macronutrient distribution did not meet recommendations in any of the groups, as energy from total fat and especially saturated fat was too high. A high intake of high-fat milk products, fat on bread and processed meat contributed to a high...
Background/objectives:To identify and describe dietary patterns in Danish adults and to examine w... more Background/objectives:To identify and describe dietary patterns in Danish adults and to examine which demographic and health-related lifestyle factors are associated with dietary patterns.Subjects/methods:Data derived from the Danish national survey of diet and physical activity collected in 2003-2008 and included 1569 men and 1785 women. Diet was assessed by a 7-day pre-coded food diary. Information on age, gender, weight, height, physical activity, smoking habits, educational level and attitudes towards healthy eating habits was derived from face-to-face interviews. Principal component analysis was applied to explore dietary patterns. Associations with lifestyle factors were examined by means of multiple regression analyses.Results:Three major dietary patterns were identified: a 'traditional' pattern correlated with intake of rye bread, white bread, fat on bread, cheese, jam, cold meat, minced meat, potatoes and gravy, and cake and biscuits; a 'health-conscious' pa...
Early nutrition may program obesity and cardiovascular risk later in life, and one of the potenti... more Early nutrition may program obesity and cardiovascular risk later in life, and one of the potential agents is (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA). In this study, our objective was to examine whether fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affects blood pressure and body composition of children. Danish mothers (n = 122) were randomized to FO [1.5 g/d (n-3) LCPUFA] or olive oil (OO) supplementations during the first 4 mo of lactation. The trial also included a high-fish intake reference group (n = 53). Ninety-eight children were followed-up with blood pressure and anthropometry measurements at 7 y. Diet and physical activity level (PAL) were assessed by 4-d weighed dietary records and ActiReg. The PAL value was 4% lower (P = 0.048) and energy intake (EI) of the boys was 1.1 +/- 0.4 MJ/d higher (P = 0.014) in the FO group than in the OO group. Starch intake was 15 +/- 6 g/d higher (P = 0.012) in the FO group, but there were no other differences in diet. Body composition did not differ between the randomized groups with or without adjustment for starch intake, EI, and PAL. FO boys had 6 mm Hg higher diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure than OO boys (P < 0.01), but girls did not differ. Within the randomized groups, blood pressure was not correlated with maternal RBC (n-3) LCPUFA after the intervention, but PAL values were (r = -0.277; P = 0.038). We previously found higher BMI at 2.5 y in the FO group, but the difference did not persist. The differences in blood pressure, EI, and PAL, particularly among boys, suggest that early (n-3) LCPUFA intake may have adverse effects, which should be investigated in future studies.
Little is known about dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in children, and the aim of t... more Little is known about dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in children, and the aim of the present study was to investigate 4–14-year-old children's dietary patterns specifically on weekdays (Monday–Thursday) and weekend days (Saturday–Sunday). Dietary data were derived from the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity 2003–8, where a total of 784 children aged 4–14 years completed a 7 d pre-coded food record. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns in the age groups 4–6, 7–10 and 11–14 years. Consistently, two dietary patterns, labelled ‘processed’ and ‘health conscious’, emerged on both weekdays and weekend days. Factor scores from corresponding dietary patterns were significantly correlated between weekdays and weekend days with the exception of the ‘health conscious’ pattern in the 7–10-year-olds. Within each age group, children with high agreement for the ‘processed’ pattern had a significantly higher dietary energy density, which was reflected in significantly higher intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables, compared with children with high agreement for the ‘health conscious’ pattern (P< 0·05). Moreover, these variables indicated less healthy dietary intakes on weekend days than on weekdays for both patterns. In conclusion, two distinct dietary patterns, labelled ‘processed’ and ‘health conscious’, were identified on both weekdays and weekend days for each age group. While overall major dietary patterns may somewhat track between weekdays and weekends, the specific foods actually eaten became less healthy during weekends.
Page 1. Danskernes måltidsvaner, holdninger, motivation og barrierer for at spise sundt 1995-2008... more Page 1. Danskernes måltidsvaner, holdninger, motivation og barrierer for at spise sundt 1995-2008 Margit Velsing Groth Mette Rosenlund Sørensen Anja Biltoft-Jensen Jeppe Matthiessen Karsten Kørup Sisse Fagt Afdeling for Ernæring Page 2. ...
Since 1995 the Danish national dietary surveys have shown an increased alcohol intake in the Dani... more Since 1995 the Danish national dietary surveys have shown an increased alcohol intake in the Danish population. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between diet quality, alcohol intake and drinking pattern. The Danish National Dietary Survey 2000-2002 included 3,151 adults (1,684 women, 1,467 men; 18-75 years). The participants recorded their intake of food and beverages daily for seven consecutive days. For each individual, a diet quality index was calculated based on the intake of dietary fibre and saturated fat in relation to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). A poorer diet quality was observed both with increased alcohol intake (units per week) and with number of weekly drinking days. In both cases, the trend was more pronounced for men than for women. The group of men and women with the highest diet quality had a mean alcohol consumption, which was in agreement with the NNR, and fewer drinking days per week than groups with a lower diet quality. Inc...
To study the current prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescen... more To study the current prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Denmark from 1995 to 2000-2002. Cross-sectional national dietary surveys were conducted in 1995 and 2000-2002. The analysis was based on two random population samples from the Danish civil registration system. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported height and weight for 1,026 and 1,152 children and adolescents (4-18 years), who participated in 1995 and 2000-2002, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was defined according to the international age and gender-specific child BMI cut-off points. In the statistical analysis, overweight and obesity were included in the prevalence of overweight. Mean BMI increased significantly between 1995 and 2000-2002 for all combinations of age groups (4-6, 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18 years) and genders. Prevalence of overweight increased between survey years for boys and girls for all age groups (4-6, 7-10, 11-14 and 15-18 years), although formal statistical significance was not reached (p>0.05). When all children and adolescents (4-18 years) were analysed, the prevalence of overweight rose significantly from 10.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.0-12.8) to 14.4% (95% CI 12.5-16.3) between 1995 and 2000- 2002 (p=0.01), whereas the increase in the prevalence of obesity did not reach significance (1995, 2.3% (95% CI 1.3-3.3) vs. 2000-2002, 2.4% (95% CI 1.6-3.3); p=0.74). The present study revealed a significant increase from 1995 to 2000-2002 in mean BMI for boys and girls for all age groups and a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight when all Danish children and adolescents (4-18 years) were analysed.
The aim of this study was to examine the association between different dimensions of socioeconomi... more The aim of this study was to examine the association between different dimensions of socioeconomic position, body mass index (BMI) and obesity in the Danish population. Possible interactions between the different dimensions and gender differences were also investigated. This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2000-2002 including a simple random sample from the civil registration system, comprising 1953 males and 2167 females aged 4-75 years. Information about different dimensions of socioeconomic position, height and weight was obtained by face-to-face interview. Associations between dimensions of socioeconomic position and weight status were examined by use of linear multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. BMI and prevalence of obesity were significantly associated with education for both men and women. Odds ratios (ORs) for obesity were 2.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.9) and 6.5 (95% CI 2.3-18.7) for those with basic school as compared with th...
Celiac disease, an immunological response triggered by gluten, affects ~1 % of the Western popula... more Celiac disease, an immunological response triggered by gluten, affects ~1 % of the Western population. Information concerning gluten intake in the general population is scarce. We determined intake of gluten from wheat, barley, rye and oat in the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity 2005-2008. The study population comprised a random cross-sectional sample of 1494 adults 20-75 years, selected from the Danish Civil Registration System. Protein content in wheat, rye, barley and oat was determined from the National Danish Food Composition Table and multiplied with the amount of cereal used in recipes. Amount of gluten was calculated as amount of cereal protein ×0.80 for wheat and oat, ×0.65 for rye and ×0.50 for barley. Dietary intake was recorded daily during seven consecutive days in pre-coded food diaries with open-answer possibilities. Mean total gluten intake was 10.4 ± 4.4 g/day (10th-90th percentiles; 5.4-16.2 g/day), in men 12.0 ± 4.6 g/day and 9.0 ± 3.4 g/day in...
Trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Denmark were compared to changes in diet an... more Trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Denmark were compared to changes in diet and physical activity by using data from the nationwide dietary surveys of 1985 and 1995 comprising 2,000 adults, aged 15-80 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased by more than 20% in men (1985: 35.7% vs 1995: 44.1%) and women (1985: 22.3% vs 1995: 29.4%). The prevalence of obesity rose especially in men from 1985 (5.0%) to 1995 (8.8%), less dramatically in women (1985: 5.3% vs 1995: 6.6%). A decrease of 20% and 5% in energy intake has been registered, respectively in men and women. At the same time, sedentary work increased considerably from 1995 (19.5%) to 1985 (38.2%), whereas leisure time physical activity was higher than before. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is probably explained by a decrease in the total energy expenditure, owing to the fact that sedentary work has doubled. Hence, a rise in the level of leisure time physical activity did ...
Data on dietary intake and physical activity has been collected from a representative sample of t... more Data on dietary intake and physical activity has been collected from a representative sample of the Danish population from 2003-2008. The aim of the present study was to describe the habitual diet in Denmark and to evaluate the overall diet quality using a diet quality index based on the National Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG), which consists of seven guidelines regarding diet and one regarding physical activity. Data from the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity 2003-2008 (n=3354) were included. The diet quality index was constructed based on five of the seven dietary guidelines. Individuals were categorised according to quartiles of the diet quality index, and food and nutrient intakes were estimated in each of the groups. Macronutrient distribution did not meet recommendations in any of the groups, as energy from total fat and especially saturated fat was too high. A high intake of high-fat milk products, fat on bread and processed meat contributed to a high...
Background/objectives:To identify and describe dietary patterns in Danish adults and to examine w... more Background/objectives:To identify and describe dietary patterns in Danish adults and to examine which demographic and health-related lifestyle factors are associated with dietary patterns.Subjects/methods:Data derived from the Danish national survey of diet and physical activity collected in 2003-2008 and included 1569 men and 1785 women. Diet was assessed by a 7-day pre-coded food diary. Information on age, gender, weight, height, physical activity, smoking habits, educational level and attitudes towards healthy eating habits was derived from face-to-face interviews. Principal component analysis was applied to explore dietary patterns. Associations with lifestyle factors were examined by means of multiple regression analyses.Results:Three major dietary patterns were identified: a 'traditional' pattern correlated with intake of rye bread, white bread, fat on bread, cheese, jam, cold meat, minced meat, potatoes and gravy, and cake and biscuits; a 'health-conscious' pa...
Early nutrition may program obesity and cardiovascular risk later in life, and one of the potenti... more Early nutrition may program obesity and cardiovascular risk later in life, and one of the potential agents is (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA). In this study, our objective was to examine whether fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affects blood pressure and body composition of children. Danish mothers (n = 122) were randomized to FO [1.5 g/d (n-3) LCPUFA] or olive oil (OO) supplementations during the first 4 mo of lactation. The trial also included a high-fish intake reference group (n = 53). Ninety-eight children were followed-up with blood pressure and anthropometry measurements at 7 y. Diet and physical activity level (PAL) were assessed by 4-d weighed dietary records and ActiReg. The PAL value was 4% lower (P = 0.048) and energy intake (EI) of the boys was 1.1 +/- 0.4 MJ/d higher (P = 0.014) in the FO group than in the OO group. Starch intake was 15 +/- 6 g/d higher (P = 0.012) in the FO group, but there were no other differences in diet. Body composition did not differ between the randomized groups with or without adjustment for starch intake, EI, and PAL. FO boys had 6 mm Hg higher diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure than OO boys (P < 0.01), but girls did not differ. Within the randomized groups, blood pressure was not correlated with maternal RBC (n-3) LCPUFA after the intervention, but PAL values were (r = -0.277; P = 0.038). We previously found higher BMI at 2.5 y in the FO group, but the difference did not persist. The differences in blood pressure, EI, and PAL, particularly among boys, suggest that early (n-3) LCPUFA intake may have adverse effects, which should be investigated in future studies.
Little is known about dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in children, and the aim of t... more Little is known about dietary patterns on weekdays and weekend days in children, and the aim of the present study was to investigate 4–14-year-old children's dietary patterns specifically on weekdays (Monday–Thursday) and weekend days (Saturday–Sunday). Dietary data were derived from the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity 2003–8, where a total of 784 children aged 4–14 years completed a 7 d pre-coded food record. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns in the age groups 4–6, 7–10 and 11–14 years. Consistently, two dietary patterns, labelled ‘processed’ and ‘health conscious’, emerged on both weekdays and weekend days. Factor scores from corresponding dietary patterns were significantly correlated between weekdays and weekend days with the exception of the ‘health conscious’ pattern in the 7–10-year-olds. Within each age group, children with high agreement for the ‘processed’ pattern had a significantly higher dietary energy density, which was reflected in significantly higher intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables, compared with children with high agreement for the ‘health conscious’ pattern (P< 0·05). Moreover, these variables indicated less healthy dietary intakes on weekend days than on weekdays for both patterns. In conclusion, two distinct dietary patterns, labelled ‘processed’ and ‘health conscious’, were identified on both weekdays and weekend days for each age group. While overall major dietary patterns may somewhat track between weekdays and weekends, the specific foods actually eaten became less healthy during weekends.
Page 1. Danskernes måltidsvaner, holdninger, motivation og barrierer for at spise sundt 1995-2008... more Page 1. Danskernes måltidsvaner, holdninger, motivation og barrierer for at spise sundt 1995-2008 Margit Velsing Groth Mette Rosenlund Sørensen Anja Biltoft-Jensen Jeppe Matthiessen Karsten Kørup Sisse Fagt Afdeling for Ernæring Page 2. ...
Since 1995 the Danish national dietary surveys have shown an increased alcohol intake in the Dani... more Since 1995 the Danish national dietary surveys have shown an increased alcohol intake in the Danish population. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between diet quality, alcohol intake and drinking pattern. The Danish National Dietary Survey 2000-2002 included 3,151 adults (1,684 women, 1,467 men; 18-75 years). The participants recorded their intake of food and beverages daily for seven consecutive days. For each individual, a diet quality index was calculated based on the intake of dietary fibre and saturated fat in relation to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). A poorer diet quality was observed both with increased alcohol intake (units per week) and with number of weekly drinking days. In both cases, the trend was more pronounced for men than for women. The group of men and women with the highest diet quality had a mean alcohol consumption, which was in agreement with the NNR, and fewer drinking days per week than groups with a lower diet quality. Inc...
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