The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huel... more The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence has been estimated carrying out the most popular methods of sequential extraction (BCR and Tessier) and a biomimetic approach (protease K extraction). Results were compared to enrichment factors found in Arenicola marina. The linear correlation coefficients (R(2)) obtained between the fraction mobilized by the first step of the BCR sequential extraction, by the sum of the first and second steps of the Tessier sequential extraction, and by protease K, and enrichment factors in A. marina, are at their highest for protease K extraction (0.709), followed by BCR first step (0.507) and the sum of the first and second steps of Tessier (0.465). This observation suggests that protease K represents the bioavailable fraction more reliably than traditional methods (BCR and Tessier), which have a similar ability.
Nowadays there is an increasing interest in determining the origin of dustfall constituents, beca... more Nowadays there is an increasing interest in determining the origin of dustfall constituents, because in presence of an air pollution problem, its knowledge allows to detect the major emission sources and it helps to choose the adequate correcting measures. In this paper, ...
In this paper, we examine metal concentrations in the water and in the crustacean Balanus balanoi... more In this paper, we examine metal concentrations in the water and in the crustacean Balanus balanoides from the Huelva estuary, one of the most polluted estuaries in Europe. Metal levels in waters are very high, especially those of Zn, Fe and Cu. Zn presents the highest concentrations, with a mean value of 690 microg l-1 in 2001 and 301 microg l-1 in 2002. As the water flows down through the estuary toward the sea, the metal concentrations drop sharply and the pH rises. The metal concentrations in balanoides tissues are, in general, very high, undoubtedly due to the high metal pollution of the water where it lives. Metal concentrations in Balanus balanoides tissues behave similarly to those in the water, reaching maximums in the upper part of the estuary and diminishing as we approach the sea. The element that reaches the highest levels in Balanus balanoides is Zn, with a mean value of 54.6 g kg-1 in 2001 and 29.9 g kg-1 in 2002, followed by Cu and Fe. There is a significant correlation (p<0.01) for concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in Balanus balanoides relative to their concentration in waters. Barnacles showed a great capacity to accumulate metals, especially Zn, Cu and Fe. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that Balanus balanoides is a good tool for monitoring trace metals in the Huelva estuary.
The Odiel River runs through an area known as the Iberian pyrite belt in the province of Huelva i... more The Odiel River runs through an area known as the Iberian pyrite belt in the province of Huelva in the southwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula. Its waters are acidic and contain large amounts of heavy metals from erosion and mining activity. In addition, the Odiel River estuary is one of the most industrialized areas in southern Spain and, consequently, receives the discharge of industrial and urban waste. Seventeen sediment samples from the Odiel and its main tributaries were analyzed for this study. The chemical partitioning of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, Cr and Co) in each sample was determined in four fractions (acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable and residual). The total content of each of the metals was also determined. The results showed high concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, undoubtedly as a result of contamination from the mining and industrial activity mentioned above. However, the concentrations of the other metals analyzed were low since there are no sources of pollution by them in the Odiel River. Based on the chemical distribution of metals, we found that Cd, Zn and Cu are the most mobile metals (i.e., metals that can pass easily into the water under changing environmental conditions). Cd is the metal that showed the highest percentages in the acid-soluble fraction (the most labile) and the lowest in the residual fraction. However, Pb, Fe, Cr and Ni are present in the greatest percentages in the residual fraction, which implies that these metals are strongly linked to the sediments.
A WOE approach has been applied to sediments of Cadiz and Algeciras Bays.In Cadiz Bay, the Inner ... more A WOE approach has been applied to sediments of Cadiz and Algeciras Bays.In Cadiz Bay, the Inner Bay showed highest degradation.In Algeciras Bay, industrialised areas were the most degraded.Some areas exceed guidelines for aqua regia extractable metals and toxicity.This research applies an integrated sediment quality assessment method using a weight of evidence approach to Cadiz and Algeciras Bays (southern Spain). The method is composed of several analyses (particle size profile, aqua regia extractable metals, acid labile metals, total organic carbon, toxicity bioassay with Photobacterium phosphoreum and macrobenthic community alteration).The proposed method provides a single result, the environmental degradation index (EDI). EDI defined samples as low degraded (outer areas of both bays) and moderately degraded (Inner Bay of Cadiz Bay, the surroundings of Algeciras port and the northern part of Algeciras Bay). These samples showed the highest concentration of aqua regia extractable metals, which exceeded effects range-low (ERL) for Zn (51–176 mg/l), Cu (11–54 mg/l), As (4.3–9.5 mg/l), Hg (0.17–0.28 mg/l), Ni (23–82 mg/l), and. Cr (37–134 mg/l). They also exceeded some quality criteria for total organic carbon (4.0–6.5%) and toxicity (120–240 TU/g) and showed poor results for macrobenthic community.
... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitr... more ... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitrogen dioxide and ozone, applied in Malaga, Spain. ... Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 74 sites were then carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Malaga. ...
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1987
Abstract Factor analysis and chemical element balance were employed to identify and quantify the ... more Abstract Factor analysis and chemical element balance were employed to identify and quantify the major atmospheric deposition sources at 12 sampling stations in the Campo de Gibraltar Region. The data were best represented with 5 sources: soil, marine aerosol, ...
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1987
Abstract Total suspended particulates (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined from October... more Abstract Total suspended particulates (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined from October 1982 to September 1983 in the Campo de Gibraltar, an Industrial zone where there are important residential areas. The data included in this paper provide basic ...
Mutagenic activation of arylamines by mollusc S9 fractions was evaluated as a biomarker for marin... more Mutagenic activation of arylamines by mollusc S9 fractions was evaluated as a biomarker for marine pollution. Two bivalve species were used as bioindicators, the common mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the striped venus (Chameleo gallina). A strain of Salmonella typhimurium overproducing O-acetyltransferase was used as indicator of mutagenicity. Mussels from an area of the North Atlantic Spanish zone that was exposed to an accidental crude oil spill were compared to bivalves from a reference area. C. gallina samples were from low polluted and highly polluted areas of the South Atlantic Spanish littoral. The promutagen 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) was activated to mutagenic derivative(s) by S9 fractions from both C. gallina and M. edulis. Animals from contaminated sites showed higher arylamine activation capabilities than reference animals. This was further correlated with the mutagenic activities of corresponding cyclopentone-dichloromethane animal extracts. 2-AA activation by mollusc S9 was potentiated by alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), known to inhibit PAH-inducible CYP1A cytochromes from vertebrates, but inhibited by methimazole (MZ), a substrate of the flavin monooxygenase (FMO) system. 2-AA-activating enzymes were mainly cytosolic; this localization clearly suggests that such activity could be attributed to soluble enzymes, different from the CYP1A or FMO systems. In conclusion, mutagenic activation of arylamines by mollusc S9, using as indicator a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that overproduces O-acetyltransferase, could be a reliable biomarker for marine pollution.
Relationship between toxicity and bioavailable metals in sediments from the Huelva estuary and it... more Relationship between toxicity and bioavailable metals in sediments from the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence was analyzed. Toxicity was assessed with Microtox ® bioassay using a marine lumi-nescent bacterium: Vibrio fischeri. Bioavailable metals were considered as both, acid extractable fraction of BCR procedure and the sum of exchangeable and bound to carbonates fractions of Tessier sequential extraction. A bioavailable metals index was calculated to integrate results in a single figure. Toxicity and bioavailable metals showed a similar pattern. Higher levels were found in the estuary than in the littoral (140 TU/g). In Huelva estuary, highest levels were found in the Tinto estuary (5725 TU/g), followed by the Odiel estuary (5100 TU/g) and the Padre Santo Canal (2500 TU/g). Results in this area were well over than those in nearby estuaries. Furthermore, they are similar to or even higher than those in other polluted sediments around the world. Bioavailable metal index showed a stronger correlation with acid extractable fraction of BCR (R 2 ¼ 0.704) than that for the sum of exchangeable and bound to carbonates fractions of Tessier (R 2 ¼ 0.661). These results suggest that bioavailable metals are an important source of sediment toxicity in the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence, an area with one of the highest mortality risks of Spain.
Air monitoring networks are necessary to assess air quality in order to reduce pollution to level... more Air monitoring networks are necessary to assess air quality in order to reduce pollution to levels which minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment. This paper describes a method to design or optimize air quality monitoring networks for nitrogen dioxide and ozone and its application in Malaga, a medium large city located in Andalusia, southern Spain, with traffic being the main source of air pollution. The completion of this method revealed that the old assessment network in Malaga was badly designed and made it possible to determine that one traffic-orientated and one background control station were necessary for NO 2 assessment in Malaga, as well as two control stations for O 3. First the number of stations necessary is obtained from historical data. Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 74 sites were then carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Malaga. The average concentrations found for NO 2 and O 3 were 22.8 μg/m 3 and 64.3 μg/m 3 respectively. Maximum values of up to 42.2 μg/m 3 NO 2 were found in Malaga city centre and O 3 reached 91.5 μg/m 3 downwind from the emission source. After spatial interpolation of the obtained values with Geographical Information Systems, a selection of the best locations for the monitoring stations was made, in line with the macro-and microscale siting requirements of the European Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.
The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huel... more The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence has been estimated carrying out themost popular methods of sequential extraction (BCR and Tessier) and a biomimetic approach (protease K extraction). Results were compared to enrichment factors found in Arenicola marina. The linear correlation coefficients (R2) obtained between the fraction mobilized by the first step of the BCR sequential extraction, by the sumof the first and second steps of the Tessier sequential extraction, and by protease K, and enrichment factors in A. marina, are at their highest for protease K extraction (0.709), followed by BCR first step (0.507) and the sum of the first and second steps of Tessier (0.465). This observation suggests that protease K represents the bioavailable fraction more reliably than traditional methods (BCR and Tessier), which have a similar ability.
... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitr... more ... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitrogen dioxide and ozone, applied in Malaga, Spain. ... Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 74 sites were then carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Malaga. ...
The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huel... more The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence has been estimated carrying out the most popular methods of sequential extraction (BCR and Tessier) and a biomimetic approach (protease K extraction). Results were compared to enrichment factors found in Arenicola marina. The linear correlation coefficients (R(2)) obtained between the fraction mobilized by the first step of the BCR sequential extraction, by the sum of the first and second steps of the Tessier sequential extraction, and by protease K, and enrichment factors in A. marina, are at their highest for protease K extraction (0.709), followed by BCR first step (0.507) and the sum of the first and second steps of Tessier (0.465). This observation suggests that protease K represents the bioavailable fraction more reliably than traditional methods (BCR and Tessier), which have a similar ability.
Nowadays there is an increasing interest in determining the origin of dustfall constituents, beca... more Nowadays there is an increasing interest in determining the origin of dustfall constituents, because in presence of an air pollution problem, its knowledge allows to detect the major emission sources and it helps to choose the adequate correcting measures. In this paper, ...
In this paper, we examine metal concentrations in the water and in the crustacean Balanus balanoi... more In this paper, we examine metal concentrations in the water and in the crustacean Balanus balanoides from the Huelva estuary, one of the most polluted estuaries in Europe. Metal levels in waters are very high, especially those of Zn, Fe and Cu. Zn presents the highest concentrations, with a mean value of 690 microg l-1 in 2001 and 301 microg l-1 in 2002. As the water flows down through the estuary toward the sea, the metal concentrations drop sharply and the pH rises. The metal concentrations in balanoides tissues are, in general, very high, undoubtedly due to the high metal pollution of the water where it lives. Metal concentrations in Balanus balanoides tissues behave similarly to those in the water, reaching maximums in the upper part of the estuary and diminishing as we approach the sea. The element that reaches the highest levels in Balanus balanoides is Zn, with a mean value of 54.6 g kg-1 in 2001 and 29.9 g kg-1 in 2002, followed by Cu and Fe. There is a significant correlation (p<0.01) for concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in Balanus balanoides relative to their concentration in waters. Barnacles showed a great capacity to accumulate metals, especially Zn, Cu and Fe. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that Balanus balanoides is a good tool for monitoring trace metals in the Huelva estuary.
The Odiel River runs through an area known as the Iberian pyrite belt in the province of Huelva i... more The Odiel River runs through an area known as the Iberian pyrite belt in the province of Huelva in the southwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula. Its waters are acidic and contain large amounts of heavy metals from erosion and mining activity. In addition, the Odiel River estuary is one of the most industrialized areas in southern Spain and, consequently, receives the discharge of industrial and urban waste. Seventeen sediment samples from the Odiel and its main tributaries were analyzed for this study. The chemical partitioning of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, Cr and Co) in each sample was determined in four fractions (acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable and residual). The total content of each of the metals was also determined. The results showed high concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, undoubtedly as a result of contamination from the mining and industrial activity mentioned above. However, the concentrations of the other metals analyzed were low since there are no sources of pollution by them in the Odiel River. Based on the chemical distribution of metals, we found that Cd, Zn and Cu are the most mobile metals (i.e., metals that can pass easily into the water under changing environmental conditions). Cd is the metal that showed the highest percentages in the acid-soluble fraction (the most labile) and the lowest in the residual fraction. However, Pb, Fe, Cr and Ni are present in the greatest percentages in the residual fraction, which implies that these metals are strongly linked to the sediments.
A WOE approach has been applied to sediments of Cadiz and Algeciras Bays.In Cadiz Bay, the Inner ... more A WOE approach has been applied to sediments of Cadiz and Algeciras Bays.In Cadiz Bay, the Inner Bay showed highest degradation.In Algeciras Bay, industrialised areas were the most degraded.Some areas exceed guidelines for aqua regia extractable metals and toxicity.This research applies an integrated sediment quality assessment method using a weight of evidence approach to Cadiz and Algeciras Bays (southern Spain). The method is composed of several analyses (particle size profile, aqua regia extractable metals, acid labile metals, total organic carbon, toxicity bioassay with Photobacterium phosphoreum and macrobenthic community alteration).The proposed method provides a single result, the environmental degradation index (EDI). EDI defined samples as low degraded (outer areas of both bays) and moderately degraded (Inner Bay of Cadiz Bay, the surroundings of Algeciras port and the northern part of Algeciras Bay). These samples showed the highest concentration of aqua regia extractable metals, which exceeded effects range-low (ERL) for Zn (51–176 mg/l), Cu (11–54 mg/l), As (4.3–9.5 mg/l), Hg (0.17–0.28 mg/l), Ni (23–82 mg/l), and. Cr (37–134 mg/l). They also exceeded some quality criteria for total organic carbon (4.0–6.5%) and toxicity (120–240 TU/g) and showed poor results for macrobenthic community.
... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitr... more ... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitrogen dioxide and ozone, applied in Malaga, Spain. ... Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 74 sites were then carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Malaga. ...
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1987
Abstract Factor analysis and chemical element balance were employed to identify and quantify the ... more Abstract Factor analysis and chemical element balance were employed to identify and quantify the major atmospheric deposition sources at 12 sampling stations in the Campo de Gibraltar Region. The data were best represented with 5 sources: soil, marine aerosol, ...
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1987
Abstract Total suspended particulates (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined from October... more Abstract Total suspended particulates (TSP) and metal concentrations were determined from October 1982 to September 1983 in the Campo de Gibraltar, an Industrial zone where there are important residential areas. The data included in this paper provide basic ...
Mutagenic activation of arylamines by mollusc S9 fractions was evaluated as a biomarker for marin... more Mutagenic activation of arylamines by mollusc S9 fractions was evaluated as a biomarker for marine pollution. Two bivalve species were used as bioindicators, the common mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the striped venus (Chameleo gallina). A strain of Salmonella typhimurium overproducing O-acetyltransferase was used as indicator of mutagenicity. Mussels from an area of the North Atlantic Spanish zone that was exposed to an accidental crude oil spill were compared to bivalves from a reference area. C. gallina samples were from low polluted and highly polluted areas of the South Atlantic Spanish littoral. The promutagen 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) was activated to mutagenic derivative(s) by S9 fractions from both C. gallina and M. edulis. Animals from contaminated sites showed higher arylamine activation capabilities than reference animals. This was further correlated with the mutagenic activities of corresponding cyclopentone-dichloromethane animal extracts. 2-AA activation by mollusc S9 was potentiated by alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF), known to inhibit PAH-inducible CYP1A cytochromes from vertebrates, but inhibited by methimazole (MZ), a substrate of the flavin monooxygenase (FMO) system. 2-AA-activating enzymes were mainly cytosolic; this localization clearly suggests that such activity could be attributed to soluble enzymes, different from the CYP1A or FMO systems. In conclusion, mutagenic activation of arylamines by mollusc S9, using as indicator a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that overproduces O-acetyltransferase, could be a reliable biomarker for marine pollution.
Relationship between toxicity and bioavailable metals in sediments from the Huelva estuary and it... more Relationship between toxicity and bioavailable metals in sediments from the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence was analyzed. Toxicity was assessed with Microtox ® bioassay using a marine lumi-nescent bacterium: Vibrio fischeri. Bioavailable metals were considered as both, acid extractable fraction of BCR procedure and the sum of exchangeable and bound to carbonates fractions of Tessier sequential extraction. A bioavailable metals index was calculated to integrate results in a single figure. Toxicity and bioavailable metals showed a similar pattern. Higher levels were found in the estuary than in the littoral (140 TU/g). In Huelva estuary, highest levels were found in the Tinto estuary (5725 TU/g), followed by the Odiel estuary (5100 TU/g) and the Padre Santo Canal (2500 TU/g). Results in this area were well over than those in nearby estuaries. Furthermore, they are similar to or even higher than those in other polluted sediments around the world. Bioavailable metal index showed a stronger correlation with acid extractable fraction of BCR (R 2 ¼ 0.704) than that for the sum of exchangeable and bound to carbonates fractions of Tessier (R 2 ¼ 0.661). These results suggest that bioavailable metals are an important source of sediment toxicity in the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence, an area with one of the highest mortality risks of Spain.
Air monitoring networks are necessary to assess air quality in order to reduce pollution to level... more Air monitoring networks are necessary to assess air quality in order to reduce pollution to levels which minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment. This paper describes a method to design or optimize air quality monitoring networks for nitrogen dioxide and ozone and its application in Malaga, a medium large city located in Andalusia, southern Spain, with traffic being the main source of air pollution. The completion of this method revealed that the old assessment network in Malaga was badly designed and made it possible to determine that one traffic-orientated and one background control station were necessary for NO 2 assessment in Malaga, as well as two control stations for O 3. First the number of stations necessary is obtained from historical data. Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 74 sites were then carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Malaga. The average concentrations found for NO 2 and O 3 were 22.8 μg/m 3 and 64.3 μg/m 3 respectively. Maximum values of up to 42.2 μg/m 3 NO 2 were found in Malaga city centre and O 3 reached 91.5 μg/m 3 downwind from the emission source. After spatial interpolation of the obtained values with Geographical Information Systems, a selection of the best locations for the monitoring stations was made, in line with the macro-and microscale siting requirements of the European Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.
The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huel... more The bioavailable fraction of metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Ni, Fe, and Cr) in sediments of the Huelva estuary and its littoral of influence has been estimated carrying out themost popular methods of sequential extraction (BCR and Tessier) and a biomimetic approach (protease K extraction). Results were compared to enrichment factors found in Arenicola marina. The linear correlation coefficients (R2) obtained between the fraction mobilized by the first step of the BCR sequential extraction, by the sumof the first and second steps of the Tessier sequential extraction, and by protease K, and enrichment factors in A. marina, are at their highest for protease K extraction (0.709), followed by BCR first step (0.507) and the sum of the first and second steps of Tessier (0.465). This observation suggests that protease K represents the bioavailable fraction more reliably than traditional methods (BCR and Tessier), which have a similar ability.
... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitr... more ... Permissions & Reprints. Air quality monitoring network design to control nitrogen dioxide and ozone, applied in Malaga, Spain. ... Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 74 sites were then carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Malaga. ...
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