In countries with multiple tiers of government, police systems can be more centralized or more de... more In countries with multiple tiers of government, police systems can be more centralized or more decentralized. Since the 1990s, there have been calls for empirical studies of the effects of police systems on police performance, but the literature lacks a standardized typology of police systems. This study aims to develop a typology of police systems, the Police Decentralization Index, that integrates theories using new institutionalism and decentralization and can measure varying degrees of police decentralization across countries. The index focuses on vertical decentralization of policing and, instead of classifying the diverse police systems into binary categories of centralized and decentralized systems, it measures the degree of police decentralization based on the number of tiers of government that have administrative/political control over the police relative to the total number of tiers of government. The index not only conforms with existing typologies but also is more conducive to cross-national empirical studies.
This study takes advantage of a natural experiment to compare building costs and outcomes of two ... more This study takes advantage of a natural experiment to compare building costs and outcomes of two manners of road building: citizen co-production road construction and traditional contracting for road construction. This study explores the genesis and outcomes of citizen co-production of infrastructure relative to contracting with the private sector using a case study of co-production road construction projects in Nongwaeng 3 Sub-district Administration Organization, a local government in Thailand. Nongwaeng SAO came to the authors' attention when it received recognition for co-production of roads. This study addresses several key questions. First, how did the citizen co-production road construction projects emerge and develop? Second, what were citizen motivations for participation? Third, how did citizen volunteers participate in the road construction projects? Fourth, what were the costs and outputs of the projects compared with traditional contracting? Last, what were the conditions—politically, economically, and socially—conducive to the success of the road co-construction projects? The subsequent sections provide a literature review of public participation, methods, data, and analysis. Findings and conclusion are presented in the final sections.
Page 1. Journal of the Community Development Society Vol. 26 No. 1 1995 A TYPOLOGY OF RETIREMENT ... more Page 1. Journal of the Community Development Society Vol. 26 No. 1 1995 A TYPOLOGY OF RETIREMENT PLACES: A COMMUNITY ANALYSIS By Judith I. Stallmann and Lonnie L. Jones ABSTRACT The paper delineates ...
issourians pay less in total state and local taxes than do residents of most other states. Taxa- ... more issourians pay less in total state and local taxes than do residents of most other states. Taxa- tion, however, is a continuing subject of debate within the state and also nationally. Taxes are not the only source of revenues for state and local governments. Most governments charge fees for some activities or services, such as a fishing license, water service or uni - versity tuition. Governments also use nontax revenues, such as lotteries, revenues from legal settlements and revenues received from the federal government. Govern- ments also may issue debt for capital projects. The objective of this report is to provide basic infor- mation to the citizens of the state about Missouri's state and local revenues, with emphasis on the tax system. The report also ranks Missouri among the 50 states and com- pares it with the national average and the median. Half of the states fall above the median and half fall below. Because there are 50 states, the median falls between the states ran...
Employment history affects subsequent choices. Based on their original job choice, operators are ... more Employment history affects subsequent choices. Based on their original job choice, operators are divided into farmers and workers. Equations are estimated to determine their probabilities of working off-the-farm. Education increased the probability that workers work off-the-farm, whereas vocational training increases farmers' probability. The probability of working off-the-farm decreases as unearned income increases, and its impact on workers is larger than on farmers. An employed spouse increases the probability that farmers work off-the-farm, but has the opposite impact for workers. Employment density increases the probability that workers will work off-the-farm.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 1986. Includes bibli... more Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 1986. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 261-266). Microfilm. s
This fact book provides: (1) a basic enumeration and explanation of the general taxes that make u... more This fact book provides: (1) a basic enumeration and explanation of the general taxes that make up the bulk of state and local tax revenues in Texas, (2) an evaluation of the impact of each major tax on efficiency, competitiveness, administrative simplicity, adequacy, and equity, and (3) a glossary of commonly used terms and concepts relating to taxation and public revenue. No attempt is made, herein, to present the numerous user fees, licenses, and other charges that may be imposed by state and local governments to pay for some public facilities and services.
this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appea... more this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. _______ *Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, and Extension Economist, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A&M University. Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University. 3
This report is part of an educational series on Texas state and local taxes and public expenditur... more This report is part of an educational series on Texas state and local taxes and public expenditures. State and local government expenditures per capita and per $1,000 of personal income in Texas are compared with those of the fifty states and the District of Columbia. For each expenditure the national average, median, maximum and minimum are given along with the corresponding expenditure for Texas and Texas's rank nationally. For all state and local expenditures, Texas ranks 42nd per capita and 40th per $1,000 of personal income. Texas ranks just below the median on education and public safety. It ranks below the median on transportation and social services expenditures. Texas ranks lowest in the nation on administrative expenditures. It ranks 24th in debt held per capita.
20 pp., 3 graphs, 4 tables, glossary This publication presents basic information about Texas'... more 20 pp., 3 graphs, 4 tables, glossary This publication presents basic information about Texas' current public revenue system, with emphasis on taxes at the state and local government levels. Each tax is evaluated for economic efficiency and competitiveness, administrative simplicity, adequacy and equity.
6 pp., 5 tables This publication explains the tax exemptions and special provisions available to ... more 6 pp., 5 tables This publication explains the tax exemptions and special provisions available to Texas farmers, ranchers and agribusiness managers and the effect of those exemptions on state and local governmental revenues.
Tax policy is always a contentious political issue. The criteria outlined here provide tools that... more Tax policy is always a contentious political issue. The criteria outlined here provide tools that can be used to assess the merits of a given proposal, as well as existing state tax policies. Although easily expressed, it is difficult for states to craft and maintain tax structures that balance these criteria, so no portfolio will be perfect. In addition, economies change continuously while tax systems change very little. http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/miscpubs/mp0742.htm
Tax and expenditure limitations (TEL) on state and local governments have been passed with the pr... more Tax and expenditure limitations (TEL) on state and local governments have been passed with the pre- sumption they will limit the growth of government, raise government efficiency, and increase direct de- mocracy by requiring voter approval of tax increases. Both the popular press and the academic literature focus on the impacts of TEL on state budgets. Yet at a time when decentralization and devolution are in- creasing demands on local government, TEL provi- sions are in some cases causing rigidity in local budg- ets and subsequent fiscal stress. The smaller the budget, the more significant the potential adverse ef- fects of TEL, and small governments tend to be rural governments. While there is some evidence that gov- ernments under TEL become more efficient, govern- ments typically look for ways to circumvent the re- strictions as they become more severe, increasing inef- ficiencies and reducing both representative and direct democracy, the opposite of the intended effects of TEL ...
In countries with multiple tiers of government, police systems can be more centralized or more de... more In countries with multiple tiers of government, police systems can be more centralized or more decentralized. Since the 1990s, there have been calls for empirical studies of the effects of police systems on police performance, but the literature lacks a standardized typology of police systems. This study aims to develop a typology of police systems, the Police Decentralization Index, that integrates theories using new institutionalism and decentralization and can measure varying degrees of police decentralization across countries. The index focuses on vertical decentralization of policing and, instead of classifying the diverse police systems into binary categories of centralized and decentralized systems, it measures the degree of police decentralization based on the number of tiers of government that have administrative/political control over the police relative to the total number of tiers of government. The index not only conforms with existing typologies but also is more conducive to cross-national empirical studies.
This study takes advantage of a natural experiment to compare building costs and outcomes of two ... more This study takes advantage of a natural experiment to compare building costs and outcomes of two manners of road building: citizen co-production road construction and traditional contracting for road construction. This study explores the genesis and outcomes of citizen co-production of infrastructure relative to contracting with the private sector using a case study of co-production road construction projects in Nongwaeng 3 Sub-district Administration Organization, a local government in Thailand. Nongwaeng SAO came to the authors' attention when it received recognition for co-production of roads. This study addresses several key questions. First, how did the citizen co-production road construction projects emerge and develop? Second, what were citizen motivations for participation? Third, how did citizen volunteers participate in the road construction projects? Fourth, what were the costs and outputs of the projects compared with traditional contracting? Last, what were the conditions—politically, economically, and socially—conducive to the success of the road co-construction projects? The subsequent sections provide a literature review of public participation, methods, data, and analysis. Findings and conclusion are presented in the final sections.
Page 1. Journal of the Community Development Society Vol. 26 No. 1 1995 A TYPOLOGY OF RETIREMENT ... more Page 1. Journal of the Community Development Society Vol. 26 No. 1 1995 A TYPOLOGY OF RETIREMENT PLACES: A COMMUNITY ANALYSIS By Judith I. Stallmann and Lonnie L. Jones ABSTRACT The paper delineates ...
issourians pay less in total state and local taxes than do residents of most other states. Taxa- ... more issourians pay less in total state and local taxes than do residents of most other states. Taxa- tion, however, is a continuing subject of debate within the state and also nationally. Taxes are not the only source of revenues for state and local governments. Most governments charge fees for some activities or services, such as a fishing license, water service or uni - versity tuition. Governments also use nontax revenues, such as lotteries, revenues from legal settlements and revenues received from the federal government. Govern- ments also may issue debt for capital projects. The objective of this report is to provide basic infor- mation to the citizens of the state about Missouri's state and local revenues, with emphasis on the tax system. The report also ranks Missouri among the 50 states and com- pares it with the national average and the median. Half of the states fall above the median and half fall below. Because there are 50 states, the median falls between the states ran...
Employment history affects subsequent choices. Based on their original job choice, operators are ... more Employment history affects subsequent choices. Based on their original job choice, operators are divided into farmers and workers. Equations are estimated to determine their probabilities of working off-the-farm. Education increased the probability that workers work off-the-farm, whereas vocational training increases farmers' probability. The probability of working off-the-farm decreases as unearned income increases, and its impact on workers is larger than on farmers. An employed spouse increases the probability that farmers work off-the-farm, but has the opposite impact for workers. Employment density increases the probability that workers will work off-the-farm.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 1986. Includes bibli... more Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 1986. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 261-266). Microfilm. s
This fact book provides: (1) a basic enumeration and explanation of the general taxes that make u... more This fact book provides: (1) a basic enumeration and explanation of the general taxes that make up the bulk of state and local tax revenues in Texas, (2) an evaluation of the impact of each major tax on efficiency, competitiveness, administrative simplicity, adequacy, and equity, and (3) a glossary of commonly used terms and concepts relating to taxation and public revenue. No attempt is made, herein, to present the numerous user fees, licenses, and other charges that may be imposed by state and local governments to pay for some public facilities and services.
this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appea... more this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. _______ *Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, and Extension Economist, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A&M University. Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University. 3
This report is part of an educational series on Texas state and local taxes and public expenditur... more This report is part of an educational series on Texas state and local taxes and public expenditures. State and local government expenditures per capita and per $1,000 of personal income in Texas are compared with those of the fifty states and the District of Columbia. For each expenditure the national average, median, maximum and minimum are given along with the corresponding expenditure for Texas and Texas's rank nationally. For all state and local expenditures, Texas ranks 42nd per capita and 40th per $1,000 of personal income. Texas ranks just below the median on education and public safety. It ranks below the median on transportation and social services expenditures. Texas ranks lowest in the nation on administrative expenditures. It ranks 24th in debt held per capita.
20 pp., 3 graphs, 4 tables, glossary This publication presents basic information about Texas'... more 20 pp., 3 graphs, 4 tables, glossary This publication presents basic information about Texas' current public revenue system, with emphasis on taxes at the state and local government levels. Each tax is evaluated for economic efficiency and competitiveness, administrative simplicity, adequacy and equity.
6 pp., 5 tables This publication explains the tax exemptions and special provisions available to ... more 6 pp., 5 tables This publication explains the tax exemptions and special provisions available to Texas farmers, ranchers and agribusiness managers and the effect of those exemptions on state and local governmental revenues.
Tax policy is always a contentious political issue. The criteria outlined here provide tools that... more Tax policy is always a contentious political issue. The criteria outlined here provide tools that can be used to assess the merits of a given proposal, as well as existing state tax policies. Although easily expressed, it is difficult for states to craft and maintain tax structures that balance these criteria, so no portfolio will be perfect. In addition, economies change continuously while tax systems change very little. http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/miscpubs/mp0742.htm
Tax and expenditure limitations (TEL) on state and local governments have been passed with the pr... more Tax and expenditure limitations (TEL) on state and local governments have been passed with the pre- sumption they will limit the growth of government, raise government efficiency, and increase direct de- mocracy by requiring voter approval of tax increases. Both the popular press and the academic literature focus on the impacts of TEL on state budgets. Yet at a time when decentralization and devolution are in- creasing demands on local government, TEL provi- sions are in some cases causing rigidity in local budg- ets and subsequent fiscal stress. The smaller the budget, the more significant the potential adverse ef- fects of TEL, and small governments tend to be rural governments. While there is some evidence that gov- ernments under TEL become more efficient, govern- ments typically look for ways to circumvent the re- strictions as they become more severe, increasing inef- ficiencies and reducing both representative and direct democracy, the opposite of the intended effects of TEL ...
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