The issue of private returns to education has received much attention in the literature and there... more The issue of private returns to education has received much attention in the literature and there are many studies on the issue. Nonetheless, less is known of the issue in developing countries, and these studies are missing for Albania, where little is known regarding private returns to education. A major characteristic of labor market in Albania is the disparity between males and females in terms of labor market indicators such as labor force participation, employment, unemployment, inactivity rates, economic activity, and wages (Miluka 2013; INSTAT 2013, 2014). Understanding returns to education by sex, region and sector in Albania would help answer questions regarding parent’s decisions on children’s education as well as the allocation of the workforce in different sectors of the economy by gender and regionally. This paper estimates returns to education by sex, region, and sector in Albania using the 2012 Living Standard Measurement Survey Data. The econometric model used in...
... EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ALBANIAN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON EDUCATION 2.1 Introduction Induced ... more ... EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ALBANIAN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON EDUCATION 2.1 Introduction Induced by the high levels of international migration that Albania has experienced ... migration on different aspects of households' activities deserves special attention ...
In an attempt to shed some light in the process of development through migration, the purpose of ... more In an attempt to shed some light in the process of development through migration, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of international migration on education in Albania. In doing so, it will examine the role of international migration on school enrolments, educational attainment, and household’s educational expenditures for individuals between the ages of 6 and 22. The analysis is conducted using the 2005 Albanian Living Standard Measurement Study survey, to examine the impact of migration on education across regions, gender, and age-groups (14 to 17 year old). Data availability allow us to also separate the impact of international migration by country of migration, and by gender of migrants. Across model specification, our findings suggest an overall negative impact of migration on education in Albania, with larger negative impacts for the rural areas and females.
Poverty and Exclusion in the Western Balkans, 2012
Understanding the mechanisms of gender discrimination in the labor market is especially important... more Understanding the mechanisms of gender discrimination in the labor market is especially important due to the influences that it may have on income inequality, education of future generations, occupational distribution, women’s position and opportunities, intergenerational inequality, and ultimately poverty. Specific to the case of Albania, this issue becomes especially important given the prospect of the country joining the European Union. If existing issues of inequality are not adequately addressed, Albania runs the risk of facing wage inequalities increasing even further, if women do not have the skills needed for the European markets and become even less competitive. This chapter estimates the gender wage gap and the different sources that account for such disparity. The findings indicate that education is key and should be given special consideration by policy makers, but other important sources such as occupational segregation, work experience, and child care also play a crucial role.
This report is based on data from the 2001 and 2011 Albanian Censuses and the 2012 LSMS. The find... more This report is based on data from the 2001 and 2011 Albanian Censuses and the 2012 LSMS. The findings in this report follows the work done in the publication “Living Condition and Inequality in Albania” in 2001. The analyses in this report follow a multidimensional approach to analyze the non-monetary poverty and differences based on dwelling and living conditions. The objective of this report is to analyze and provide a thorough description of dwelling and living conditions in Albania, differences in dwelling and living conditions, potential improvements by years, significant factors that influence dwelling and living conditions as well as regional and group differences. Dwelling and living conditions are closely linked to health and education, thus affecting productivity, economic growth and ultimately social and economic development. Lack of adequate living conditions reinforces poverty and lowers household income generating opportunities. The report follows with section 2 on dwe...
In some post-socialist countries, the post-socialist economic downturn had a negative impact on h... more In some post-socialist countries, the post-socialist economic downturn had a negative impact on human development indicators. Education is one area of concern. In this paper, we examine secondary schooling dynamics in Albania, where enrollment declines have occurred. Drawing on the existing literature on household investment in schooling, we examine factors underlying the recent changes. We find that, as in other
The issue of private returns to education has received much attention in the literature and there... more The issue of private returns to education has received much attention in the literature and there are many studies on the issue. Nonetheless, less is known of the issue in developing countries, and these studies are missing for Albania, where little is known regarding private returns to education. A major characteristic of labor market in Albania is the disparity between males and females in terms of labor market indicators such as labor force participation, employment, unemployment, inactivity rates, economic activity, and wages (Miluka 2013; INSTAT 2013, 2014). Understanding returns to education by sex, region and sector in Albania would help answer questions regarding parent’s decisions on children’s education as well as the allocation of the workforce in different sectors of the economy by gender and regionally. This paper estimates returns to education by sex, region, and sector in Albania using the 2012 Living Standard Measurement Survey Data. The econometric model used in...
... EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ALBANIAN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON EDUCATION 2.1 Introduction Induced ... more ... EXPLORING THE ROLE OF ALBANIAN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON EDUCATION 2.1 Introduction Induced by the high levels of international migration that Albania has experienced ... migration on different aspects of households' activities deserves special attention ...
In an attempt to shed some light in the process of development through migration, the purpose of ... more In an attempt to shed some light in the process of development through migration, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of international migration on education in Albania. In doing so, it will examine the role of international migration on school enrolments, educational attainment, and household’s educational expenditures for individuals between the ages of 6 and 22. The analysis is conducted using the 2005 Albanian Living Standard Measurement Study survey, to examine the impact of migration on education across regions, gender, and age-groups (14 to 17 year old). Data availability allow us to also separate the impact of international migration by country of migration, and by gender of migrants. Across model specification, our findings suggest an overall negative impact of migration on education in Albania, with larger negative impacts for the rural areas and females.
Poverty and Exclusion in the Western Balkans, 2012
Understanding the mechanisms of gender discrimination in the labor market is especially important... more Understanding the mechanisms of gender discrimination in the labor market is especially important due to the influences that it may have on income inequality, education of future generations, occupational distribution, women’s position and opportunities, intergenerational inequality, and ultimately poverty. Specific to the case of Albania, this issue becomes especially important given the prospect of the country joining the European Union. If existing issues of inequality are not adequately addressed, Albania runs the risk of facing wage inequalities increasing even further, if women do not have the skills needed for the European markets and become even less competitive. This chapter estimates the gender wage gap and the different sources that account for such disparity. The findings indicate that education is key and should be given special consideration by policy makers, but other important sources such as occupational segregation, work experience, and child care also play a crucial role.
This report is based on data from the 2001 and 2011 Albanian Censuses and the 2012 LSMS. The find... more This report is based on data from the 2001 and 2011 Albanian Censuses and the 2012 LSMS. The findings in this report follows the work done in the publication “Living Condition and Inequality in Albania” in 2001. The analyses in this report follow a multidimensional approach to analyze the non-monetary poverty and differences based on dwelling and living conditions. The objective of this report is to analyze and provide a thorough description of dwelling and living conditions in Albania, differences in dwelling and living conditions, potential improvements by years, significant factors that influence dwelling and living conditions as well as regional and group differences. Dwelling and living conditions are closely linked to health and education, thus affecting productivity, economic growth and ultimately social and economic development. Lack of adequate living conditions reinforces poverty and lowers household income generating opportunities. The report follows with section 2 on dwe...
In some post-socialist countries, the post-socialist economic downturn had a negative impact on h... more In some post-socialist countries, the post-socialist economic downturn had a negative impact on human development indicators. Education is one area of concern. In this paper, we examine secondary schooling dynamics in Albania, where enrollment declines have occurred. Drawing on the existing literature on household investment in schooling, we examine factors underlying the recent changes. We find that, as in other
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Papers by Juna Miluka