OBJECTIVES • To gain familiarity with the correct calibration and usage of a pH meter • To be abl... more OBJECTIVES • To gain familiarity with the correct calibration and usage of a pH meter • To be able to choose and prepare appropriate buffer systems • To gain familiarity with the titration of an amino acid and its action as a natural buffer
Generally the reaction is exothermic because one π and one σ bond are converted to two σ bonds Ad... more Generally the reaction is exothermic because one π and one σ bond are converted to two σ bonds Additions to Alkenes The π electrons of the double bond are loosely held and are a source of electron density Alkenes are nucleophilic and react with electrophiles such as H + from a hydrogen halide to form a carbocation Alkenes are electron rich X-H < + X-+ t The carbocation produced is an electrophile l It can react with a nucleophile such as a halide In addition reactions the alkene is a nucleophile in the first step and an electrophile in the second Addition of HBr to propene occurs to give 2-bromopropane l Markovnikov's Rule (Original): addition of HX to an alkene proceeds so that the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon that already has the most hydrogen atoms Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes:Markovnikov's Rule t The reaction has a highly endergonic first step (rate determining) and a highly exergonic second step Mechanism for hydrogen halide addition to an alkene 1. 2.
OBJECTIVES • To gain familiarity with the correct calibration and usage of a pH meter • To be abl... more OBJECTIVES • To gain familiarity with the correct calibration and usage of a pH meter • To be able to choose and prepare appropriate buffer systems • To gain familiarity with the titration of an amino acid and its action as a natural buffer
Generally the reaction is exothermic because one π and one σ bond are converted to two σ bonds Ad... more Generally the reaction is exothermic because one π and one σ bond are converted to two σ bonds Additions to Alkenes The π electrons of the double bond are loosely held and are a source of electron density Alkenes are nucleophilic and react with electrophiles such as H + from a hydrogen halide to form a carbocation Alkenes are electron rich X-H < + X-+ t The carbocation produced is an electrophile l It can react with a nucleophile such as a halide In addition reactions the alkene is a nucleophile in the first step and an electrophile in the second Addition of HBr to propene occurs to give 2-bromopropane l Markovnikov's Rule (Original): addition of HX to an alkene proceeds so that the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon that already has the most hydrogen atoms Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes:Markovnikov's Rule t The reaction has a highly endergonic first step (rate determining) and a highly exergonic second step Mechanism for hydrogen halide addition to an alkene 1. 2.
Uploads
Papers by PTX G . XyZ