Geothermal Energy

Information about the times of thermal breakthrough and subsequent rates of thermal drawdown in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) is necessary for reservoir management, designing fracture stimulation and well drilling programs, and forecasting economic return. Thermal breakthrough in heterogeneous porous media can be estimated using conservative tracers and assumptions about heat transfer rates; however, tracers that undergo temperature-dependent changes can provide more detailed information about the thermal profile along the flow path through the reservoir. To be effectively applied, the thermal reaction rates of such temperature sensitive traces must be well characterized for the range of conditions that exist in geothermal systems. Reactive tracers proposed in the literature include benzoic and

In an era saddled by mounting energy dependency and insecurity, some are not only turning to renewable geothermal energy to ensure access, but it is growing in usage in the Western region of the United States of America. Notwithstanding the United States role as a major producer of geothermal resources globally, geothermal energy has over the last several years found ample use in various spheres of daily endeavors within communities. The surging demand is much so that, it now contributes quite significantly in the generation of electricity to power households and farming activities and to sustain domestic supplies essential to segments of the economy for communities from California to Nevada. With much of the production levels, installations and plant capacities of geothermal power fully entrenched in the western region of the country considering the geologic and physical attributes, California stands out as the largest producer of geothermal power compared to its neighbors in the western region. For that, the demand for geothermal resource has been recurrent in quite a few counties over the years on the California side of the US Western region. In the face of widespread demands in the region, geothermal energy infrastructure in the form of new plants has gradually penetrated different states under varying level of production and installed capacities to boost energy security and sustain development of the areas. Even at that, very little has been done in the literature to undertake a regional assessment of the potentials of geothermal energy using a mix scale approach of spatial analysis anchored in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Accordingly, this study will fill that void in research by utilizing mix scale tools of GIS and descriptive states in analyzing the geothermal energy potentials of states in the Western region of the United States. Emphasizing the issues, trends, impacts, production, factors and future efforts through recommendations, the results point to growing usage and changes in a whole set of energy indicators ranging from production and demands, installed capacity to others over time in the region with much of that in California coupled with an uptick in geothermal portfolio. Additionally, the GIS mapping of the trends highlights gradual dispersion of changing patterns in consumption and presence of infrastructural facilities visibly concentrated in a cluster of areas located in the western region. With all these attributed to a host of socioeconomic and physical factors, the paper proposed suggestions ranging from the design of a regional geothermal energy information system, the education of the public and more infrastructural development in the sector.

Aalto New Campus Complex (ANCC) is a recently inaugurated educational facility at Aalto University, located in Otaniemi (Espoo), Finland. Within over 40,000 m2, it comprises two faculties, a shopping center, recreational areas, and a metro station. ANCC is also a large-scale application of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)–Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) in Finland, comprising an irregular BTES field of 74 boreholes with an overall length of roughly 23 km and 4 million m3 of energy storage. Therefore, accurate monitoring of the GSHP–BTES energy system is crucial for sustainable and efficient long-term operation. Due to the fundamental issues affecting the accuracy of all thermal energy meters, a novel methodology adjusting for consistency of the measured data (in order to accomplish daily energy balance on both sides of the GSHP) is developed. The proposed methodology is used also in conjunction with reconstruction of missing relevant data before April/May 2020 by applying linea...

Management is a significant factor in any business activity. It may be enhanced by the application of various management systems. These will help to obtain, organize, administrate, evaluate and control particulars: information, quality, environmental protection, health and safety and various resources (human, finance etc). Environmental management should embrace recent changes in the area of environmental protection, and be tailored to recent regulations in this field – entirely legal and economic, as well as take into use management systems that meet the requirements of the contemporary model for economic development. These changes are aimed at abandoning the conventional approach of environmental protection and replace it with sustainable development. The keys and the aims of Cleaner Productions are at present being implemented in various companies as a non-formalised environmental management system. This concept is suggested here as a proper model for practice where geothermal en...

The Global Geothermal Energy Database of the International Geothermal Association (IGA) is an internet-based platform providing access to the world geothermal production data. This platform is unique for the geothermal sector, and provides an excellent tool for showing geothermal use in the world and promoting the development of geothermal energy. The platform is also an important example of organization and access to widely distributed data, since it allows analyzing, synthetizing and quickly
interpreting stored data.
The global and country-specific information regard both electricity generation and direct use applications. The platform, which has been built using an open-source Business Intelligence application and can be accessed through the IGA website, allows to access, navigate and organize information in various ways. Data lists related to geothermal fields and plants, direct uses, geothermal turbine manufactures and geothermal companies can be accessed, aggregated and filtered, producing reports, charts and maps.
Aggregation and filtering options synthetize and organize data for direct use, power plants and installed capacity by region, category and operative status. The mapping tool, providing geothermal fields location, power plants and direct uses geographical references, allows also map browsing, and to zoom, to measure distance, to pan and to query for further information. The chart analysis produces pie charts and bar diagrams of data, dynamically sorted and aggregated.

The power sector in India have grown up to 2, 06,456 MW, as a result of which fossil fuels are depleting at a fast rate. Studies have shown that India is having a geothermal energy potential of about 10600Mw [1].The top hundred geothermal energy sources have potential of about 40*1018.cal which is equal to 27.6billion barrels of petroleum and about 5730 million tons of coal energy.
Small geothermal power plants in these zones can play a vital role to meet the rising demand of power across India. These geothermal plants should be efficient, they should be safe and the power generated must be cheap. For these reasons an attempt has been made in this paper to automatically control the generation of a geothermal power plant. For this purpose Programmable Logic Control (PLC) has been used.
The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing industry. In 1968 GM Hydrometric (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems . The main reason for using PLC is cost effectiveness and safe operation. It can be used for full plant automation.
This includes speed control, load control, excitation control, turbine governing system, cooling towers, heat exchange mechanism, and control of the pump of the production well. It can be used for data recording, instrumentation and for protection purpose.PLC can also be used for remote operation as well as for continuous recording of data , for which only a simple pc interfaced with PLC is needed.

There is an opportunity to expand the baseload geothermal electricity generation capacity through the development of engineered geothermal systems (EGS). Carbon dioxide (CO2) could be used as an alternative to water to extract heat from these systems considering its advantages of ease of flow through the geothermal reservoir, strong innate buoyancy that permits the use of a thermosiphon rather than a pumped system over a large range of fluid flow rates, and lower dissolution of materials that lead to fouling. However, the thermodynamics of EGS using CO2 to extract heat from subsurface rock masses is not well understood. Here we show that the wellbore frictional pressure losses are the dominant factor in CO2-based EGS. Wellbore friction is the major limiter on the amount of energy that can be extracted from the reservoir by CO2, as measured by the exergy available at the surface. The result is that CO2 is less effective at energy extraction than water under conditions similar to past EGS trials. Nevertheless, CO2 can perform well in lower permeability reservoirs, or if the wellbore diameter is increased. Our results demonstrate that CO2-based EGS need to be designed with the use of CO2 in mind. We suggest this work to be a starting point for analysis of the surface infrastructure and plant design and economics of CO2-based EGS.

Resumen El contínuo y creciente deterioro del ecosistema mundial y el agotamiento a mediano plazo de las reservas de combustibles fósiles: carbón, petróleo y gas; son las principales consecuencias del actual sistema energético mundial. El Sistema se basa en la utilización intensiva de dichas fuentes. Por esta razón es imperativo el desarrollo de fuentes energéticas alternas que sean armónicas ambientalmente,

This article looks to give an overview throughout the geothermal energy technology. Analyzing the origin of its energy and talking about it history in the actual electrical applications. From the first time when geothermal energy was used to generate electricity and its path in The United States until today, where the use of geothermal power plants has been extended around the world. Also, it will be given a brief examination on the future technologies that are under developing in this moment and that will make this type of energy a better competitor against the other renewable energies, as wind and solar power that have taken advantage in the actual sustainable energy market.

This thesis investigates the use of a Helical Steel Pile (HSP), as an in-ground heat exchanger for a Ground-Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system. A multi-layered soil conductivity dataset was created to quantify thermal performance across a variety of climate and soil conditions. Geometric features of the HSP were optimized using parametric sweeps, and the capacity of the pile to supply a building load was characterized for a variety of inlet fluid temperatures, seasons, and locations. Transient simulations of the pile characterized its ability to supply three different types of building load sets across a year. Finally, 40-year simulations showed the potential for the HSP to provide heating to buildings in a northern region while also mitigating the thawing of permafrost from climate change. The results indicate a potential to provide sustainable thermal energy to remote communities while delaying the predicted thawing of permafrost locally by up to 75 years.

Recent studies on the Uganda geothermal systems have focused on three geothermal prospects, Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro, all located in the tectonically active and Recent volcanic belt in the Western Rift valley along the border of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Geothermal systems and saline and fresh water lakes characterize the Rift Valley. The three areas were chosen for study because of their volcanic and tectonic features that indicate a powerful heat source and high permeability. The objective is to develop geothermal energy as an alternative energy source to hydro and others to meet the energy demand of rural areas in sound environment. The geology and geochemistry results for the surface hot springs indicate that potential geothermal systems exist at depth. The subsurface temperatures of 160-200°C, 200°C, and above 200°C for the Katwe, Buranga and Kibiro prospects, respectively, have been inferred by geothermometry and mixing models. These temperatures are suitab...

Energija unutar Zemlje ima veliku toplotnu snagu koja se savremenim tehnologijama pretvara u upotrebnu energiju, valorizovanu kroz uštede drugih energenata, ekološke aspekte, smanjenje zagađenja, kao i na prilagođavanje klimatskim promenama. Geotermalna energija predstavlja značajan izvor ukupnog energetskog potencijala, koji u dubinama stvara toplotne efekte i prenosi ih na stene i tečne fluide. Upotreba geotermalnih resursa je ogromna, od zagrevanja, hlađenja, balneoloških potreba, do privrednih potreba u agraru, turizmu i proizvodnji električne energije.
U radu se analiziraju oblici geotermalne energije, koji višestruko mogu doprineti slabljenju klimatskih promena, a ujedno i prilagoditi se novim tehnološkim rešenjima koji nesumnjivo iziskuju dugoročna ulaganja, monitoring ali i pozitivne efekte po životnu sredinu. Izuzetan doprinos na uravnoteženje i smanjenje uticaja klimatskih promena je dostupnost, primenljivost i kapacitet geotermalne energije koja koristi čiste tehnologije.
Ključne reči: Geotermalna energija, supstitucija, primena, klima


The energy within the Earth has a large thermal power that modern technologies transformed into usable energy, valorized through other energy saving, environmental aspects, reducing pollution, as well as adaptation to climate change. Geothermal energy is a significant source of total energy potential, which creates heat in the depths of effects and transmits them to the wall and liquid fluids. The use of geothermal resources is enormous, from heating, cooling, bath spa needs to business needs in agriculture, tourism and electricity production.
In this paper analyzes the forms of geothermal energy, which can contribute to weakening of climate change, and also to adapt to new technological solutions which undoubtedly require long-term investments, monitoring and positive effects on the environment. Outstanding contribution to balancing and reducing the impact of climate change is the availability, applicability and capacity of geothermal energy using clean technologies.
Key words: Geothermal energy, substitution, utilization, climate

ÖZET Sürdürülebilir enerji türü olarak jeotermal kaynaklardan elektrik üretimi Ülkemizde gün güne yaygınlaşmaktadır. 2006 yılından günümüze işletmeye giren 25 Jeotermal Elektrik Santralı (JES) kurulu gücü 713,61 MW e 'a ulaşmıştır. Bunlardan 22 adedi, düşük ve orta entalpili jeotermal kaynaklar için uygun olan İki Akışkan Çevrimli (Binary) Santral tipinde tesis edilmiş ve böylece bu alanda bilgi birikimi oluşmuştur. Bu bildiride Binary Jeotermal Santral yatırımının her aşamasında elektrik ve otomasyon sistemlerinde özen gösterilmesi gereken hususlar irdelenmiştir. Binary Enerji Santralı jeotermal akışkan ısısından Organik Rankin Çevrimi yardım ile elektrik üreten (ORC) bölümü ile akışkanın sağlandığı üretim kuyuları, isale hatları, terfi pompaları ve geribasım sistemi vb.. Yardımcı Servisler (BOP) olarak iki bölümden oluşur. ORC paket olarak dışalımla temin edilmektedir. Dış alım görüşmelerinde Firma seçimi, paket kapsamı, seçilen ORC yapılandırılması, performans garantileri, yerli üretim oranı, generatör karakteristikleri, tek hat şeması ile kontrol ve otomasyon mimarisi, garanti döneminde bakım anlaşması vb.. hususlar ne kadar iyi tartışılırsa yatırımın başarısı artacaktır. Yardımcı servisler (BOP) bölümünde Santralın sisteme erişimi, TEİAŞ ve/veya Elektrik Dağıtım firmaları ile Bağlantı Anlaşması, EİH'nın projelendirilmesi, ana ekipmanların (OG hücreler, trafolar, topraklama dirençleri vb..) satın alımı, İhale Dosyasının hazırlanması-Yüklenici seçimi, büyük güçlü AG motorların gerilim ve frekans sürücülerinin seçiminde harmonik etkilerin azaltılması, ETKB Proje dosyası, röle koordinasyonu, testler, geçici kabule hazırlık, işletme döneminde dikkat edilecek hususlar tartışılacaktır. ABSTRACT Geothermal power plants (GPP), as a form of sustainable energy, are now more important and widely used than ever. 25 GPPs were constructed and connected to the grid since 2006 and total installed capacity of GPPs reached 713,61 MW e 22 GPPs were built as Binary Geothermal Power Plant which is the most convenient method for low and moderate enthalpy geothermal resources. Consequently, considerable knowledge has been accumulated regarding binary power plant. This paper discusses issues that should be paid attention to in every stage of binary power plant investment. Binary Power Plant is composed of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), which converts heat energy of the brine to electrical energy, and Balance of Plant (BOP), which covers production wells, transmission lines, reinjection system, etc. The ORC package is imported. The better the issues such as selection of sellers, scope of packages, configuration of ORC, performance guarantees, rate of domestic production, characteristics of generator, single line diagram and control and automation architecture, maintenance agreement limited guarantee period, etc. are discussed during the ORC negotiations, the more successful investment will be.

Geothermal energy has a potential for several applications including geo-exchange, direct thermal application and power generation. Whereas the untapped capacity is over 100 GW globally, its growth realizes only 3-4% growth per year while the global share of electricity generation is less than 1%. Limitations of geothermal energy include scarcity of exploitable sites, remote locations often far from load centers and undesirable gaseous emissions. Project development faces challenges of poor funding, technology and long gestation periods of between 5 and 10 years for conventional power plants. Smooth implementation of geothermal project requires, social acceptance, through minimization of environmental effect, avoidance of adverse effects on the people and giving direct benefits to local communities. It is through both subsurface and power plant technologies that environmental challenges of geothermal power plants are addressed. Research and development into new, efficient and cost-effective technologies will enhance safety and environmental integrity with respect to geothermal energy and electricity development. A geothermal power plant project generally goes through exploration or prefeasibility stage, drilling or feasibility stage and development stage which involves development of production wells, reinjection wells, steam gathering system and power plant construction and commissioning. The last phase is power plant operation and maintenance before the plant is finally retired upon end of the generation contract or license. These phases of the cycle before generation all combined take relatively long and there is need to improve. The use of Wellhead power plants currently provide a quick access to geothermal electricity ahead of full development of a conventional power plant hence enabling quicker access to geothermal electricity. Drilling which is a critical process in geothermal resource exploration and development is expensive, and therefore development of geophysical methods to resolve this problem is highly desirable as it could significantly reduce the cost of geothermal energy development hence advanced technology in drilling and upfront activities will reduce costs and risks in development. Better technology in upfront activities will significantly reduce the high risks and costs while power plant conversion technologies and better reservoir management and engineering will increase output, resource availability and efficiency of resource exploitation. Geothermal energy resources are significant and if the technical, financial, environmental, social and logistical challenges are addressed, it can be a major player in global energy and electricity market as renewable, safe and cheap resources. Research and development of technology and solutions to current challenges should be enhanced. The study concluded that technical barriers, high financial costs and long gestation periods prevent faster development of geothermal electricity.

Telomoyo geothermal area is created in a volcano quarter complex, Semarang, Central Java. Telomoyo geothermal areas have two locations that have the potential for geothermal energy, which are located in the Umbul Temple and Dukuh Temple. This is indicated by the presence of geothermal manifestations in the form of several hot spring that appear in the area. Based on the geological and environmental conditions, in addition to having geothermal energy potential, this area also has other potential in the form of geotourism potential. Therefore, this research was conducted to select the potential of geotourism which has more prospects from the two potential geothermal energy locations using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is a decision making technique based on various criteria. This AHP analysis technique can handle any complex, multicriterion, and multiperson problems. The problem in AHP is decomposed into a hierarchical structure and are given the weights based on its level of importance. Then this strength is one alternative that can be used to make a decision. In the AHP method it consists of alternatives, main criteria and subcriteria. Alternatives here are Dukuh Temple and Umbul Temple. There are three main criteria used in this study, namely geoscience, infrastructure, and social-culture. Subcriteria that have high weight are subcriteria of geological resources in the form of geothermal energy. Subcriteria for geological risk and environmental subcriteria play a role as a threat assuming the availability of existing geothermal energy potential, so it is not possible to develop geothermal energy commercially and to exploit the environment. While the criteria that act as supporting factors for developing geotourism potential are infrastructure criteria because they are considered not to have many obstacles. The results show that potential geothermal areas with the potential for geotourism development are the Umbul Temple area.

The current research deals with renewable energy sources for the energy independence of Zakynthos Island in Greece. In order to define the most efficient renewable energy source, a multi-criteria analysis was used. The main criteria that were applied are the three pillars of sustainability, namely environment, society and economy. The aforementioned criteria were also subject to the DPSIR model of indicators, while a range of economic, environmental, social and technical sub-criteria were applied. The results, with regard to the delimitations set for the scope of the current research, indicate that the solar energy source systems (photovoltaics) are proved to be a more suitable alternative over a geothermal power station.

The existing renewable electrical generation industry at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field has tremendous potential to become a world-class producer of lithium and other critical metals, which can be extracted from geothermal brines. The industry could also generate nontraditional geothermal energy via production of  electricity from pumped storage and by producing  hydrogen via electrolysis, thereby boosting California’s ability to meet legal mandates to produce more renewable energy while lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Development of these nontraditional resources together could make expanded geothermal power production at the Salton Sea more competitive with solar and wind power. These efforts would lead to substantial local job  creation and increased tax revenues. Multiple benefits would be maximized by coordinating the expansion of geothermal resources with reclamation plans for the  Sea, as the receding shoreline opens up new land suitable  for construction of both artificial wetlands and new  geothermal infrastructure.

Heating greenhouses with geothermal energy is widespread practice and economically proven solution in agriculture. However, designing proper technical and economically feasible heating system is rather complicated and requires pre-knowledge for the greenhouse construction characteristics, particular requests of the culture in question, capacity and available temperature of the heating fluid, etc. Part of this problematic is discussed in the paper.

Helium is a remarkable element possessing a broad bandwidth in the field of its application. It plays an indispensable role in many areas of fundamental research (cryogenics, nuclear science, material science), cutting edge technologies (nuclear reactors, space and rocket science, balloon and aerostat), medical diagnostic imaging (MRI), besides a host of other crucial uses. Presently there is a worldwide scarcity of helium supply. As of now globally the major source of commercial helium production is the petroleum natural gases. In Indian context, the natural gas reservoirs are lean in helium and India imports 100% of its total helium requirement. However many of the Indian hot springs are enriched in helium and may serve as the potential and indigenous source of helium. Indian geothermal provinces which are associated with high heat generating granites like those occurring in Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Rajasthan and Karnataka are rich source of helium due to the high concentration of uranium in such granites. The helium content in the hot gases from Bakreswar and Tantloi (West Bengal-Jharkhand states) geothermal sites varies from 1-3% v/v. The volume of gas that escapes from the hot spring vents and the wells drilled in the above sites is 130 L/h and the flow rate of thermal water is 21000 L/h. Helium exploration field stations were also established in the above mentioned two sites. Hot spring gases are collected in cylinders and subsequently purified to the extent of 99.9% v/v. The temperatures of the thermal waters vary from 70-75 C. The geothermal gradient and heat flow rate values of the Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal area are 80 C/km and 200 mW/m 2 , respectively. It is proposed to drill an exploration cum production well in this geothermal to generate electricity using hydrothermal waters and to recover helium through installation of a large scale pilot plant.

In seeking to understand the way in which heat is transferred from hotter to cooler regions of the Earth, it is important to have a general understanding of the physical composition of the Earth and, its various regions in which heat is transferred. This essay will provide a brief description of Earth's composition, and clarify what is entailed in each heat transfer process. It will seek to define and clarify their differences, and identify how each discussed process plays an important role in transferring heat from the hotter regions of the Earth to cooler regions.

The world's progress towards net-zero ambitions will bring down fossil fuel utilization and imports over time. However, crises such as COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have raised questions about the reliability of nonrenewables and what actions could be taken by policymakers to immediately mitigate reliance on fossil fuels for vulnerable importers. The responses to the recent crises could reorient energy geopolitics by the decentralization of the global energy system and speeding up renewables deployment. These superb targets require a concerted and sustained energy policy effort across multiple industries, alongside strong international communication on energy security. Clear dialogue between governments, the green power generation industries, and consumers is also a crucial element for successful renewable energy implementation. The world's energy crisis has unveiled that the transition to renewable energy has been too slow, and serious efforts are required to speed up the transition away from fossil fuels toward renewables.

Andis Faza Fauzana (071001700016) I. Latar Belakang Setelah lapangan geothermal dikembangkan dan produksi telah dimulai, manajemen produksi dan operasi injeksi untuk menjaga power plant pada kapasitas penuh menjadi prioritas utama. Hal ini melibatkan multidisiplin ilmu seperti produksi, geokimia, teknik reservoir dan simulasi untuk menyatukan data produksi dan injeksi yang diukur dipermukaan dengan informasi sumur di bawah permukaan. Untuk memahami proses yang terjadi di reservoir, terkadang melibatkan geosains dari waktu ke waktu untuk melakukan survey microgravity dan ground deformation. Selain itu, akan dilakukan juga pemantauan korosi subsurface dan kerusakan casing. Semua informasi ini harus disatukan menjadi satu model yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kapasitas produksi dan injeksi di masa depan dan untuk mengidentifikasi area yang perlu perbaikan untuk menjaga production plant pada kapasitas penuh. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan pembersihan sumur secara berkala untuk menghilangkan scale calcit atau memindahkan sumur injeksi untuk menghindari "return fluids" diantara sumur produksi dan injeksi. Beberapa data yang akan sering tersedia diantaranya adalah wellhead pressure (WHP), valve settings, aliran uap dan brine, aliran total (massa dan entalpi) dari separator, aliran injeksi dan suhu sumur dsb. Data lainnya dari pemantauan reservoir yang utama berupa tekanan sumur dan data lain yang

Against the global warming that is problem for world in high scale and for Turkey in little scale. Importance
of the renewable energy sources that is called green energy has been displayed. Depending
on the use of fossil fuels, countries were reviewed and accelerated their green energy R&D investments
about the effect of increasing greenhouse gas. In Turkey, R&D concept has not been apprehended
enough yet. So, Turkey has dropped back despite including high potential.
The first part of this case, green energy R&D investments of other countries has been analyzed. In
the next part, R&D investments and capacity of Turkey have been analyzed and compared with other
countries. Also, insufficiencies of goverment agenciess’ R&D departments have been analyzed and in
conclusions, some solutions have been offered.

ABSTRACT

Flores Island is designated as Geothermal Island in 2017. The determination of the island which locates in the province of East Nusa Tenggara is ratified by a Ministerial Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. This Decree pursues the mission that Flores Island shall maximize the utilization of geothermal energy for fulfilling baseload electricity demand and optimize direct use applications. This study presents a public policy analysis focusing on the process and the reasons behind the ratification of the Ministerial Decree related to Geothermal Island Policy while the risks and challenges still remain exist in geothermal energy development in Indonesia.
In order to identify the process and to understand the motivation behind the action of the establishment of Flores Island as Geothermal Island, this study applies the garbage can model to analyze the ratification of a policy through problem stream, policy stream and political stream which eventually meet at the same time and create the window of opportunity so that finally the geothermal island policy can be entered as an agenda and legitimate as a national policy. This garbage can analysis was obtained through literature studies and interviews with the Geothermal Island steering committee.
The finding show that geothermal island policy can be established in the midst of the risks and obstacles that still remain in the development of geothermal energy plant because of the Flores Island has a high unemployment problem caused by lack of the energy. The GoI also realized that investment risk is one of the biggest obstacles in the development of geothermal energy, thus the GoI has formulate a government drilling policy as one solution to the problem. Ratification of other policies to support the development of geothermal plants has also been carried out to reduce the political issues that have existed so far. In the end, with the background of the problem, the ratification of policies and political issues, the Geothermal Island policy has been ratified supported by discussions between the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and PT. PLN as well as research conducted by JICA, Geological Agency, ARUP and WWF.

Geothermal investors need to be confident with the methods and results of exploration programs. Also cutting the upfront cost of geothermal exploration will further encourage investors to consider investment in this emerging clean energy field. Hence, it is of paramount importance to improve prospecting techniques in order to explore where economic concentrations of geothermal energy are to be expected.  The current study evaluates different approaches for downscaling thermal data from remote sensing images together with factors in surface and subsurface environment. The paper discusses case studies, the challenge and the way forward for geothermal prospecting as well as practical solutions to discrepancy that faces the mapping and documentation of spatial geothermal anomalies.  It also discusses main criteria that should be considered while prospecting for geothermal energy.

Bu araştırmanın amacı termal otel işletmelerinde jeotermal kaynak kullanımının nereden ve nasıl temin edildiği, kullanım alanları, avantajları ve ikincil suların nerede ve nasıl değerlendirildiği açısından incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın evrenini, Nisan 2018 itibariyle Türkiye'de 25 ayrı ilde faaliyet gösteren T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı tarafından turizm işletme belgeli 83 termal otel işletmesi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında herhangi bir örnekleme alınmamış ve tam sayım ile tüm evrene ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma nicel olarak tasarlanmış olup veri toplama aracı olarak anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında dokuzu çevrimiçi ve 31'i yüz yüze olmak üzere toplam 40 yöneticiye anket uygulanmış. Elde edilen veriler sıklık ve yüzde analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, termal otel işletmelerinde jeotermal kaynakların %82,5 ile en çok termal havuzlarda ve SPA bölümlerinde ve temel olarak %81,8'lik oranda sağlık ve tedavi amacıyla kullanıldığı; jeotermal kaynakların en büyük faydasının %70 ile otelin doluluğunu artırma yönünde olduğu; ikincil termal suları geri dönüşüme gönderme oranlarının ise %42,5 ile sınırlı kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Turizm, Jeotermal Kaynak, Termal Otel İşletmeleri, Yönetsel Bakış. Abstract The purpose of the study is to evaluate the use of geothermal resources in terms of where and how to supply of it, operating areas, benefits, where and how to utilize the secondary waters in thermal hotel enterprises. The research population, consists of 83 thermal hotel establishments which are certified by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and operates in 25 different provinces in Turkey as of April 2018. No sampling was conducted within the scope of the research and it is aimed to reach the whole population with full count. The research was designed as a quantitative method and the as a data collection tool survey technique was used. To collect the data, a total of 40 managers were interviewed, nine of whom were online and 31 were face to face. Frequency and percentage analysis were used to examine obtained data. As a result of the research, it was found that the thermal springs in were used with 82.5% in thermal pools and SPA sections, and mainly 81.8% in basic health and treatment; the major benefit of geothermal 1 Bu çalışma, IMASCON 2019 Güz Kongresinde sözlü olarak sunulan bildiriden türetilmiştir.