ABSTRACT The public's trust in the police has been the focus of extensive investigation. ... more ABSTRACT The public's trust in the police has been the focus of extensive investigation. By contrast, there is a scarcity of research examining police officers' trust in the police. The purpose of the current study was to fill that gap in our knowledge. This study examined police officers' own trust in the police (i.e., personal trust beliefs) and how much they perceived that the public trust the police (i.e., public-ascribed trust beliefs). This study examined whether these two types of trust beliefs differed and whether each statistically accounted for police officers' psychological adjustment. Trust beliefs comprise expectations that police officers kept promises (reliability basis), told the truth (honesty basis) and kept information confidential and supportive of it (emotional basis). One hundred and eighty-three (142 male) police officers completed measures of personal trust beliefs in the police, public-ascribed trust beliefs in the police, psychological well-being and workplace stress. It was found that the police officers held higher personal honesty-based and emotional-based trust beliefs in the police than they ascribed to the public. Police officers' reliability-based personal trust beliefs in the police were positively associated with their psychological well-being and negatively associated with their stress in the workplace. Police officers' emotional-based public-ascribed trust beliefs in the police were positively associated with their psychological well-being and tended to be negatively associated with their stress in the workplace. The findings confirmed that police officers' personal and public-ascribed trust beliefs in the police differed and each statistically accounted for psychological adjustment.
The relation between children’s trust beliefs and trusting behavior in peer interaction was exami... more The relation between children’s trust beliefs and trusting behavior in peer interaction was examined. One hundred and 5 Italian children (54 boys; mean age = 10 years- 7 months) completed standardized scales of reliability (i.e., promise keeping) trust beliefs in parents and peers. The children participated in mixed-motive interactions with classmates which assessed behavior-dependent reliability trust on peers. The children’s reliability trustworthiness towards peers/classmates was assessed by peer reports. The SEM analyses supported the hypothesized model by showing: (1) a path between trust beliefs in parents and trust beliefs in peers; (2) paths between both types of trust beliefs and behavior-dependent trust on peers; (3) a path between behavior-dependent trust on peers and trustworthiness towards peers. Trust beliefs in peers were found to mediate the relation between trust beliefs in parents and behavior-dependent trust on peers. The findings yielded support for the Basis, Domain, and Target trust framework and Attachment Theory.
The authors examined the relation between early adolescents&a... more The authors examined the relation between early adolescents' trust beliefs in peers and both their attributions for, and retaliatory aggression to, peer provocation. One hundred and eight-five early adolescents (102 male) from the United Kingdom (M age = 12 years, 2 months, SD = 3 months) completed the Children's Generalized Trust Beliefs in peer subscale (K. J. Rotenberg, C. Fox, et al., 2005) and reported the intentions of, and their retaliatory aggression to, hypothetical peer provocation. A curvilinear relation was found between trust beliefs in peers and retaliatory aggression but not for attributions of intention. Early adolescents with low and those with very high trust beliefs in peers reported greater retaliatory aggression than did early adolescents with the middle range of trust beliefs. The findings supported the conclusion that early adolescents who are high trusting, as well as those are very low trusting, are at risk for psychosocial maladjustment. Support was not obtained for a hostility attribution bias interpretation of those patterns.
ABSTRACT Two hundred and five (103 female and 102 male) children enrolled in school years 1 and 2... more ABSTRACT Two hundred and five (103 female and 102 male) children enrolled in school years 1 and 2 in the UK (mean age 6 years 1 month at Time 1) were tested twice over a 1-year period. The children reported the promise keeping and secret keeping behaviours of classmates (all peers and same-gender peers) and provided friendship nominations (Time 2 only). Round robin social relations analyses for all peers and same-gender peers revealed: (1) perceiver variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in trust beliefs in peers; (2) target variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in eliciting trust from peers; and, (3) dyadic reciprocity, demonstrating reciprocal trust between individuals. Replicability across measures, stability, and cross-measure stability of these effects were found for all peers only. As hypothesized, the perceiver and target effects of trust were associated with the number of friendships. The findings support the conclusion that young children demonstrate multiple components of trust in dyadic relationships, which are associated with their social relationships.
Psychomusicology: A Journal of Research in Music Cognition, 1982
ABSTRACT The experiment investigated the development of adjacent and non-adjacent interval proces... more ABSTRACT The experiment investigated the development of adjacent and non-adjacent interval processing in children and its relation to music aptitude. Twenty children from each of grades one, four, and seven were presented two- and three-note sequences. The children were tested on their interval use by asking them to recognize the sequences when transposed. Children’s music aptitude, particularly melody sophistication, was assessed. It was found that interval use increased with age. Children at all of the grades, however, demonstrated interval use better than that expected by chance alone. Also there were practice effects over the course of the testing. Interval use and music aptitude were correlated, with age partialled out, for fourth- and seventh-grade children. The findings were interpreted broadly as indicating that interval processing develops with age and is related to melody sophistication.
Four studies examined the relation between trust and loneliness. Studies 1, 2, and 3 showed that ... more Four studies examined the relation between trust and loneliness. Studies 1, 2, and 3 showed that trust beliefs negatively predicted changes in loneliness during early childhood (5-7 years), middle childhood (9-11 years), and young adulthood (18-21 years). Structural equation modeling yielded support for the hypothesis that the relation between trust beliefs and loneliness was mediated, in part, by social disengagement, which varied by age and gender. Study 4 showed that when young adults were primed for distrust rather than for trust cognitions, they showed greater withdrawal (loneliness) affect, lower willingness to disclose, and less perceived success in achieving rapport. The findings yielded support for the hypotheses that (a) low trust beliefs promote loneliness from childhood to adulthood and (b) social disengagement and cognitive schema mechanisms account for the relation.
... Lucy R. Betts Ken J. Rotenberg Keele University, Straffordshire, United Kingdom ... in the Un... more ... Lucy R. Betts Ken J. Rotenberg Keele University, Straffordshire, United Kingdom ... in the United Kingdom) has increasingly become the focus of research, in some part because it pre-dicts subsequent academic achievement (Alexander & Entwisle, 1988; Donelan-McCall & Dunn ...
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2014
ABSTRACT The components of children’s trust in same-gender peers (trust beliefs, ascribed trustwo... more ABSTRACT The components of children’s trust in same-gender peers (trust beliefs, ascribed trustworthiness, and dyadic reciprocal trust) were exam- ined in samples of 8–11-year-olds from the UK, Italy, and Japan. Trust was assessed by children’s ratings of the extent to which same- gender classmates kept promises and kept secrets. Social relations analyses confirmed that children from each country showed significant: (a) actor variance demonstrating reliable individual differences in trust beliefs, (b) partner variance demonstrating reliable individual differ- ences in ascribed trustworthiness, and (c) relationship variance demonstrating unique relationships between interaction partners. Cultural differences in trust beliefs and ascribed trustworthiness also emerged and these differences were attributed to the tendency for children from cultures that value societal goals to share personal information with the peer group.
... Specifically, children's ability to fulfil promises and keep secrets is dependent upon t... more ... Specifically, children's ability to fulfil promises and keep secrets is dependent upon their ability to plan and exert control over their behaviour (Rotenberg, Michalik, Eisenberg, & Betts, in press). A child who LR Betts and KJ Rotenberg 492 ...
One hundred and thirty-seven undergraduates (81 females; mean age = 21 years-10 months) completed... more One hundred and thirty-seven undergraduates (81 females; mean age = 21 years-10 months) completed the Bulimic SEDS subscale and standardized measures of trust beliefs in close others (mother, father, and friend), disclosure to them, and loneliness. Structural Equation Modelling yielded: (1) a negative path between Bulimic Symptoms and trust beliefs, (2) a positive path between trust beliefs and disclosure, (3) a negative path between trust beliefs and loneliness, and (4) a negative path between disclosure and loneliness. As expected, trust beliefs statistically mediated the relations between Bulimic Symptoms and both disclosure and loneliness and disclosure statistically mediated the relation between trust beliefs and loneliness. The findings supported the conclusion that individuals with bulimia nervosa are prone to the social withdrawal syndrome comprising a coherent and integrated pattern of low trust beliefs in close others, low disclosure to close others, and high loneliness.
ABSTRACT The public's trust in the police has been the focus of extensive investigation. ... more ABSTRACT The public's trust in the police has been the focus of extensive investigation. By contrast, there is a scarcity of research examining police officers' trust in the police. The purpose of the current study was to fill that gap in our knowledge. This study examined police officers' own trust in the police (i.e., personal trust beliefs) and how much they perceived that the public trust the police (i.e., public-ascribed trust beliefs). This study examined whether these two types of trust beliefs differed and whether each statistically accounted for police officers' psychological adjustment. Trust beliefs comprise expectations that police officers kept promises (reliability basis), told the truth (honesty basis) and kept information confidential and supportive of it (emotional basis). One hundred and eighty-three (142 male) police officers completed measures of personal trust beliefs in the police, public-ascribed trust beliefs in the police, psychological well-being and workplace stress. It was found that the police officers held higher personal honesty-based and emotional-based trust beliefs in the police than they ascribed to the public. Police officers' reliability-based personal trust beliefs in the police were positively associated with their psychological well-being and negatively associated with their stress in the workplace. Police officers' emotional-based public-ascribed trust beliefs in the police were positively associated with their psychological well-being and tended to be negatively associated with their stress in the workplace. The findings confirmed that police officers' personal and public-ascribed trust beliefs in the police differed and each statistically accounted for psychological adjustment.
The relation between children’s trust beliefs and trusting behavior in peer interaction was exami... more The relation between children’s trust beliefs and trusting behavior in peer interaction was examined. One hundred and 5 Italian children (54 boys; mean age = 10 years- 7 months) completed standardized scales of reliability (i.e., promise keeping) trust beliefs in parents and peers. The children participated in mixed-motive interactions with classmates which assessed behavior-dependent reliability trust on peers. The children’s reliability trustworthiness towards peers/classmates was assessed by peer reports. The SEM analyses supported the hypothesized model by showing: (1) a path between trust beliefs in parents and trust beliefs in peers; (2) paths between both types of trust beliefs and behavior-dependent trust on peers; (3) a path between behavior-dependent trust on peers and trustworthiness towards peers. Trust beliefs in peers were found to mediate the relation between trust beliefs in parents and behavior-dependent trust on peers. The findings yielded support for the Basis, Domain, and Target trust framework and Attachment Theory.
The authors examined the relation between early adolescents&a... more The authors examined the relation between early adolescents' trust beliefs in peers and both their attributions for, and retaliatory aggression to, peer provocation. One hundred and eight-five early adolescents (102 male) from the United Kingdom (M age = 12 years, 2 months, SD = 3 months) completed the Children's Generalized Trust Beliefs in peer subscale (K. J. Rotenberg, C. Fox, et al., 2005) and reported the intentions of, and their retaliatory aggression to, hypothetical peer provocation. A curvilinear relation was found between trust beliefs in peers and retaliatory aggression but not for attributions of intention. Early adolescents with low and those with very high trust beliefs in peers reported greater retaliatory aggression than did early adolescents with the middle range of trust beliefs. The findings supported the conclusion that early adolescents who are high trusting, as well as those are very low trusting, are at risk for psychosocial maladjustment. Support was not obtained for a hostility attribution bias interpretation of those patterns.
ABSTRACT Two hundred and five (103 female and 102 male) children enrolled in school years 1 and 2... more ABSTRACT Two hundred and five (103 female and 102 male) children enrolled in school years 1 and 2 in the UK (mean age 6 years 1 month at Time 1) were tested twice over a 1-year period. The children reported the promise keeping and secret keeping behaviours of classmates (all peers and same-gender peers) and provided friendship nominations (Time 2 only). Round robin social relations analyses for all peers and same-gender peers revealed: (1) perceiver variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in trust beliefs in peers; (2) target variance, demonstrating consistent individual differences in eliciting trust from peers; and, (3) dyadic reciprocity, demonstrating reciprocal trust between individuals. Replicability across measures, stability, and cross-measure stability of these effects were found for all peers only. As hypothesized, the perceiver and target effects of trust were associated with the number of friendships. The findings support the conclusion that young children demonstrate multiple components of trust in dyadic relationships, which are associated with their social relationships.
Psychomusicology: A Journal of Research in Music Cognition, 1982
ABSTRACT The experiment investigated the development of adjacent and non-adjacent interval proces... more ABSTRACT The experiment investigated the development of adjacent and non-adjacent interval processing in children and its relation to music aptitude. Twenty children from each of grades one, four, and seven were presented two- and three-note sequences. The children were tested on their interval use by asking them to recognize the sequences when transposed. Children’s music aptitude, particularly melody sophistication, was assessed. It was found that interval use increased with age. Children at all of the grades, however, demonstrated interval use better than that expected by chance alone. Also there were practice effects over the course of the testing. Interval use and music aptitude were correlated, with age partialled out, for fourth- and seventh-grade children. The findings were interpreted broadly as indicating that interval processing develops with age and is related to melody sophistication.
Four studies examined the relation between trust and loneliness. Studies 1, 2, and 3 showed that ... more Four studies examined the relation between trust and loneliness. Studies 1, 2, and 3 showed that trust beliefs negatively predicted changes in loneliness during early childhood (5-7 years), middle childhood (9-11 years), and young adulthood (18-21 years). Structural equation modeling yielded support for the hypothesis that the relation between trust beliefs and loneliness was mediated, in part, by social disengagement, which varied by age and gender. Study 4 showed that when young adults were primed for distrust rather than for trust cognitions, they showed greater withdrawal (loneliness) affect, lower willingness to disclose, and less perceived success in achieving rapport. The findings yielded support for the hypotheses that (a) low trust beliefs promote loneliness from childhood to adulthood and (b) social disengagement and cognitive schema mechanisms account for the relation.
... Lucy R. Betts Ken J. Rotenberg Keele University, Straffordshire, United Kingdom ... in the Un... more ... Lucy R. Betts Ken J. Rotenberg Keele University, Straffordshire, United Kingdom ... in the United Kingdom) has increasingly become the focus of research, in some part because it pre-dicts subsequent academic achievement (Alexander & Entwisle, 1988; Donelan-McCall & Dunn ...
International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2014
ABSTRACT The components of children’s trust in same-gender peers (trust beliefs, ascribed trustwo... more ABSTRACT The components of children’s trust in same-gender peers (trust beliefs, ascribed trustworthiness, and dyadic reciprocal trust) were exam- ined in samples of 8–11-year-olds from the UK, Italy, and Japan. Trust was assessed by children’s ratings of the extent to which same- gender classmates kept promises and kept secrets. Social relations analyses confirmed that children from each country showed significant: (a) actor variance demonstrating reliable individual differences in trust beliefs, (b) partner variance demonstrating reliable individual differ- ences in ascribed trustworthiness, and (c) relationship variance demonstrating unique relationships between interaction partners. Cultural differences in trust beliefs and ascribed trustworthiness also emerged and these differences were attributed to the tendency for children from cultures that value societal goals to share personal information with the peer group.
... Specifically, children's ability to fulfil promises and keep secrets is dependent upon t... more ... Specifically, children's ability to fulfil promises and keep secrets is dependent upon their ability to plan and exert control over their behaviour (Rotenberg, Michalik, Eisenberg, & Betts, in press). A child who LR Betts and KJ Rotenberg 492 ...
One hundred and thirty-seven undergraduates (81 females; mean age = 21 years-10 months) completed... more One hundred and thirty-seven undergraduates (81 females; mean age = 21 years-10 months) completed the Bulimic SEDS subscale and standardized measures of trust beliefs in close others (mother, father, and friend), disclosure to them, and loneliness. Structural Equation Modelling yielded: (1) a negative path between Bulimic Symptoms and trust beliefs, (2) a positive path between trust beliefs and disclosure, (3) a negative path between trust beliefs and loneliness, and (4) a negative path between disclosure and loneliness. As expected, trust beliefs statistically mediated the relations between Bulimic Symptoms and both disclosure and loneliness and disclosure statistically mediated the relation between trust beliefs and loneliness. The findings supported the conclusion that individuals with bulimia nervosa are prone to the social withdrawal syndrome comprising a coherent and integrated pattern of low trust beliefs in close others, low disclosure to close others, and high loneliness.
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