In January and February 2011, PM2.5 concentrations in residential and nonresidential areas of Sal... more In January and February 2011, PM2.5 concentrations in residential and nonresidential areas of Salt Lake City, Utah, were elevated during days with persistent multi-day stable layers or cold-air pools (CAPs). Under most conditions the PM2.5 concentrations and atmospheric stability increased with time during these events, so that the highest PM2.5 concentrations were observed in long-lived CAPs. PM2.5 concentrations were generally observed to decrease with increasing elevation and were linearly related to the pre-sunrise valley heat deficit, an instantaneous measure of atmospheric stability. Decreases of up to 30 percent were observed as elevation increased from 1300 to 1600 m. During the CAP episode of 23e30 January, concentrations of PM2.5 increased roughly linearly with time at all elevations at the rate of about 6 mg (m3 day) 1. Higher elevation sites also experienced more rapid influxes of clean air during the mix-out of a CAP on 16 January, although short-lived episodes of highe...
Carbonaceous soot produced in a small diesel engine test facility was investigated with ultra-sma... more Carbonaceous soot produced in a small diesel engine test facility was investigated with ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. Three soot samples produced using a reference diesel fuel and the reference fuel plus two oxygenate additives were investigated. The presence of ...
ABSTRACT The addition of ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2 in small amounts to diesel fuel is known to promote... more ABSTRACT The addition of ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2 in small amounts to diesel fuel is known to promote cleaner and more efficient combustion in diesel engines. In addition, it is known to change the particle-size distribution and characteristics of the diesel exhaust particles (DEP) generated during combustion. In this work, bulk spectroscopic methods (57Fe Mssbauer, sulfur XAFS and carbon 1s NEXAFS) have been used to investigate iron, sulfur and carbon forms in DEP derived from combustion of diesel fuel with and without the addition of 1000 ppm of ferrocene. Combustion was conducted in the laboratory with a two-cylinder, direct-injection Kubota model Z482B engine This engine has a displacement of 482 cc and is equipped with a Land and Sea water-break dynamometer for torque load control. The fuel, a 50:50 mixture of the Chevron/Philips reference diesel fuels, T-22 and U-15, had an average cetane number of 46.7 and a sulfur content of 64.1 ppm. Mssbauer spectroscopy showed that the iron in DEP from the ferrocene-doped fuel was largely present in the form of γ-Fe2O3. From the variation of the Mssbauer spectra as a function of temperature, it was deduced that this oxide component in DEP is of nanoparticle size (5 - 10 nm) and not strongly aggregated, presumably due to the separating presence of deposits of carbonaceous material on the particle exteriors. A second iron oxide, α-Fe2O3, which was very minor (~3% of the total iron) in DEP from the ferrocene-doped fuel, but the dominant iron phase in DEP from the undoped reference fuel, was much coarser in size and formed by a completely different mechanism. Carbon 1s NEXAFS spectroscopy showed that the ratio of the unsaturated carbon fraction (associated with EC, elemental carbon) relative to saturated hydrocarbon and oxygen functionalities (associated with OC, organic carbon) for DEP derived from the ferrocene-doped diesel fuel was smaller than that for the DEP derived from the diesel fuel without the ferrocene addition. From sulfur XAFS spectroscopy, it was shown that the addition of ferrocene promotes the formation of (i) oxidized inorganic sulfur forms (e.g. sulfate, bisulfate) relative to reduced organic sulfur forms (e.g. thiophenic sulfur), (ii) sulfate relative to bisulfate, and (iii) sulfoxide relative to thiophene forms. These observations on carbon and sulfur speciation are consistent with more efficient combustion of diesel fuel brought about by the addition of ferrocene to diesel fuel. Possible implications of these observations for differences in health effects between different DEP derived from fuels with and without ferrocene will also be briefly discussed.
In January and February 2011, PM2.5 concentrations in residential and nonresidential areas of Sal... more In January and February 2011, PM2.5 concentrations in residential and nonresidential areas of Salt Lake City, Utah, were elevated during days with persistent multi-day stable layers or cold-air pools (CAPs). Under most conditions the PM2.5 concentrations and atmospheric stability increased with time during these events, so that the highest PM2.5 concentrations were observed in long-lived CAPs. PM2.5 concentrations were generally observed to decrease with increasing elevation and were linearly related to the pre-sunrise valley heat deficit, an instantaneous measure of atmospheric stability. Decreases of up to 30 percent were observed as elevation increased from 1300 to 1600 m. During the CAP episode of 23e30 January, concentrations of PM2.5 increased roughly linearly with time at all elevations at the rate of about 6 mg (m3 day) 1. Higher elevation sites also experienced more rapid influxes of clean air during the mix-out of a CAP on 16 January, although short-lived episodes of highe...
Carbonaceous soot produced in a small diesel engine test facility was investigated with ultra-sma... more Carbonaceous soot produced in a small diesel engine test facility was investigated with ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. Three soot samples produced using a reference diesel fuel and the reference fuel plus two oxygenate additives were investigated. The presence of ...
ABSTRACT The addition of ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2 in small amounts to diesel fuel is known to promote... more ABSTRACT The addition of ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2 in small amounts to diesel fuel is known to promote cleaner and more efficient combustion in diesel engines. In addition, it is known to change the particle-size distribution and characteristics of the diesel exhaust particles (DEP) generated during combustion. In this work, bulk spectroscopic methods (57Fe Mssbauer, sulfur XAFS and carbon 1s NEXAFS) have been used to investigate iron, sulfur and carbon forms in DEP derived from combustion of diesel fuel with and without the addition of 1000 ppm of ferrocene. Combustion was conducted in the laboratory with a two-cylinder, direct-injection Kubota model Z482B engine This engine has a displacement of 482 cc and is equipped with a Land and Sea water-break dynamometer for torque load control. The fuel, a 50:50 mixture of the Chevron/Philips reference diesel fuels, T-22 and U-15, had an average cetane number of 46.7 and a sulfur content of 64.1 ppm. Mssbauer spectroscopy showed that the iron in DEP from the ferrocene-doped fuel was largely present in the form of γ-Fe2O3. From the variation of the Mssbauer spectra as a function of temperature, it was deduced that this oxide component in DEP is of nanoparticle size (5 - 10 nm) and not strongly aggregated, presumably due to the separating presence of deposits of carbonaceous material on the particle exteriors. A second iron oxide, α-Fe2O3, which was very minor (~3% of the total iron) in DEP from the ferrocene-doped fuel, but the dominant iron phase in DEP from the undoped reference fuel, was much coarser in size and formed by a completely different mechanism. Carbon 1s NEXAFS spectroscopy showed that the ratio of the unsaturated carbon fraction (associated with EC, elemental carbon) relative to saturated hydrocarbon and oxygen functionalities (associated with OC, organic carbon) for DEP derived from the ferrocene-doped diesel fuel was smaller than that for the DEP derived from the diesel fuel without the ferrocene addition. From sulfur XAFS spectroscopy, it was shown that the addition of ferrocene promotes the formation of (i) oxidized inorganic sulfur forms (e.g. sulfate, bisulfate) relative to reduced organic sulfur forms (e.g. thiophenic sulfur), (ii) sulfate relative to bisulfate, and (iii) sulfoxide relative to thiophene forms. These observations on carbon and sulfur speciation are consistent with more efficient combustion of diesel fuel brought about by the addition of ferrocene to diesel fuel. Possible implications of these observations for differences in health effects between different DEP derived from fuels with and without ferrocene will also be briefly discussed.
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Papers by Kerry Kelly