Dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is the most important emerging viral disea... more Dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is the most important emerging viral disease, infecting more than 50 million people annually. Currently used sticky traps are useful tools for monitoring and controlling Ae. aegypti. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the attraction of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes using various colors, materials and insecticides. The laboratory and field assessed the four different colors of ovitraps (blue, green, black and transparent). Among the tested ovitraps, the black ovitraps showed the highest number of eggs (348.8) in the laboratory and maximum eggs (80.0) in field trials. In addition, six different materials (casein, urea, yeast, fish meal, chicken meal and water) were also used to evaluate mosquito’s attraction. In our results, the highest number of eggs were collected with fish meal having 0.5% concentration in both laboratory (195.17) and the field (100.7). In laboratory trials, the Deltamethrin treated ovitraps (treated with...
The study on different life parameters of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) on eggs of Sitotroga cere... more The study on different life parameters of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) fed on old and new varieties of wheat, maize and sorghum revealed that S. cerealella adult’s emergence was higher (88 adults) on wheat new variety (Atta Habib). In old varieties, T. chilonis parasitism was highest (41.20%) on wheat, while lowest (34.80%) on sorghum. On new varieties, parasitism was minimum (44.60%) on wheat, while maximum (59.80%) on maize. The T. chilonis adult’s emergence (85.40%) was highest on eggs derived from wheat old variety, whereas, in new varieties, lowest adults emergence of 73.20% was recorded in wheat. The T. chilonis male’s emergence was highest (41.40%) on maize old variety, while lowest (34.20%) on wheat old variety. On new varieties, male’s emergence of 22.80 was recorded on wheat, whereas value of 30.40 was recorded for maize and sorghum. The results revealed that maximum parasitism and adults emergence by the wasp were observed in mai...
The aim of the present study was the formulation and evaluation of controlled release polymeric t... more The aim of the present study was the formulation and evaluation of controlled release polymeric tablets of Diclofenac Potassium by wet granulation method for the release rate, release pattern and the mechanism involved in drug release. Formulations having three grades of polymer Ethocel (7P; 7FP, 10P, 10FP, 100P, 100FP) in several drugs to polymer ratios (10:3 and 10:1) were compressed into tablets using wet granulation method. Co-excipients were added to some selected formulations to investigate their enhancement effect on in vitro drug release patterns. In vitro drug release studies were performed using USP Method-1 (Rotating Basket method) and Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was used as a dissolution medium. The similarities and dissimilarities of release profiles of test formulations with reference standard were checked using f2 similarity factor and f1 dissimilarity factor. Mathematical/Kinetic models were employed to determine the release mechanism and drug release kinetics.
Pakistan is confronting a chronic scarcity of domestic edible oil requirements. One of the major ... more Pakistan is confronting a chronic scarcity of domestic edible oil requirements. One of the major issues with brassica oil seed production is the water requirement of the brassica crop. Field experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangements at Malakandher Research Farm Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and potassium on seed protein content of Brassica. Four varieties Wester, Rainbow, Oscar and Legend were selected on the basis of their good response to potassium application in water stress conditions. The data revealed that maximum seed protein content (21.98%) was observed in those treatments where 100% irrigation level was applied and minimum seed protein content (19.37%) was produced by plants where 60% irrigation level was applied. Maximum seed protein content (21%) was in plants treated with 120 kg K ha-1 and minimum seed protein content (20.14%) with...
2013 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), 2013
ABSTRACT Pre-timed traffic signals are inefficient in optimizing the traffic flow throughout the ... more ABSTRACT Pre-timed traffic signals are inefficient in optimizing the traffic flow throughout the day, resulting in greater waiting times at the intersections particularly in congested urban areas during peak hours. Traffic actuated signals use real time traffic data obtained from sensors at the intersections to service queues intelligently. We developed a test bed for the real time evaluation of adaptive traffic light control algorithms using the microscopic traffic simulation open source software, SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility), and the AVR 32-bit microcontroller. An interface was developed between SUMO and the AVR microcontroller in which we used the simulation data generated by SUMO as an input to the microcontroller which executed the scheduling algorithms and sent commands back to SUMO for changing the states of the traffic signals accordingly. We implemented four scheduling algorithms in SUMO through the AVR microcontroller, the effect of the algorithms on the traffic network was studied using SUMO and execution times of the scheduling algorithms were measured using the AVR microcontroller. Through this interface, scheduling algorithms can be evaluated more effectively and accurately as compared to the case in which the algorithms are fed with data using pseudo random number generators.
Monitoring of insecticides susceptibility is one of the most important tools for determination of... more Monitoring of insecticides susceptibility is one of the most important tools for determination of success or failure of vector control programs. The study indicates the susceptibility status in the field population of dengue vector; Aedes albopictus. Larvae/adults samples of Aedes albopictus were collected from various habitats at various locations with history of insecticides usage from four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa viz., Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan and Charsadda districts and were tested in Vitro against commonly used public health insecticides, viz., chlorpyrifos (50%EC), deltamethrin (0.05% EC), lambdacyhalothrin (0.05% EC) and temephos (2%SG) as per WHO protocols. The toxicity range of insecticides trend observed was found in the order of temephos (97.31) > lambdacyhalothrin (93.70%) > deltamethrin (92.31%) > chloropyrifos and (86.48%) that highlights the mosquitoes’ resistance in areas with high selection pressure of agricultural and public health pesticides.
Entomological surveillance study was conducted in four selected sites; Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan... more Entomological surveillance study was conducted in four selected sites; Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan and Charsadda of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during 2012-13 for development of ultimate control strategies of mosquito breeding in outdoor habitats. Larvae were collected from various mosquito breeding habitats such as irrigation channels, irrigation water leakages, pots, vase, tyres, temporary containers stagnant flood waters, etc. Ovitraps were used as monitoring tools in urban areas of the selected sites. Results showed that mosquitoes are active throughout the year with their most active season during May, September and October. The mean relative abundance of Culex species in different districts were: Peshawar (32.3), Nowshera (18.8), Mardan (20.3) and Charsadda (21.0). Higher numbers of Aedes mosquitoes were observed in Nowshera (19.3), Peshawar (16.4), Charsadda (13.1), and Mardan (9.8), respectively. Mean monthly positive ovitraps of species was high in May and October collected...
The experiment was conducted to exploit nutrition for sex separation in Culex quinquefasciatus at... more The experiment was conducted to exploit nutrition for sex separation in Culex quinquefasciatus at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar during 2015. Seven different diets with various concentrations comprising of carbohydrates and protein sources in individual/mixed form were compared with standard diet of IAEA. Maximum pupae size of 3.00 and 3.51 mm for male, 4.01 and 4.40 mm for female, adult’s emergence of 45.15 and 70.10% for male were recorded when IAEA diet was tested at 1 and 2% concentration, respectively. Female adult’s emergence of 55.17 and 60.25% was recorded when chickpea was fed to larvae at both the concentrations, respectively. Shorter larval period of 7.06 and 7.00 days was noted in larvae nourished by IAEA diet at both concentrations, respectively. Carbohydrates based diet favored male size while, protein skewed in favor of female. It is concluded that the finding on the sexual dimorphism can be exploited for the sex separation of Culex and ot...
Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven insecticides, i.e., Fyfenon 57EC, Curacr... more Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven insecticides, i.e., Fyfenon 57EC, Curacron 500EC, Thiodan 35EC, Lorsban 40EC, Regent 5%SC, Ematac 1.9EC and Confidor 20SC in plum orchard for reducing the gummosis damage induced by Peach flat-headed borer. The mean density of new gum points /m2 on bark surface area treated with Confidor 20SC @ (30 ml/ 10 L) was significantly lower (7.55) followed by Thiodan 35EC (7.80) applied @ (50 ml/ 10 L), as compared to the untreated control (40.49). ). In trees that received two applications, the mean density of new gum points/m2 of bark surface area were significantly lower (11.24) as compared to the trees that were sprayed once (15.86). Highest percent reduction in gummosis was offered by Confidor 20SC (81.4%) followed by Thiodan 35EC (80.7%), whereas the lowest by Curacron 500EC (70.4%). It is suggested that two sprays of Confidor 20SC (imidacloprid) can successfully reduce gummosis damage caused by this pest.
The present studies were designed to develop long term sustainable strategies for the control of ... more The present studies were designed to develop long term sustainable strategies for the control of dengue vector in Pakistan. Mosquitoes were separated into males and females based on sexual dimorphism at the pupal stage. Ten transparent plastic bottle having 100 male pupae each were exposed to different radiation doses i.e. 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy by Cobalt 60 irradiation source. For Culex spp highest emergence of 90.50% was achieved with dose of 60 Gy and highest deformity of 25.25% was noted with 100 Gy. Aedes spp showed highest emergence (91.25%) and deformity (29.75%) with 60 Gy and 100 Gy, respectively. The mating frequency was acceptable at optimum doses of 40-60 Gy radiation. The radiation dose of 100 Gy yielded lowest adult emergence and highest deformity in the mosquito’s species. The dose of 40-60 Gy was determined as the optimum dose for initiation male sterility required for SIT program.
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate in-vitro larvicidal property of botanical oils of brassica, Br... more ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate in-vitro larvicidal property of botanical oils of brassica, Brassica campestris L., mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, clove, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et L.M.Perry, eucalyptus, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, turpentine Pinus sylvestris L., neem Azadirachta indica A.Juss., and mineral kerosene oils against 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 and test their time dependent repellency/attractancy in the field ovitraps. Methods: Larvicidal properties of various plant oils and mineral kerosene oil was investigated using 4th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus in dose dependent experiments in the water media while their attractancy/repellency was tested in the field ovitraps over time. Results: T he fiducial l imits for LC90 values at t he 48 h for cinnamon, t urpentine a nd kerosene oils were overlapping a nd t herefore, not significantly different (p <0.05) from each other. Equal toxicity of these oils was indicative that kerosene oil can be replaced with environment friendly botanical oils for the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The positive oviposition activity index (OAI) of traps treated with eucalyptus, cinnamon, and turpentine oils indicated that these oils were attractive after two weeks of application while neem was repellent to Culex mosquitoes. Conclusion: Oils of cinnamon, eucalyptus and turpentine are fatal to the larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and act as attractant to the adults for oviposition and therefore, may be good candidates for using in the “attract and kill” strategy of mosquitoes control programs.
Abstract.-Bioassays were conducted to investigate the toxicity and residual activity of botanic a... more Abstract.-Bioassays were conducted to investigate the toxicity and residual activity of botanic and synthetic pesticides against adult female citrus psyllids, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). A dose of 1% neem seed oil ...
Dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is the most important emerging viral disea... more Dengue virus, transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is the most important emerging viral disease, infecting more than 50 million people annually. Currently used sticky traps are useful tools for monitoring and controlling Ae. aegypti. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the attraction of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes using various colors, materials and insecticides. The laboratory and field assessed the four different colors of ovitraps (blue, green, black and transparent). Among the tested ovitraps, the black ovitraps showed the highest number of eggs (348.8) in the laboratory and maximum eggs (80.0) in field trials. In addition, six different materials (casein, urea, yeast, fish meal, chicken meal and water) were also used to evaluate mosquito’s attraction. In our results, the highest number of eggs were collected with fish meal having 0.5% concentration in both laboratory (195.17) and the field (100.7). In laboratory trials, the Deltamethrin treated ovitraps (treated with...
The study on different life parameters of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) on eggs of Sitotroga cere... more The study on different life parameters of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) fed on old and new varieties of wheat, maize and sorghum revealed that S. cerealella adult’s emergence was higher (88 adults) on wheat new variety (Atta Habib). In old varieties, T. chilonis parasitism was highest (41.20%) on wheat, while lowest (34.80%) on sorghum. On new varieties, parasitism was minimum (44.60%) on wheat, while maximum (59.80%) on maize. The T. chilonis adult’s emergence (85.40%) was highest on eggs derived from wheat old variety, whereas, in new varieties, lowest adults emergence of 73.20% was recorded in wheat. The T. chilonis male’s emergence was highest (41.40%) on maize old variety, while lowest (34.20%) on wheat old variety. On new varieties, male’s emergence of 22.80 was recorded on wheat, whereas value of 30.40 was recorded for maize and sorghum. The results revealed that maximum parasitism and adults emergence by the wasp were observed in mai...
The aim of the present study was the formulation and evaluation of controlled release polymeric t... more The aim of the present study was the formulation and evaluation of controlled release polymeric tablets of Diclofenac Potassium by wet granulation method for the release rate, release pattern and the mechanism involved in drug release. Formulations having three grades of polymer Ethocel (7P; 7FP, 10P, 10FP, 100P, 100FP) in several drugs to polymer ratios (10:3 and 10:1) were compressed into tablets using wet granulation method. Co-excipients were added to some selected formulations to investigate their enhancement effect on in vitro drug release patterns. In vitro drug release studies were performed using USP Method-1 (Rotating Basket method) and Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was used as a dissolution medium. The similarities and dissimilarities of release profiles of test formulations with reference standard were checked using f2 similarity factor and f1 dissimilarity factor. Mathematical/Kinetic models were employed to determine the release mechanism and drug release kinetics.
Pakistan is confronting a chronic scarcity of domestic edible oil requirements. One of the major ... more Pakistan is confronting a chronic scarcity of domestic edible oil requirements. One of the major issues with brassica oil seed production is the water requirement of the brassica crop. Field experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangements at Malakandher Research Farm Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan to study the effect of different levels of irrigation and potassium on seed protein content of Brassica. Four varieties Wester, Rainbow, Oscar and Legend were selected on the basis of their good response to potassium application in water stress conditions. The data revealed that maximum seed protein content (21.98%) was observed in those treatments where 100% irrigation level was applied and minimum seed protein content (19.37%) was produced by plants where 60% irrigation level was applied. Maximum seed protein content (21%) was in plants treated with 120 kg K ha-1 and minimum seed protein content (20.14%) with...
2013 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), 2013
ABSTRACT Pre-timed traffic signals are inefficient in optimizing the traffic flow throughout the ... more ABSTRACT Pre-timed traffic signals are inefficient in optimizing the traffic flow throughout the day, resulting in greater waiting times at the intersections particularly in congested urban areas during peak hours. Traffic actuated signals use real time traffic data obtained from sensors at the intersections to service queues intelligently. We developed a test bed for the real time evaluation of adaptive traffic light control algorithms using the microscopic traffic simulation open source software, SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility), and the AVR 32-bit microcontroller. An interface was developed between SUMO and the AVR microcontroller in which we used the simulation data generated by SUMO as an input to the microcontroller which executed the scheduling algorithms and sent commands back to SUMO for changing the states of the traffic signals accordingly. We implemented four scheduling algorithms in SUMO through the AVR microcontroller, the effect of the algorithms on the traffic network was studied using SUMO and execution times of the scheduling algorithms were measured using the AVR microcontroller. Through this interface, scheduling algorithms can be evaluated more effectively and accurately as compared to the case in which the algorithms are fed with data using pseudo random number generators.
Monitoring of insecticides susceptibility is one of the most important tools for determination of... more Monitoring of insecticides susceptibility is one of the most important tools for determination of success or failure of vector control programs. The study indicates the susceptibility status in the field population of dengue vector; Aedes albopictus. Larvae/adults samples of Aedes albopictus were collected from various habitats at various locations with history of insecticides usage from four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa viz., Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan and Charsadda districts and were tested in Vitro against commonly used public health insecticides, viz., chlorpyrifos (50%EC), deltamethrin (0.05% EC), lambdacyhalothrin (0.05% EC) and temephos (2%SG) as per WHO protocols. The toxicity range of insecticides trend observed was found in the order of temephos (97.31) > lambdacyhalothrin (93.70%) > deltamethrin (92.31%) > chloropyrifos and (86.48%) that highlights the mosquitoes’ resistance in areas with high selection pressure of agricultural and public health pesticides.
Entomological surveillance study was conducted in four selected sites; Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan... more Entomological surveillance study was conducted in four selected sites; Peshawar, Nowshera, Mardan and Charsadda of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during 2012-13 for development of ultimate control strategies of mosquito breeding in outdoor habitats. Larvae were collected from various mosquito breeding habitats such as irrigation channels, irrigation water leakages, pots, vase, tyres, temporary containers stagnant flood waters, etc. Ovitraps were used as monitoring tools in urban areas of the selected sites. Results showed that mosquitoes are active throughout the year with their most active season during May, September and October. The mean relative abundance of Culex species in different districts were: Peshawar (32.3), Nowshera (18.8), Mardan (20.3) and Charsadda (21.0). Higher numbers of Aedes mosquitoes were observed in Nowshera (19.3), Peshawar (16.4), Charsadda (13.1), and Mardan (9.8), respectively. Mean monthly positive ovitraps of species was high in May and October collected...
The experiment was conducted to exploit nutrition for sex separation in Culex quinquefasciatus at... more The experiment was conducted to exploit nutrition for sex separation in Culex quinquefasciatus at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar during 2015. Seven different diets with various concentrations comprising of carbohydrates and protein sources in individual/mixed form were compared with standard diet of IAEA. Maximum pupae size of 3.00 and 3.51 mm for male, 4.01 and 4.40 mm for female, adult’s emergence of 45.15 and 70.10% for male were recorded when IAEA diet was tested at 1 and 2% concentration, respectively. Female adult’s emergence of 55.17 and 60.25% was recorded when chickpea was fed to larvae at both the concentrations, respectively. Shorter larval period of 7.06 and 7.00 days was noted in larvae nourished by IAEA diet at both concentrations, respectively. Carbohydrates based diet favored male size while, protein skewed in favor of female. It is concluded that the finding on the sexual dimorphism can be exploited for the sex separation of Culex and ot...
Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven insecticides, i.e., Fyfenon 57EC, Curacr... more Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven insecticides, i.e., Fyfenon 57EC, Curacron 500EC, Thiodan 35EC, Lorsban 40EC, Regent 5%SC, Ematac 1.9EC and Confidor 20SC in plum orchard for reducing the gummosis damage induced by Peach flat-headed borer. The mean density of new gum points /m2 on bark surface area treated with Confidor 20SC @ (30 ml/ 10 L) was significantly lower (7.55) followed by Thiodan 35EC (7.80) applied @ (50 ml/ 10 L), as compared to the untreated control (40.49). ). In trees that received two applications, the mean density of new gum points/m2 of bark surface area were significantly lower (11.24) as compared to the trees that were sprayed once (15.86). Highest percent reduction in gummosis was offered by Confidor 20SC (81.4%) followed by Thiodan 35EC (80.7%), whereas the lowest by Curacron 500EC (70.4%). It is suggested that two sprays of Confidor 20SC (imidacloprid) can successfully reduce gummosis damage caused by this pest.
The present studies were designed to develop long term sustainable strategies for the control of ... more The present studies were designed to develop long term sustainable strategies for the control of dengue vector in Pakistan. Mosquitoes were separated into males and females based on sexual dimorphism at the pupal stage. Ten transparent plastic bottle having 100 male pupae each were exposed to different radiation doses i.e. 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy by Cobalt 60 irradiation source. For Culex spp highest emergence of 90.50% was achieved with dose of 60 Gy and highest deformity of 25.25% was noted with 100 Gy. Aedes spp showed highest emergence (91.25%) and deformity (29.75%) with 60 Gy and 100 Gy, respectively. The mating frequency was acceptable at optimum doses of 40-60 Gy radiation. The radiation dose of 100 Gy yielded lowest adult emergence and highest deformity in the mosquito’s species. The dose of 40-60 Gy was determined as the optimum dose for initiation male sterility required for SIT program.
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate in-vitro larvicidal property of botanical oils of brassica, Br... more ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate in-vitro larvicidal property of botanical oils of brassica, Brassica campestris L., mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, clove, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et L.M.Perry, eucalyptus, Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, turpentine Pinus sylvestris L., neem Azadirachta indica A.Juss., and mineral kerosene oils against 4th instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 and test their time dependent repellency/attractancy in the field ovitraps. Methods: Larvicidal properties of various plant oils and mineral kerosene oil was investigated using 4th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus in dose dependent experiments in the water media while their attractancy/repellency was tested in the field ovitraps over time. Results: T he fiducial l imits for LC90 values at t he 48 h for cinnamon, t urpentine a nd kerosene oils were overlapping a nd t herefore, not significantly different (p <0.05) from each other. Equal toxicity of these oils was indicative that kerosene oil can be replaced with environment friendly botanical oils for the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The positive oviposition activity index (OAI) of traps treated with eucalyptus, cinnamon, and turpentine oils indicated that these oils were attractive after two weeks of application while neem was repellent to Culex mosquitoes. Conclusion: Oils of cinnamon, eucalyptus and turpentine are fatal to the larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and act as attractant to the adults for oviposition and therefore, may be good candidates for using in the “attract and kill” strategy of mosquitoes control programs.
Abstract.-Bioassays were conducted to investigate the toxicity and residual activity of botanic a... more Abstract.-Bioassays were conducted to investigate the toxicity and residual activity of botanic and synthetic pesticides against adult female citrus psyllids, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). A dose of 1% neem seed oil ...
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