Plant Protection

BAMAIYI L.J., NDAMS I.S., TORO W.A., ODEKINA S. (2006): Effect of mahogany Khaya senegalensis seed oil in the control of Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea. Plant Protect. Sci., 42: 130-134. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) seed oil was evaluated for its effectiveness to control Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea. The oil was extracted locally from dry K. senegalensis seeds. Its effect was compared with that of Pirimiphos methyl E.C. as a standard. There was almost complete adult mortality of C. maculatus within 24 h after treatment with seed oil at 1, 2 and 3 ml/100 g of cowpea. The seed oil significantly reduced the emer - gence of F1 and F2 progeny. The reduction in oviposition was not significant when compared with the control. The damage to cowpea by C. maculatus was significantly reduced by K. senegalensis seed oil. For all parameters examined, K. senegalensis seed oil showed no significant difference with Pirimiphos methyl E.C. in the control of C. maculatus, suggesti...

The total proteins of four strawberry cultivars with differing resistance and/or susceptibility
to grey mould were extracted by two different methods, phenol and
sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Compared to phenol extraction, SDS extraction produced
higher protein yields but poor quality protein bands with a high degree of
streaking indicating possible contamination. In contrast, the total proteins obtained
by phenol extraction could be used in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(2-DE) because of their higher quality, and the protein spots were well separated
for all tested genotypes. From all the cultivars studied in this research, we
obtained 89 differential (unmatched) protein spots that may be related to fruit disease
resistance or susceptibility. Using the SPSS 11.0 software, we obtained a cluster of
the four strawberry cultivars. The cultivars “APF029-4” and “SJ8976-1” were in the
same subcluster with the highest Pearson correlation coefficient (0.705). Afterwards,
they were amalgamated into the second group with “Joliette”, a disease-resistant
cultivar, which means that they might have a similar resistance to grey mould.

Linseed, one of the oldest cultivated crops, is again gaining in importance, mainly due to its nutritional benefits and biomedical applications. Therefore, it is expected that herbivores will also exist in greater abundance. Among them the flea beetle,

The paper aims to overview the similarities and differences between the People’s Republic of China, the European Union (EU) and the Republic of Serbia (RS) regarding their membership in the international environmental agreements. At the beginning of the paper, the authors point out to the growing importance of international agreements in the field of environmental protection, as instruments of contemporary politics and environmental law. The focus is on global environmental issues and on international agreements in this area (climate change and ozone layer protection, water resources management, soil protection, biodiversity protection, hazardous chemicals and hazardous waste management, etc.). In the central part of the paper, the authors address the status of China, the EU and the Republic of Serbia in the most important international multilateral environmental agreements. The bases of the analysis are international multilateral agreements with the global character. The length of time required to become a party to certain international agreements of a global character is examined. The general framework of the discussion is determined; on the one hand, by the estimates that China is a country with serious environmental problems and, on the other hand, by the fact that the EU is one of the leaders in global environmental policy. The position of the RS, as a country candidate for the EU membership, is largely determined by the obligations regarding the harmonization of national regulations with the EU regulations, including ratification of a relevant international agreement in the field of environment. In conclusion, it is noted that there are no significant differences between China and the EU in terms of the length of time needed to become a party to the most important global international environmental agreements, but there are differences in terms of the several protocols and the speed of acceptance of amendments to several international agreements. Due to various circumstances, there are some differences in terms of the RS membership in international environmental treaties.

The variety Kala Moti was cultivated using organic cultivation practices. During the research study, first appearance of aphid was noticed during 45 th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW). However, highest population of the pest was recorded during 3 rd SMW. The correlation between population buildup of aphid and weather parameters was determined and found that the population of aphid was negatively correlated with both maximum and minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity and rainfall whereas the positively correlated with maximum relative humidity and wind speed.

Bioenvironmental management, Plant Nutrition.
"The article on Rational Agriculture is entirely inspired by the words of Jerry Stoller
and his deep understanding of the living processes in the Plant. This small contribution to increasing quality and quantity production, which is certifiably Eco-friendly, owes a depth of gratitude to Stoller Products that have been prominently demonstrated in remote and poverty-stricken locations in Rural Pakistan. The earth-friendly tillers of the soil and especially the contact youth who shouldered the responsibility of applying the Stoller Advantage for the larger interest of Sustainable Poverty Alleviation and Nurturing Nature in order to ensure that Nature continues to Nurture us, are warmly acknowledged and humbly thanked.
Pakistan is expected to be one of the most affected Countries in South Asia by
climate change.3 With 45% of the labor force employed in the agricultural sector and 24% of the National GDP deriving from agriculture,4 the resilience of agricultural production is of high importance to the development of Pakistan’s economy. One adaptation could be to change the time that crop planting takes place. For instance, to counter rising temperatures, farmers could shift planting to cooler times of the year.

Barley scald, caused by Rhynchosporium commune is one of the most prevalent diseases in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide. The primary loss from scald is reduced yield, which can exceed 25% in dry areas. In our earlier studies, we developed a low-resolution linkage map for recombinant inbred lines of the cross Tadmor/WI2291. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for scald were localized on chromosomes 2H and 3H flanked by Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers HVM54 and Bmac0093b on 2H and HVLTPP8, HVM62 and Bmag0006 on 3H. These chromosome 3H markers were found to be located close to the Rrs1 − R. commune resistance gene(s) on chromosome 3H. In this study, 10 homozygous resistant and 10 homozygous susceptible plants each from the F7 population of Tadmor/ Sel160, a panel of 23 barley varieties used routinely in the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) breeding program and three populations were used for scald resistance screening using 25 DNA markers t...

R language and environment for statistical computing is used in the agricultural science and practice not only for conducting of the statistical analyses of the data but for performing specific calculations rapidly and securely. Using and applying the pesticides in the agriculture is associated with making a lot of calculations and statistical analyses, which guarantee the right and correct application of these chemical substances. There is many disadvangatages if such kind calulations are performed by hand (in correct computing, time consuming, formulas and algorithms memorizing, using complex and in most cases-expensive statistical software, etc.) and in order to be eliminated this disadvantages, so called computer method is used as alternative which include creating and using specific calculators as freeware or shareware software. Sometimes simple calculators are created as Excel worksheets / macros which approach have a lot of disadvantages. With increasing popularity of the R language more and more scientists and specialists from agricultural area spotted it as viable alternative and way of performing the necessity calculations for the application of the pesticides and statistical manipulation of the data received from scientific trials.

This study was conducted in 2018, at Technical College of Applied Sciences, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, and Kurdistan Region-Iraq. The aim of the study was to determinate nutritional compositions and some elemental contents in marketable white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) that is collected in local markets of Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Five different samples (A: Penjwen product fresh, B: Sulaimani product fresh, C: American caned, D: Valencia Netherlandcaned and E: Erbil product fresh) were collected to be observed. The elements were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry methods, and their chemical compassions were determined, too. The collected data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA. The highest fat, protein, fiber and dry matter were obtained from treatment B (3.93%, 43.693%, 15.8% and 10.611%) respectively, and the highest carbohydrate and moisture were found from treatment D (49.267% and 95.053%). The maximum percentage of ash was taken from E (14.11%). Moreover, the highest metabolizable energy was taken from treatment D (296.105 a Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 33 (2) 2020 2 kcal %) and the lowest was taken from parameter E (223.097 kcal %). The highest mineral contents (Zn:15, Mn:1.1, Cu:3.5, Ni:1, Ca:6.7 and Mg:90 ppm) from B, (Fe:15 ppm) from C, (Si:350ppm) from A, and (Na:1080 ppm) from D were taken. However, the lowest elemental contents (Fe:6, Mn:0.48, Ni:0.6, Na:180 and Ca:3.5 ppm) from E, (Zn:5, Cu:0.9 and Mg:35 ppm) from D and B (Si:120 ppm) were taken. Therefore, we recommend carrying out more studies on micronutrients for different marketable crops and consuming fresh mushroom instead of caned mushrooms.

A survey for insect predators and parasitoids in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region was conducted during the period March, 1996 until February, 1997. The predators collected inccluded 23 specimens which were completely identified to the species, and 20 specimens to the genus. All of them belong to 22 families and 8 orders. The parasitoids collected, on the other hand, included 2 specimens, which were identified to the species and 8 specimens to the genus. The parasitoids belonged to 7 families and 2 orders. The data obtained revealed that five predators namely, Cydonia nilotica Muls., Calidomantis savignyi (Saussure), Anthocoris sp., Paederus sp. and Diorodiplosis sp. represent a new record for Libya.

P-containing nutrient solutions at concentrations of 5, 20 and 40 ppm, applied through a hydroponics system, provided induced systemic resistance (ISR) against Sphaerotheca fuliginea in young cucumber plants. Protection was expressed as a significant reduction (up to 92% compared with control) in the mildewed leaf area. ISR was also expressed as a 53–91% reduction in the number of S. fuliginea conidia per infected leaf area as determined on leaves 1(first true leaf) and 2, at 9 days after inoculation, and on leaves 1–3 at 12 days after inoculation. A concentration of 20 ppm P in the hydroponics solution was found to be optimal for ISR. The optimal P concentration enhanced the uptake and increased the content of Ca in the leaves by 50% compared with the controls. Once the fungus had been established, root-applied P did not affect well-developed colonies, but, foliar application of 1% solution of mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) effectively protected the foliage against powdery mildew, regardless of the P concentration in the nutrient solutions. This treatment was persistent up to 21 days after inoculation, it significantly inhibited powdery mildew development and caused a reduction of 72.3% in sporulation of the fungus as compared with the control. The results suggest different mechanisms for the two phenomena and highlight the role of P in ISR.

A participatory rural appraisal inthree West African countries examined thepossibility for replacing chemical pesticidesto control locusts and grasshoppers with abiological control method based on anindigenous fungal pathogen. The fungus iscurrently being tested at different sites inthe Sahel and in the humid tropics of WestAfrica. Structured group interviews, individualdiscussions, and field visits, were used toobtain farmers' perceptions of locust andgrasshoppers as

Although many people are convinced of the superiority of organic agriculture in any form, there are many negative aspects that follow this type of agricultural system. The productivity of organic cropping systems is considerably lower than that of conventional or integrated systems and leads to less land being available for non-agricultural uses such as wildlife habitats, has greater negative impacts on the environment, and reduced sustainability. The absence of synthetic fertilisers or pesticides does not necessarily lead to an ability to produce healthy and safe food in an environmentally sustainable manner.

Saat ini produktivitas kakao nasional masih cukup rendah hanya berkisar 600-800 kg/ha sementara potensi produksi dapat mencapai lebih dari 1 ton/ha. Salah satu penyebab turunnya produksi kakao adalah infeksi penyakit busuk buah kakao (BBK) dan Kanker Batang Kakao yang disebabkan oleh patogen Phytophthora palmivora. Penyakit tersebut sangat penting dikendalikan karena dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil kakao dari 30% sampai 90% khususnya pada kondisi kelembaban kebun yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di kebun petani di Desa Palandan Kecamatan Baebunta Kabupaten Luwu Utara, berlangsung dari bulan April sampai Juli 2017.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk
mengetahui efektivitas fungisida alami Phymar C SL dalam pengendalian penyakit busuk buah kakao dan penyakit kanker batang kakao (Phytophthora palmivora). Metode percobaan lapangan untuk pengendalian penyakit busuk buah menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 5 perlakuan yaitu : FP 1 (Phymar C SL 5 ml/L air), FP 2 (Phymar C SL 10 ml/L air), FP 3 (Phymar C SL 15 ml/L air), FP 4 (Phymar C SL 20 ml/L air) dan kontrol, setiap perlakuan menggunakan  pohon kakao dengan 5 ulangan sehingga terdapat 25 unit percobaan. Sedangkan untuk penyakit kanker batang terdiri dari 6 perlakuan yaitu : PH 1 (Phymar C SL 5 ml/L air), PH 2 (Phymar C SL 10 ml/L air), PH 3 (Phymar C SL 15 ml/L air), PH4 (Phymar C SL 20 ml/L air), PH 5 (Phymar C SL murni/tanpa pengenceran) dan kontrol (tanpa Phymar C SL).  Setiap perlakuan menggunakan 6 pohon kakao dengan 4 ulangan sehingga terdapat 24 unit percobaan. Data hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk penyakit busuk buah kakao perlakuan fungisida alami Phymar C SL konsentrasi 20 ml/L air sangat efektif menurunkan
intensitas serangan penyakit busuk buah kakao dari serangan ringan sampai sangat berat (36,43 % – 78,57 %) menjadi serangan ringan yaitu hanya sebesar 6,43 % , sedangkan untuk penyakit kanker batang, fungisida alami Phymar C SL sangat efektif menyembuhkan penyakit kanker batang kakao pada konsentrasi tanpa pengenceran dan 20 cc/l air dengan kesembuhan penyakit kanker batang 100 % masing – masing dalam 2 dan 4 hari.

Early blight disease is painful nerve to tomato growing farmer because it causes huge economic loss to the farmer every year. Alternaria solani cause early blight of tomato and it is considered weed of field because of its wide adaptability under different environment. Use of fungicides for the management of disease in crop puts a large number of negative health and environmental effects therefore, the urgent need for a more sustainable and ecological approach to manage disease without fungicides. To avoid relying solely on chemicals and to identify a viable alternative component, five neem formulations and four bio-inoculants were evaluated by Poison Food Technique and Dual Culture Technique in the lab in the year of 2020-21 against A. solani. Among neem formulations, neem oil (71.91%) was found effective inhibiting mycelial growth of A. solani followed by multineem (58.49%), Neem excel (48.92%) and Repellent plus (38.00%) at the mean of two concentration (1000 & 1500 ppm). In case of bio-inoculants, T. harzianum was found most effective inhibiting mycelial growth 71.15% followed by T. viride (66.35%).

‫الـخـالصـة‬ : ‫لعام‬ ‫والخريفي‬ ‫الربيعي‬ ‫الموسمين‬ ‫في‬ ‫حقلية‬ ‫تجربة‬ ‫نفذت‬ 8106 ‫لقسم‬ ‫التابع‬ ‫الحقل‬ ‫في‬ ‫المحاصيل‬-‫كلية‬ ‫الزراعة‬-(‫النتروجيني‬ ‫التسميد‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫لدراسة‬ ‫بغداد‬ ‫جامعة‬ 011 ‫و‬ 611 ‫و‬ 411 ‫كغم‬ N ‫هـ‬-0) ‫الصفات‬ ‫في‬ ً ‫معنويا‬ ‫الزراعة‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫اثرت‬ .‫انقاذ‬ ‫للصنف‬ ‫البيضاء‬ ‫الذرة‬ ‫راتون‬ ‫بذور‬ ‫ونوعية‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫في‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫بالراتون‬ ‫الزراعة‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫تفوقت‬ .‫بالرأس‬ ‫الحبوب‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫صفة‬ ‫باستثناء‬ ‫المدروسة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لزراعة‬ ‫لمحتوى‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫وأعلى‬ ‫الحصاد‬ ‫ودليل‬ ‫الحبوب‬ ‫وحاصل‬ ‫الحبة‬ ‫ووزن‬ ‫الرؤوس‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫صفة‬ ‫في‬ ‫بالبذور‬ ‫بلغ‬ ‫حقلي‬ ‫بزوغ‬ ‫ونسبة‬ ‫البروتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫البذور‬ 08.12 ‫م‬ ‫رأس‬-8 ‫و‬ 04.48 ‫و‬ ‫غم‬ 2.10 ‫هـ‬ ‫طن‬-0 ‫و‬ 1.63 % ‫و‬ 61.1 % ‫و‬ 14.2 % ‫مت‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫مباشرة‬ ‫البذور‬ ‫زراعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناتجة‬ ‫النباتات‬ ‫أعطت‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ .‫بالتتابع‬ ‫و‬ ‫سط‬ (‫الرأس‬ ‫لوزن‬ 20.41 ‫من‬ ‫البذور‬ ‫لمحتوى‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫مباشرة‬ ‫الزراعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناتجة‬ ‫البذور‬ ‫وأعطت‬ .)‫غم‬ (‫الكربوهيدرات‬ 32.25 % ‫النيتروجينية‬ ‫األسمدة‬ ‫لمستويات‬ ‫معنوي‬ ‫تأثير‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫الى‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫تشير‬ ‫كما‬ .) ،‫المضافة‬ ‫بمستوى‬ ‫المعاملة‬ ‫النباتات‬ ‫أظهرت‬ ‫إذ‬ 611 ‫كغم‬ N ‫هـ‬-0 ‫لوزن‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫الرؤوس‬ ‫وعدد‬ ‫الرأس‬ (‫الحبوب‬ ‫وحاصل‬ ‫المساحة‬ ‫لوحدة‬ 70.50 ‫و‬ ‫غم‬ 14.50 ‫م‬ ‫رأس‬-2 ‫و‬ 8.37 ‫هـ‬ ‫طن‬-0 ‫زيادة‬ ‫أدت‬ ‫كما‬ .) ‫نوعية‬ ‫في‬ ‫معنوي‬ ‫تحسن‬ ‫حصول‬ ‫الى‬ ‫النيتروجيني‬ ‫التسميد‬ ،‫البذور‬ ‫المضاف‬ ‫النباتات‬ ‫بذور‬ ‫أعطت‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫لها‬ (411 ‫هـ‬ ‫كغم‬-0 (‫الحقلي‬ ‫البزوغ‬ ‫ونسبة‬ ‫البروتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫البذور‬ ‫محتوى‬ ‫في‬) 00.46 % ‫و‬ 34.1 % ‫بالتتابع‬ ،) ‫الى‬ ‫ليصل‬ ‫المضاف‬ ‫السماد‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‬ ‫من‬ ‫البذور‬ ‫محتوى‬ ‫انخفض‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ ‫أ‬ ‫دني‬ (‫لها‬ ‫متوسط‬ 84.80 % ‫كونها‬ ‫الراتون‬ ‫بطريقة‬ ‫البيضاء‬ ‫الذرة‬ ‫زراعة‬ ‫باعتماد‬ ‫نوصي‬ ‫سبق‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫وفي‬ .) ‫الى‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫بنسبة‬ ‫الحبوب‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫في‬ ‫تفوقت‬ 62 % ‫وحسنت‬ .‫نوعيته‬ ‫الكلم‬ :‫المفتاحية‬ ‫ات‬ ،‫الزراعة‬ ‫طريقة‬ ،‫النمو‬ ‫معلمات‬ ‫راتون‬ ‫النتروجيني‬ ‫التسميد‬ ،‫الذرة‬ Abstract: Afield experiment was conducted during the spring and fall seasons of 2013 at the experimental farm, Department of Field Crop, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, to investigation the effect of nitrogen fertilization (150, 300 and 450 kg N ha-1) in grin yield and seed quality of ratoon sorghum of Inqath variety. The method of agriculture was significant in all the studied characters except number of seeds per head. The ratoon method gave high significant values for the number of heads, kernel weight, grain yield, harvest index (HI) percentage of protein and field emergence (12.58 head.m-2, 14.92 gm-2, 7.51 tons ha-1, 0.3611.30% and 59.8%), respectively. The direct seeding (by seeds) gave high significant values of the head weight (71.4 gm). The direct seeding gave high significant values of seeds content of carbohydrates (32.25%). Results of statistical analysis also indicates that there was significant effect of fertilizers application of at 300 kg N.ha-1 gave high significant values for the head weight, number of heads and grain yield (70.5gm, 14.5 head m-2 and 8.37 tons.ha-1 respectively). Increased nitrogen fertilization gave a significant improvement of seeds quality, the higher level of N fertilizer (450 kg N ha-1) the higher values of the percentage of protein and field emergence (11.93% and 64.0% respectively). By contrast, the seed content of carbohydrates performance was decreased with the increase of level of nitrogen fertilizer to reach its lowest average (29.21%) at the level of (450 kg N ha-1). However, we recommend using the ratoon method cultivation as it increases the grain yield by 37% and improved its quality.

REQUIREMENTS
for Articles submitted for publication
in the Proceedings of Research Institute of Crop Husbandry
Requirements to content of articles - articles submitted for publication should reflect
predominantly new scientific results or new understanding and discussion of ideas and known facts. It is
especially necessary to emphasize the novelty contained in the article (a new look at the problem, et c.)
to focus on the results obtained by the author (s).
The article should not exceed 8 A4 pages with Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results
and Discussion, References sections, including tables, charts, figures and references.

The production of crown gall tumors in plants caused by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium vitis represents a unique disease involving the transfer of DNA from the bacterium to the nucleus of the plant. These species may systemically infest nursery propagating material, which remains asymptomatic until conditions conducive for tumor induction
are met. Main strains of the genus Agrobacterium are classified into species (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium vitis, Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium. rhizogenes) according to their virulence properties or into biotypes (biovars) on the basis of their biochemical and physiological properties. Use of pathogen-free propagation material is a key factor to reduce the spread of crown gall disease in vineyards. The cold, dry weather from winter increase crown gall infections in vineyards. The pathogen lives in
soil, and is systemic in the grapevine. It may form galls in vine tissues subjected to mechanical damage, especially freeze damage. Galls on roots, trunks and cordons can disrupt the vine’s vascular tissues, and severe infections may result in yield reductions or vine death. The unusually low
temperatures, which occurred in the absence of precipitation, provided optimal conditions for crown gall. Many young grapevines were killed, whereas older vines lost canes, spurs, cordons or trunks. Permanent structures that were not killed outright displayed poor growth and galls.

دراسة دورة حياة حشرة من الدفلى مخبرياً بالإضافة إلى نسبة الخصوبة، دراسة توزع كثافة الأعداء الحيويون للحشرة في مناطق متفرقة من محافظتي اللاذقية و طرطوس في الساحل السوري ، دراسة دورة
  حياة المفترس أبو العيد ذو السبع نقاط و كفائته الإفتراسيةCoccinella septempunctata
  و كفائته الافتراسيةCheilomenes propinqua دراسة دورة حياة المفترس 


  ملاحظة: هذا البحث هو مشروع تخرج للسنة الخامسة تحت إشراف أ.د. محمد الأحمد المحترم "جامعة تشرية- كلية الهندسة "الزراعية-قسم وقاية النبات
و بالإشتراك مع الزميلين في المشروع م. حسين اسماعيل و م.جيانا حسن 

A study of the life cycle of Aphis nerii from the laboratory, in addition to the fertility rate, a study of the distribution of the intensity of the biological enemies of the insect in different areas of Lattakia and Tartous governorates in the Syrian coast, beside studying of the life cycle of the predator, the seven-point ladybug Coccinella septempunctata and its eccentric efficiency, Study of predator life cycle Cheilomenes propinqua  and its predatory efficiency.
P.S.
This research is my graduation project for the fifth year under the supervision of Prof. Dr.Mohammed Al-Ahmad, "Tishreen University, College of Agriculture Engineering,Plant Protection Department"
And in collaboration with colleagues in the project: Engineers Hussein Ismail and  Giana Hasan.

In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glucosinolates and other phytochemical compounds present in the Brassicaceae in relation to plant protection and human health. Current knowledge of the factors that influence phytochemical content and profile in the Brassicaceae is also summarized and multi-factorial approaches are briefly discussed. Variation in agronomic conditions (plant species, cultivar, developmental stage, plant organ, plant competition, fertilization, pH), season, climatic factors, water availability, light (intensity, quality, duration) and CO(2) are known to significantly affect content and profile of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as the glucosinolates and leaf surface waxes play an important role in interactions with pests and pathogens. Factors that affect production of phytochemicals are important when designing plant protection strategies that exploit these compounds to minimize crop damage caused by plant pests and pathogens. Brassicaceous pl...