Potato

Mütevazi bir ürün olarak bilinen patates bitkisinin anavatanı Peru ve Bolivya And dağlarıdır. 1800 yıl öncesine kadar da İnka medeniyeti tarafından yetiştirilmekteydi. İnkalar yüzyıllarca patatesle iç içe bir yaşam tarzına bürünmüş olsalar da 16. yüzyılda patates bitkisi istilacı İspanyol medeniyeti tarafından Avrupa kıtasına getirilmiştir. 17. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru gelindiğindeyse patates bitkisi tüm Avrupa kıtasına yayılmış ve özellikle fakir insanlar tarafından yetiştirilmeye başlanmıştır. İrlanda adasında da aynı durum söz konusudur. Patateslerin tohumlardan ziyade yumru köklerinden yaygın bir şekilde yayıldığı göz önüne alındığında, ülke genetik olarak aynı patates bitkileri ile doludur. 1840'lı yılların başlarında, İrlanda nüfusunun neredeyse yarısının sadece diyet için patates ile ilintili yiyeceklere karşı bağımlı hale geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Patates bitkisinin özelliklerine bakıldığında toprak altında kalırken geç kuruması ve ıslak zeminde durması doğal ömrünü uzatmaktadır. Amerika kıtasından getirilen patojenler daha önce İrlanda'ya getirilmiş olan orijinal patateslere nazaran daha çok farklılık göstermeye başlamıştır. İrlanda'daki patates tarlaları şiddetli kuraklık altında kalmaya başlamış ve her yıl rekoltenin yarısı ancak karşılanmaya başlanmıştır. 1846-1849 yılları arasında patates kıtlığı bir hayli baş göstermeye başlamış ve İrlanda halkı büyük bir kıtlık felaketi ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Söz konusu bu büyük kıtlığın sonuçları gittikçe korkunç bir hal almaya başlamıştı. Patates yemekleri bulmak artık gittikçe zor hale gelmeye başlamıştır. Bu arada baş göstermeye başlayan açlık ve kıtlık özellikle köylüleri etkilemeye başlamış topraklarını kiralamış oldukları zenginlere kira bedellerini ödeyememe durumuna gelmişlerdir. Bundan dolayı birçok tarım işçisi yer değiştirmeye başlamış olup daha sonra birçoğu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne göç etmeye başlamıştır. Ayrıca yaşanan kıtlık felaketi neticesinde yaklaşık 1 milyon İrlandalı yaşamını kaybetmiş 1 milyonu aşkın insan ise daha önce de belirtildiği üzere çeşitli ülkelere ve kıtalara göç etmeye mecbur kalmıştır. Bu olaylar yaşanırken Britanya hükümeti yaşanan bu kıtlık felaketine karşı kayıtsız kalması İrlandalıları öfkelendirmiş ve 1922 yılında İrlanda hükümeti kurularak bağımsızlık elde edilmiştir. 1922 senesinde Bağımsızlık kazanan İrlanda nüfusu ise 1840 yılındaki nüfusunun ancak yarısı kadar idi. Bu yıldan itibaren İrlanda Devleti tarafından 1846-1849 yılları arasında yaşanmış olan kıtlık felaketini her yıl çeşitli etkinlikler düzenleyerek anılmaktada olup olayın izlerini taşıyan şehirlerde ise açık hava müzeleri açılmıştır.

This article investigates the markup pricing behaviour of U.S. exporters of agricultural products. Agricultural products studied are feed, flour, frozen potatoes, frozen orange juice, five categories of beef, five categories of pork, and two categories of chicken. The popular pricing-to-market (PTM) approach of Krugman (1987) is used to examine market power and imperfect competition for the markets under study. The

The effects of normal and controlled atmosphere combinations on tuber components responsible for acrylamide formation were studied during prolonged storage at 9±1 °C using the tubers of “Agria” and “Russet Burbank.” The effects of low-dose irradiation (50, 200 Gy) prior to normal atmosphere storage were also studied. There was only a limited increase in the concentrations of sugars during 6 month of storage under normal atmosphere conditions. Low-dose irradiation slightly decreased the rate of sweetening in the tubers. The potential of acrylamide formation remained almost the same; however, the loss of firmness became clearer during 6 month of storage under normal atmosphere conditions. Controlled atmosphere storage in which O2 was deficient to a sufficient respiration increased the concentrations of sugars, and thus, the potential of acrylamide formation in potatoes upon frying at 170 °C for 10 min. The sum of glucose and fructose concentrations showed a good correlation (r 2∼0.90) with the potential of acrylamide formation for both cultivars.

Summary. In this study, calli were obtained from in vitro grown potato stem or leaf segments cv. Cosima on MS medium containing 2,4-D, NAA, kinetin and yeast extract. After three subcultures, well grown calli were exposed to UV-C radiation with approximately 6.24 µmol photon/m2/s for 30 min three times at an interval of 2 weeks. Somaclonal variation induced by UV-C

Strain selections of Russet Norkotah have been selected for enhanced vigor and high yield. In addition, they exhibit less severe expression of disease symptoms in the presence of Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt. However, this apparent resistance may be due to later maturity in the strain selections. This study was designed to compare the levels

The production of strong healthy plant material ex vitro is essential for an efficient seed potato production programs. Current study shows an applicable method for enhancing performance of potato plantlet subsequent in vitro phase. Using of ventilation and omitting sucrose from the nutrient medium (photoautotrophic culture) resulted in strong plantlets with higher fresh and dry weight performed better during acclimatization. Furthermore, Using of culture media contain macronutrients based on potato leaves macronutrients concentrations produced vigorous plantlets. Varietal differences were recorded between the two tested varieties Cara and Diamant. To obtain healthy start material for seed potato program this study recommend the use of in vitro photoautotrophic culture and modified nutrient media based on potato leaf macronutrient concentrations.

A two-year field study conducted at the Potato Research Centre in Fredericton, New Brunswick, demonstrated a quantifiable residency time for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) susceptible adult Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in a Bt-transgenic potato field. Fifty percent of Bt-susceptible beetles released in a transgenic Russet Burbank (NewLeafTM) potato plot were recaptured 4 to 7 days after release compared to 7 to 11 days for beetles released in a non-transgenic control plot. Beetles survived for long periods of time (up to 31 days) on transgenic potatoes in spite of the crop's toxicity. A significant number of beetles dispersed from transgenic plots. Twenty-five and 30% of the beetles released in the Bt-transgenic plot were recaptured in border rows or trench traps outside the plot indicating a high level of dispersal activity. The long residency time and the high level of dispersal activity could increase the chances of development of a Bt-resistant beetle pop...

La papa tiene una alta sensibilidad a los excesos y deficiencias de humedad en el suelo. Con la aplicación del modelo basado en el concepto grados día (°D), se obtiene un pronóstico del riego más preciso debido a que este modelo se ajusta automáticamente a las variaciones climáticas locales, lo cual permite determinar con mayor precisión el inicio de cada etapa fenológica del cultivo y sus correspondientes necesidades hídricas, incrementando así las eficiencias de riego. Esta investigación se realizó durante dos años agrícolas para el ciclo otoño-invierno (2005-2006 y 2006-2007) en el norte de Sinaloa, contando con un total de 23 parcelas (746.54 ha) de las cuales 12 fueron experimentales aplicándoles el modelo basado en el concepto grados día y las 11 restantes fueron testigo aplicándoles el sistema de pronóstico del riego en tiempo real (SPRITER-FAO) que utilizan algunos de los módulos de riego del Distrito 075 Río Fuerte. De esta forma se compararon las láminas de riego aplicadas (Lra) y requeridas (Lrr) por las dos vías de pronóstico, obteniendo la eficiencia, así como la variación en el número de riegos debido a la variabilidad climática. Para el ciclo 2005-2006 y 2006-2007, se obtuvo en parcelas experimentales de 7 y 9 Mg ha-1 más de rendimiento con respecto a las parcelas testigo, respectivamente, así como un 22.2 y 17.5% de mayor eficiencia en los riegos aplicados.

The objective of this study was to develop a simple mechanistic model to predict the magnitude of ABA signalling ([X-ABA]) of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) exposed to partial root-zone drying (PRD). Potatoes were grown in pots in a glasshouse with the roots split equally between two soil columns. At tuber initiation stage, plants were subjected to three irrigation treatments: (1) both soil columns were fully irrigated (FI) daily to a volumetric soil water content (θ) of 18.0%; (2) PRD, in which one soil column was irrigated daily to 18.0% while the other was allowed to dry, and the irrigation was shifted between columns when the θ of the drying soil column had decreased to 7–8%; (3) non-irrigation (NI), where irrigation was withheld after onset of treatments and lasted for 5 days until θ had decreased to 7%. In the PRD plants, the fraction of soil water extraction (FSWE) by the dry roots declined exponentially with declining soil water potential (Ψsoil-dry); however, after shifting of irrigation, the previously dried roots immediately recovered the full capacity of water uptake. During the first PRD drying cycle, FI plants had the highest stomatal conductance (gs), and followed by PRD plants and NI plants had the lowest gs. Photosynthesis (A) was similar for FI and PRD plants, and was significantly lower for the NI plants only on 3–4 days after treatment. In the NI plants, a linear relationship between Ψsoil and [X-ABA] was obtained. Based on these relationships, a simple model predicting [X-ABA] in the PRD plants ([X-ABA]PRD) was developed. Assuming that a constant [X-ABA] of 115 nM (similar to that found in the FI plants) originated from the wet roots; the simulation results indicated that irrigation should be shifted between the two sides when Ψsoil-dry had decreased to ∼−80 kPa, and [X-ABA]PRD had reached a peak of ca. 150 nM. However, the [X-ABA]PRD predicted by the model was significantly lower than the measured value; whilst a simple average of [X-ABA] from the wet and the dry soil columns based on the [X-ABA]–Ψsoil relationship better predicted [X-ABA]PRD.

The content of reducing sugars and asparagine, responsible for the formation of acrylamide, was determined in eight Indian potato varieties. Among these, Kufri chipsona-2 and Kufri lavkar showed the lowest level of reducing sugar (680.68 ± 56.50 mg/kg) and asparagine (2074.36 ± 122.27 mg/kg), respectively. The acrylamide content in potato chips prepared from Kufri chipsona-2, the variety that is used commercially in India for making potato chips was also the lowest. Irradiation of this variety of potatoes at the sprout inhibition dose of 60 Gy and subsequent storage for six months showed a 10.7% lower content of reducing sugars at both 14 and 4 °C. The acrylamide content was 8.41% and 6.95% lower in chips from irradiated potatoes stored at 14 and 4 °C than the corresponding non-irradiated controls. The colour of the chips was also better in irradiated potatoes as judged from the L∗ and a∗ values.► Indian varieties of potatoes were screened for their ability to form acrylamide. ► Irradiation reduces sprouting, and hence the reducing sugars. ► Irradiated potatoes showed lower content of acrylamide in potato chips.

This investigation evaluated some new (Preflo) and existing commercially available (Starch 1500, Star Tab) modified starches as direct compression excipients. Preflo corn starches (CH-10, CH-20, CH-30) and Preflo potato starches (P-250, PI-10, PJ-20) were evaluated and compared with respect to their pharmaceutical properties such as particle size, density, flowability, friability, and compression properties. Preflo starches showed a high bulk density and good flowability. Preflo corn starches and Star Tab formed harder tablets than Preflo potato starches and Starch 1500. Data from the Athy-Heckel plots indicated that the Preflo starches are soft materials and, unlike Starch 1500, undergo plastic deformation. Tablets containing acetaminophen were also compressed with the starches and disintegration and dissolution studies were conducted. Starch 1500 tablets disintegrated in 3.5 min, whereas none of the Preflo starch tablets disintegrated in 30 min. While complete acetaminophen releas...

BACKGROUND: Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen produced during food preparation, including frying of potato products. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of seasonal variation on tuber composition and its acrylamide generation potential.RESULTS: The chemical composition of potato varieties used respectively for French fry (Bintje and Ramos) and crisp (Lady Rosetta and Saturna) production was studied throughout a storage period of 9 months during two growing seasons (2003 and 2004), in addition to their acrylamide generation potential during preparation of French fries. A significant impact of variable climatological conditions on the reducing sugar, dry matter, total free amino acid and free asparagine contents of tubers was observed. Exceptionally warm summers gave rise to a lower reducing sugar content (expressed on a dry matter basis) and thus a lower susceptibility to acrylamide generation during frying.CONCLUSION: It cannot be excluded that potato growers and the potato-processing industry are confronted with some harvests that are more prone to acrylamide generation than others owing to climatological variability, thus confirming the importance of a multifactorial approach to mitigate acrylamide generation in potato products. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

Salinity is one of the main environmental stresses, and it affects potato growth and productivity in arid and semiarid regions by disturbing physiological process, such as the photosynthesis rate, the absorption of essential nutrients and water, plant hormonal functions, and vital metabolic pathways. Few studies are available on the application of combined nanomaterials to mitigate salinity stress on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Diamont). In order to assess the effects of the sole or combined application of silicon (Si) and potassium (K) nanoparticles and biochar (Bc) on the agro-physiological properties and biochemical constituents of potato plants grown in saline soil, two open-field experiments were executed on a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with five replicates. The results show that the biochar application and nanoelements (n-K and n-Si) significantly improved the plant heights, the fresh and dry plant biomasses, the numbers of stems/plant, the leaf relat...

To detect soil changes related to vegetation and fertility restoration in a long fallow agricultural system of the Venezuelan Andes, 32 soil (A horizon, 0–15cm depth) and litter characteristics were studied in plots at different stages of the fallow-cultivation cycle. Four sectors of the valley were sampled, each one including seven plots: recently ploughed after a long fallow period; 1

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is a severe constraint in potato production. The severity of this disease has been increasing day by day for last few years in India due to changes in weather. Disease severity and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was recorded in each treatment plot. The early blight disease had significant negative correlation with maximum relative humidity during 2012-13 and in year 2013-14 minimum temperature was significantly correlated. The severity of early blight showed significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and highly significant positive correlations with sun shine hours in year 2013-14 in all tested treatments. The study showed that minimum temperature and rainfall revealed negative but non-significant correlation in all treatments except untreated control in year 2012-13. The maximum tuber yield 223.70 and 222.00 q/ha in first and second years, respectively, were recorded with spray of nd Fenamidone @ 0.2% at disease initiation and 2 spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% followed by Mancozeb @ 0.25% at 15 days intervals in both respective years.