Abiotic Stress

In our recent study, BABA has been tested to manage Meloidogyne incognita under stress conditions due to fly ash. The reduction in the growth of pathogen under abiotic stress is being intensified by DL-β-amino butyric acid (BABA). The combination of abiotic and biotic stress can have a positive effect on the yield of plants by reducing the sensitivity to biotic tension and limiting the crop yield and more priority has been given on the surface of the research table now a days. Therefore this study was carried out observe the effect in combination of Fly ash and BABA in resistance to Root knot nematodes. Results indicate that 30% fly ash in combination with BABA (125 μg/ml) undoubtedly reduced the gall Index by 50% when compared with the control. The interesting thing is that the lower dose of BABA when combined with the abiotic stress was similar to the high dose of BABA efficacy (250 μg / ml).

Organisms respond to changes in their environment by evolutionary adaptations in form and behaviour. At present, we face great survival challenges as both these factors have come under undue stress due to our unbridled demands of high national economic growth and expanding individual needs and desires.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of commercially available AMF inoculate (Glomussp. mixture) on the growth and the nutrient acquisition of field pea (Pissum sativumL) plants. Inoculated (AMF+) and non-inoculated (AMF-) pea plants were subjected to two levels of salinity by the addition of sodium chlorate into the tap water (0 and 50mM NaCl). Several times during the growing cycle, in randomly selected plants the morphology of root system was analyzed and the dry matter of roots and the aboveground biomass were individually measured. Furthermore, plant tissue samples were analyzed regarding N, P and K concentration and the total uptake and specific absorption rate of these elements (SAR N , SAR P , SAR K) per unit of root length, root surface area and root volume were calculated. Saline irrigation water strongly diminished the growth of pea plants and strongly reduced the absorption capacity of their root system. The inoculation of AM fungi in the growing substrate contributed to the increase of plant biomass and alleviation of the salinity stress by improving the specific absorption rate of main nutrient elements by the root system. Therefore, the artificial inoculation of AM fungi could be considered as an effective alternative to improve growth of pea plants under saline irrigation water conditions.

Abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, and heavy metals are posing serious threats to agricultural yields as well as the quality of produce. This necessitates the production of cultivars capable to withstand the harsh environmental conditions without substantial yield losses. Owing to the complexity underlying stress tolerance traits, conventional breeding techniques have met with limited success and demand effective supplements to feed the growing food demands worldwide. This necessitates the development and deployment of novel and potent approaches, and engineering of phytohormone metabolism could be a method of choice to produce climate resilient crops with higher yields. Phytohormones are considered critical for regulating and coordinating plant growth and development; however, in recent years, they have received great attention for their multifunctional roles in plant responses to environmental stimuli. Creditable research has shown that phytohormon...

Despite the widespread occurrence of chromium toxicity, its molecular mechanism is poorly documented in plants compared to other heavy metals. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that regulate the response of Miscanthus sinensis roots to elevated level of chromium, seedlings were grown for 4 weeks and exposed to potassium dichromate for 3 days. Physiological, biochemical and proteomic changes in roots were investigated. Lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content in roots were significantly increased. Protein profiles analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that 36 protein spots were differentially expressed in chromium-treated root samples. Of these, 13 protein spots were up-regulated, 21 protein spots were down-regulated and 2 spots were newly induced. These differentially displayed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The identified proteins included known heavy metal-inducible proteins such as carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, molecular chaperone proteins and novel proteins such as inositol monophosphatase, nitrate reductase, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, formate dehydrogenase and a putative dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase that were not known previously as chromium-responsive. Taken together, these results suggest that Cr toxicity is linked to heavy metal tolerance and senescence pathways, and associated with altered vacuole sequestration, nitrogen metabolism and lipid peroxidation in Miscanthus roots.► Molecular mechanism of chromium toxicity response is poorly documented in plants. ► Miscanthus sinensis is relatively heavy metal tolerant biomass crop. ► Proteomic analysis was done in M. sinensis root under Cr stress for the first time. ► Several novel Cr-induced proteins were identified along with other known proteins.

Opportunity to utilize carry-over residual soil moisture to produce lentil crop in rice-fallows was one of the basic and strategic research objectives of the present experiment. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik, variety B-77) was broadcasted upon two rice habits viz. short-duration (SD, 110 days) and long-duration (LD, 140 days) in the end of October and first fortnight of November during 2011–2012, 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 seasons, in a clay loam Inceptisol of the Gangetic alluvium of eastern India. Two stubbles heights, viz. short (10 cm) and long (20 cm) were kept as standing residues at the time of harvesting of rice. Late sown lentil with short stubble residues faced surface soil drying earlier than early sown lentil or late sown lentil with tall stubble residues. Tall stubble height contributes only 1–4% higher soil water during vegetative to flowering stages than short stubble height. Stress was experienced when soil moisture content in the root-zone reached <22% in this soil and such stress decreased the leaf relative water content (RWC). Retaining tall rice stubbles on the soil surface decreased daytime soil temperature by 9.4–14.6 • C and modified the crop coefficient (K c) by increasing transpiration and reducing evaporation, thereby maintaining higher leaf area index (LAI). The K c values for the initial, development, mid and late season stages of lentil under relay cropping were 0.48, 0.54, 0.82 and 0.48, respectively, with short and tall standing stubble heights. Root length density (RLD) values increased at a faster rate in 200–400 mm layer, especially in tall stubble than short. Soil moisture stress was negatively related (R 2 = 0.66, P < 0.05) to RWC, however, RLD maintained an asymptotic relationship with RWC. Actual evapotranspiration (ET a) of lentil amounted to 154.8 mm and the ET a in broadcasted upon SD rice was 14% higher than ET a in LD rice. Lentil in tall stubbles amounted to 150.6 mm ET a , which was 7% more than that in short stubbles. Yield of lentil broadcasted upon SD was 20% higher than 20 days delay with LD rice, and tall stubbles produced 18% more yield than short stubbles. The water productivity (WP) of lentil under SD rice was only 6% higher than lentil in LD rice; however, tall stubbles produced 11% higher WP than short standing stubbles. Keeping stubbles height of SD or LD rice may be an efficient way of using the existing land and water resources for mitigating soil moisture stress and maintaining grain yield and water productivity of lentil relayed with short-and long-duration rice habits.

The evaluation of physiological and biochemical aspects is essential to identify clues that can assist breeders in selecting Persian walnut genotypes with considerable tolerance to drought stress. This objective can be obtained by analyzing seed biochemical compounds from different genetic resources, e.g. seeds from individual trees that are commonly exposed to drought stress. In the current research, we evaluated the effects of drought stress, as induced by PEG6000, on the germination of walnut seeds collected from six promising genotypes (i.e. 'SS2', 'TT2', 'TT1', 'ZM1','Haward' and'Chandler'). Aphotoperiod of12hwas provided duringtheexperiments, alongwithan average temperature of 25 ± 1°C. According to the different indexes of germination, a greater tolerance was observed among three genotypes, namely, 'ZM1', 'Haward' and ‘Chandler’. In response to drought stress, the contents of proline and total soluble sugars increased, especially at intense levels of stress, whereas the amount of starch decreased. The levels of antioxidant activity significantly increased by POD, APX, CAT, SOD and LOX enzymes in the radicle and plumule tissues as the water potential reached −1.5MPa. Three genotypes, namely, 'TT2', 'TT1' and 'SS2'were susceptible to cell wall damage(i.e. bylipid peroxidation). High levels ofSpdand Spm in tolerant genotypes were accompanied by significant increases in the zeatin, endogenous IAA, zeatin riboside and ABA in the seeds. Our results suggest that, under drought stress, seed germination in walnuts can benefit from the accumulation of free Spd in seeds during the phases of germination. However, the accumulation of free Put appeared to be an inhibitory factor which suppressed the germination of walnut seeds.

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants is a common event in metabolic and physiological processes as well as in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. In this paper we will report that root tissue from axenically grown tomato cultivars and Lycopersicon wild species can be used for the determination of superoxide production. Superoxide generation was evaluated following the treatment of root tissues with two general elicitors of the defence response: laminarin and calcium ionophore A23187. Results demonstrated that elicitor reactivity in terms of superoxide generation of the tomato cultivars and the wild species used was different. This suggested varying levels of competence for non-specific active defence. The proposed technique merges the advantages of in vitro cultures and of whole tissues and also demonstrates that root tissue is a suitable material for evaluating free radical release.

Citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.) is an underexploited and under-researched crop species with the potential to contribute to crop diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa. The species is cultivated in the drier parts of Southern Africa, mainly by smallholder farmers who maintain a wide range of landrace varieties. Understanding the molecular and morpho-physiological basis for drought adaptation in citron watermelon under these dry environments can aid in the identification of suitable traits for drought-tolerance breeding and improve food system resilience among smallholder farmers, thus adding to crop diversification. This paper reviews the literature on drought adaptation of Citrullus lanatus spp. (C3 xerophytes), using the systematic review approach. The review discusses the potential role of citron watermelon in adding to crop diversification, alternative food uses, and potential by-products that can be processed from the crop, and it analyzes the role of Sub-Saharan African farmers play as key actors in conserving citron watermelon germplasm and biodiversity. Finally, the review provides a summary of significant findings and identifies critical knowledge gaps for further research.

14.1. Climate Change and forecasting the impact on strawberry 262
14.1.1. Photoperiod and vernalization 264
14.1.2. Disease and pest outbreaks 266
14.2. Major environmental factors of Critical importance 267
14.2.1. Temperature rise 267
14.2.2. Temperature drop 268
14.2.3. Water scarcity/surplus 269
14.3. engineering strawberry with ‘adaptive’ advantages 270
14.3.1. Classical breeding 270
14.3.2. advanced genetics 271
14.4. Microorganisms for enhancing resilience 275
14.4.1. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 275
14.4.2. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza 276
14.4.3. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 276
14.4.4. Piriformospora indica 277
14.5. extreme events, Policy response and social action 277
14.6. future Perspective 278

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop grown in various tropical and temperate parts of the world. There is a wide genetic diversity in the cultivated as well as the wild species of eggplant. Cultivated varieties of eggplant are susceptible to a wide array ...