One of the most widely used in-situ remediation met hods is phytoextraction, during which excessi... more One of the most widely used in-situ remediation met hods is phytoextraction, during which excessive amounts of heavy metals are removed from the soil by plants capable of storing and uptaking contaminants. However, the combustion of these plants assumes that their heavy metal content is transformed into gaseous and solid combustion matter. Therefore, extensive research is required to define the composition of such hazardous remains an d to identify the proper methods for the treatment and disposal of the waste. In this article, we exam ine the gaseous and solid pollutant particle conten t of the flue gas produced from combustion, as well as t he heavy metal content of the fly ash. We have developed two different experimental processes appl icable to domestic-scale and semi-plant scale biomass combustion, respectively. Oak and poplar samples from a heavy metal contaminated site were used for both experiments. The domestic-scale test was conducted with a furnace of 7 kW heat capacity,...
International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences, 2019
Over the last decade, the public has been paying increasing attention to reducing greenhouse gas ... more Over the last decade, the public has been paying increasing attention to reducing greenhouse gas and acid rain emissions and reducing particulate matter, which is extremely harmful to health and the environment. To improve air quality, the European Commission has achieved a range of measures to reduce air pollutant emissions in the transport, heat and electricity, industrial and agricultural sectors. In Hungary, the amount of gas and solid air pollutants from solid fuel combustion used by the public during the heating season represents a significant percentage of the total amount present in the atmosphere. In 2016, taking into the total emission, the 29% of CO2 emissions; 85% of CO emissions; 75% of the particulate matter emissions and 21% of the NOx emissions were derived from households. It follows that the improvement of air quality can also be achieved by controlling the emissions of solid fuel combustion plants. During our research we aimed to optimize the operation of a newly ...
After the solidification process of fused cast refractories – used for glass melting furnaces – t... more After the solidification process of fused cast refractories – used for glass melting furnaces – the sprue is cut off with a cutting machine in wet operation. Then, the cavity is sealed with refractory concrete. The aim of our research was to determine the most important parameters (e.g. gas permeability) for the safe application of the refractory concrete used for the sealing of the solidification hole. In order to validate the permeability test results, test blocks were made from fused cast alumina-zirconia-silicate (AZS) material equipped with pressure and temperature sensors. The investigations revealed that the gas permeability of the sealing material allows the steam (evolving from the moisture contained by the concrete and from the water trapped in the shrinkage cavity) – which can cause damage to the refractory block – to flow out safely during the first heat-up of the fused cast blocks. In order to better understand the heating process and the temperature field inside the re...
This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance gene... more This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance generally involved in the daily menu of a university canteen. The data obtained from proximate analysis (i.e. elemental composition, moisture and ash content) suggest that the tested food samples are suitable for synthesis gas production but should be mixed with dry matter from additional resources to make the process commercially viable.
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The... more Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The energy efficiency of the canteen waste pyrolysis can be increased with the addition of oak, so a 2:1 mixture of oak and canteen waste was pyrolysed. To examine the efficiency of catalysts on the co-pyrolysis, the mixture was pyrolysed with and without catalysts. The catalysts used were calcined dolomite, calcined zeolite and NaCl, in 5 wt%. The process was examined with laboratory experiments and thermogravimetric (TG) method. The catalysts increased the base material conversion and gas yield. There was no significant change in the H2/CO ratio. The high heating value of the samples with NaCl and calcined dolomite significantly improved. The residual carbon of the samples with catalysts decreased, compared to the original mixture. The effects of calcined zeolite and NaCl can be observed at low temperatures but the effects of calcined dolomite appear at 650°C.
Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor and t... more Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor and the yields of pyrolysis oils and liquid transportation fuels prepared by atmospheric distillation were determined. The gasoline fractions were tested in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any modifications or fuel blending. Fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission (NOx, CO) were measured and compared to a commercial fuel (RON = 95). PS generated 70.5% gasoline range hydrocarbons from the solid waste, followed by PP with 42.1%, LDPE with 40.8% and HDPE with 37.3%. The fuel consumption was reduced by 9.1-9.4% in the case of PS compared to reference measurement. Reduction in fuel consumption was noticeable at HDPE, LDPE and PP as well. PS gasoline decreased by 91-96%, while HDPE, LDPE and PP more likely increased the CO emission of the engine compared to commercial gasoline. The results show that pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to generate value added liquid trans...
The utilization of liquid products as transportation fuel derived from the thermal decomposition ... more The utilization of liquid products as transportation fuel derived from the thermal decomposition of different plastic waste mixtures was investigated. The production of pyrolysis oils was performed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor utilizing polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste blends. Two different mixtures (10% PS – 60% PP – 30% HDPE; 10% PS – 30% PP – 60% HDPE) were prepared, and the influence of reflux was also studied. The pyrolysis oils were blended to commercial gasoline in the 0-100% range. It was found that each blend could be successfully used as an alternative fuel in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any prior modifications or fuel additive. However, based on the engine tests, the presence of the reflux is vital as the composition of the pyrolysis oil is closer to the commercial gasoline. The emission measurements showed increasing NOx emissions compared to neat gasoline, but, on the other side, a decrease in CO was...
Pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to produce value-added liquid transportation fu... more Pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to produce value-added liquid transportation fuels, as it also reduces the accumulation of plastic wastes and prevents them from landfilling. In th...
International Journal of Environment and Waste Management
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The... more Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The energy efficiency of the canteen waste pyrolysis can be increased with the addition of oak, so a 2:1 mixture of oak and canteen waste was pyrolysed. To examine the efficiency of catalysts on the co-pyrolysis, the mixture was pyrolysed with and without catalysts. The catalysts used were calcined dolomite, calcined zeolite and NaCl, in 5 wt%. The process was examined with laboratory experiments and thermogravimetric (TG) method. The catalysts increased the base material conversion and gas yield. There was no significant change in the H2/CO ratio. The high heating value of the samples with NaCl and calcined dolomite significantly improved. The residual carbon of the samples with catalysts decreased, compared to the original mixture. The effects of calcined zeolite and NaCl can be observed at low temperatures but the effects of calcined dolomite appear at 650°C.
Abstract Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, PET and PUR plastic wastes were performed in a ... more Abstract Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, PET and PUR plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor equipped with a temperature controlled reflux and the yields of pyrolysis oils and liquid fuels suitable for transportation were determined. The gasoline fractions were investigated by GC-MS and tested in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any modifications or fuel blending. Fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission (NOx, CO) were measured and compared to a commercial fuel (gasoline, RON = 95). PS generated 70.5% gasoline range hydrocarbons from the solid waste, followed by PP with 42.1%, LDPE with 40.8% and HDPE with 37.3%. Liquid product was not observed during PET pyrolysis. The engine was easily running with neat gasoline fractions obtained from HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS distillation; however, it was not able to start the engine with the neat dehydrated PUR distillate. The volumetric fuel consumption was reduced by 9.1–9.4% in case of PS compared to commercial gasoline (RON = 95) but the NOx emission was increased by 82–147%. Fuel consumption reduction was noticeable at HDPE, LDPE and PP as well. PS gasoline decreased by 91–96%, while HDPE, LDPE and PP more likely increased the CO emission of the engine compared to commercial gasoline.
Abstract G3MP2B3 calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of the phosgenation reaction... more Abstract G3MP2B3 calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of the phosgenation reactions of 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA) resulted in the formation of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Due to o-dichlorobenzene solvation the reaction barriers are dramatically reduced compared to the gas phase reaction mechanism. The mechanisms of the ‘phosgenations first’ and ‘stepwise phosgenations’ are energetically compared. Standard enthalpy of formation for MDI (14.8 ± 5.2 kJ/mol) and the group additivity increments for OCN and NHCOCl groups linked to phenyl ring are proposed (Δf,iH0(-NCO) = −61.2 kJ/mol and Δf,iH0(-NHCOCl) = −195.0 kJ/mol). A thermodynamic stabile charge separated amine hydrochloride intermediate can mask the amine toward phosgene.
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Batch pyrolysis experiments of canteen waste and oak wood mixtures in various weight ratios were ... more Batch pyrolysis experiments of canteen waste and oak wood mixtures in various weight ratios were carried out and the quantities of the products were determined. The experiments included the analysis of the elemental composition, the ash and moisture content and the high heating value of the base materials and the pyrolysis coke, and the particle size distribution and specific surface of the ground coke. The produced syngas, the kinetics of gas production and its changes over time, and the high heating value of the gas were also determined.
The influence of the flue gas temperature on the concentration of metals in fly ash and deposited... more The influence of the flue gas temperature on the concentration of metals in fly ash and deposited ash during heavy-metal-contaminated woody biomass combustion was investigated. The biomass gathered from heavy-metal-contaminated soil was combusted in a 34 kWth boiler, and the metal flow was monitored through the metal content of solid residues for up to 30 elements. The flue gas temperature was controlled by the heat exchanger, and it was found that, by decreasing the temperature, more metals can be kept inside the combustion system, potentially lowering the environmental heavy metal pollution because more metal volatiles are being condensed on fly ash particles, which can be separated using known filtration techniques. The concentrations of Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, V, and Zr were significantly higher in fly ash samples collected at 150 °C flue gas temperature compared to the 250 °C case, indicating a strong temperature dependence. A minor temperature depen...
Torrefaction is a method for upgrading raw biomass to produce solid fuels that exhibit higher ene... more Torrefaction is a method for upgrading raw biomass to produce solid fuels that exhibit higher energy density relative to that of the raw material. In countries that produce significant amounts of agricultural residues, torrefaction may facilitate the utilization of waste in the energy sector by adding value to the raw fuel and opening pathways for new applications. In typical scenarios for utilization as fuel, both the raw and torrefied materials are stored in granular form. Dependent upon the properties of the granular material, the risk of dust explosion may be significant. Torrefaction changes the physical and chemical properties of the biomass and, therefore, affect explosion risk and severity. This work investigates the dust explosion characteristics of raw and torrefied agricultural wastes typically produced in Central European countries. The objective is to provide a characterization of these fuels in terms of explosion properties and make recommendations on storage design and safety. Three residue...
Abstract All creature of nature needs metals for subsistence. The plants and trees contain this e... more Abstract All creature of nature needs metals for subsistence. The plants and trees contain this element in a different amount. During biomass combustion and energy production this element could cause environmental and health problems, thus, the cognition of burning and determination of material flow is a very important question. The high amount of metals steps out from the combustion chamber in gaseous form. To determine the metal distribution inside the burning equipment system, we have to get samples from the solid combustion remains and flue gas, and we have to measure the material flows. At the first stage, we made a biomass combustion experiment using ligneous plants with high metal content. The experiment was carried out with a Binder RRK 500 type wood chips-, briquette- and bark-fueled heating system. The fuel was wood chips, and the operational parameters were automatically set by the temperature control so that the circulating water was kept at a constant temperature. The amount of flue gas was calculated based on the theoretical estimate. The analysed metals were Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, and Fe. The metal content of the wood chips, ash and fly ash was determined by ICP spectrometry, and the ash content and fly ash concentration in the flue gas was measured. The material flow was calculated in the matter of metals. The results show that under the experimental circumstances, the solid burning residues (bottom ash, fly ash) contain the following percent of metals referred to the fuel metal concentration: Zn - 17–18%, Cu - 2–7%, Cd - 4–20%, Pb - 14–15%, Cr - 0.5%, Ni - 2%, Co - 10–11%, and Fe - 5–7%. The results proved that the metals are very volatile in the combustion temperature (800 °C) and flue gas temperature (250–300 °C).
This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance gene... more This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance generally involved in the daily menu of a university canteen. The data obtained from proximate analysis (i.e. elemental composition, moisture and ash content) suggest that the tested food samples are suitable for synthesis gas production but should be mixed with dry matter from additional resources to make the process commercially viable.
One of the most widely used in-situ remediation met hods is phytoextraction, during which excessi... more One of the most widely used in-situ remediation met hods is phytoextraction, during which excessive amounts of heavy metals are removed from the soil by plants capable of storing and uptaking contaminants. However, the combustion of these plants assumes that their heavy metal content is transformed into gaseous and solid combustion matter. Therefore, extensive research is required to define the composition of such hazardous remains an d to identify the proper methods for the treatment and disposal of the waste. In this article, we exam ine the gaseous and solid pollutant particle conten t of the flue gas produced from combustion, as well as t he heavy metal content of the fly ash. We have developed two different experimental processes appl icable to domestic-scale and semi-plant scale biomass combustion, respectively. Oak and poplar samples from a heavy metal contaminated site were used for both experiments. The domestic-scale test was conducted with a furnace of 7 kW heat capacity,...
International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences, 2019
Over the last decade, the public has been paying increasing attention to reducing greenhouse gas ... more Over the last decade, the public has been paying increasing attention to reducing greenhouse gas and acid rain emissions and reducing particulate matter, which is extremely harmful to health and the environment. To improve air quality, the European Commission has achieved a range of measures to reduce air pollutant emissions in the transport, heat and electricity, industrial and agricultural sectors. In Hungary, the amount of gas and solid air pollutants from solid fuel combustion used by the public during the heating season represents a significant percentage of the total amount present in the atmosphere. In 2016, taking into the total emission, the 29% of CO2 emissions; 85% of CO emissions; 75% of the particulate matter emissions and 21% of the NOx emissions were derived from households. It follows that the improvement of air quality can also be achieved by controlling the emissions of solid fuel combustion plants. During our research we aimed to optimize the operation of a newly ...
After the solidification process of fused cast refractories – used for glass melting furnaces – t... more After the solidification process of fused cast refractories – used for glass melting furnaces – the sprue is cut off with a cutting machine in wet operation. Then, the cavity is sealed with refractory concrete. The aim of our research was to determine the most important parameters (e.g. gas permeability) for the safe application of the refractory concrete used for the sealing of the solidification hole. In order to validate the permeability test results, test blocks were made from fused cast alumina-zirconia-silicate (AZS) material equipped with pressure and temperature sensors. The investigations revealed that the gas permeability of the sealing material allows the steam (evolving from the moisture contained by the concrete and from the water trapped in the shrinkage cavity) – which can cause damage to the refractory block – to flow out safely during the first heat-up of the fused cast blocks. In order to better understand the heating process and the temperature field inside the re...
This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance gene... more This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance generally involved in the daily menu of a university canteen. The data obtained from proximate analysis (i.e. elemental composition, moisture and ash content) suggest that the tested food samples are suitable for synthesis gas production but should be mixed with dry matter from additional resources to make the process commercially viable.
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The... more Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The energy efficiency of the canteen waste pyrolysis can be increased with the addition of oak, so a 2:1 mixture of oak and canteen waste was pyrolysed. To examine the efficiency of catalysts on the co-pyrolysis, the mixture was pyrolysed with and without catalysts. The catalysts used were calcined dolomite, calcined zeolite and NaCl, in 5 wt%. The process was examined with laboratory experiments and thermogravimetric (TG) method. The catalysts increased the base material conversion and gas yield. There was no significant change in the H2/CO ratio. The high heating value of the samples with NaCl and calcined dolomite significantly improved. The residual carbon of the samples with catalysts decreased, compared to the original mixture. The effects of calcined zeolite and NaCl can be observed at low temperatures but the effects of calcined dolomite appear at 650°C.
Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor and t... more Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor and the yields of pyrolysis oils and liquid transportation fuels prepared by atmospheric distillation were determined. The gasoline fractions were tested in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any modifications or fuel blending. Fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission (NOx, CO) were measured and compared to a commercial fuel (RON = 95). PS generated 70.5% gasoline range hydrocarbons from the solid waste, followed by PP with 42.1%, LDPE with 40.8% and HDPE with 37.3%. The fuel consumption was reduced by 9.1-9.4% in the case of PS compared to reference measurement. Reduction in fuel consumption was noticeable at HDPE, LDPE and PP as well. PS gasoline decreased by 91-96%, while HDPE, LDPE and PP more likely increased the CO emission of the engine compared to commercial gasoline. The results show that pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to generate value added liquid trans...
The utilization of liquid products as transportation fuel derived from the thermal decomposition ... more The utilization of liquid products as transportation fuel derived from the thermal decomposition of different plastic waste mixtures was investigated. The production of pyrolysis oils was performed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor utilizing polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste blends. Two different mixtures (10% PS – 60% PP – 30% HDPE; 10% PS – 30% PP – 60% HDPE) were prepared, and the influence of reflux was also studied. The pyrolysis oils were blended to commercial gasoline in the 0-100% range. It was found that each blend could be successfully used as an alternative fuel in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any prior modifications or fuel additive. However, based on the engine tests, the presence of the reflux is vital as the composition of the pyrolysis oil is closer to the commercial gasoline. The emission measurements showed increasing NOx emissions compared to neat gasoline, but, on the other side, a decrease in CO was...
Pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to produce value-added liquid transportation fu... more Pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to produce value-added liquid transportation fuels, as it also reduces the accumulation of plastic wastes and prevents them from landfilling. In th...
International Journal of Environment and Waste Management
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The... more Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process used to produce utilisable materials of various phases. The energy efficiency of the canteen waste pyrolysis can be increased with the addition of oak, so a 2:1 mixture of oak and canteen waste was pyrolysed. To examine the efficiency of catalysts on the co-pyrolysis, the mixture was pyrolysed with and without catalysts. The catalysts used were calcined dolomite, calcined zeolite and NaCl, in 5 wt%. The process was examined with laboratory experiments and thermogravimetric (TG) method. The catalysts increased the base material conversion and gas yield. There was no significant change in the H2/CO ratio. The high heating value of the samples with NaCl and calcined dolomite significantly improved. The residual carbon of the samples with catalysts decreased, compared to the original mixture. The effects of calcined zeolite and NaCl can be observed at low temperatures but the effects of calcined dolomite appear at 650°C.
Abstract Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, PET and PUR plastic wastes were performed in a ... more Abstract Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, PET and PUR plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor equipped with a temperature controlled reflux and the yields of pyrolysis oils and liquid fuels suitable for transportation were determined. The gasoline fractions were investigated by GC-MS and tested in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any modifications or fuel blending. Fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission (NOx, CO) were measured and compared to a commercial fuel (gasoline, RON = 95). PS generated 70.5% gasoline range hydrocarbons from the solid waste, followed by PP with 42.1%, LDPE with 40.8% and HDPE with 37.3%. Liquid product was not observed during PET pyrolysis. The engine was easily running with neat gasoline fractions obtained from HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS distillation; however, it was not able to start the engine with the neat dehydrated PUR distillate. The volumetric fuel consumption was reduced by 9.1–9.4% in case of PS compared to commercial gasoline (RON = 95) but the NOx emission was increased by 82–147%. Fuel consumption reduction was noticeable at HDPE, LDPE and PP as well. PS gasoline decreased by 91–96%, while HDPE, LDPE and PP more likely increased the CO emission of the engine compared to commercial gasoline.
Abstract G3MP2B3 calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of the phosgenation reaction... more Abstract G3MP2B3 calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of the phosgenation reactions of 4,4′-methylenedianiline (MDA) resulted in the formation of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Due to o-dichlorobenzene solvation the reaction barriers are dramatically reduced compared to the gas phase reaction mechanism. The mechanisms of the ‘phosgenations first’ and ‘stepwise phosgenations’ are energetically compared. Standard enthalpy of formation for MDI (14.8 ± 5.2 kJ/mol) and the group additivity increments for OCN and NHCOCl groups linked to phenyl ring are proposed (Δf,iH0(-NCO) = −61.2 kJ/mol and Δf,iH0(-NHCOCl) = −195.0 kJ/mol). A thermodynamic stabile charge separated amine hydrochloride intermediate can mask the amine toward phosgene.
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Batch pyrolysis experiments of canteen waste and oak wood mixtures in various weight ratios were ... more Batch pyrolysis experiments of canteen waste and oak wood mixtures in various weight ratios were carried out and the quantities of the products were determined. The experiments included the analysis of the elemental composition, the ash and moisture content and the high heating value of the base materials and the pyrolysis coke, and the particle size distribution and specific surface of the ground coke. The produced syngas, the kinetics of gas production and its changes over time, and the high heating value of the gas were also determined.
The influence of the flue gas temperature on the concentration of metals in fly ash and deposited... more The influence of the flue gas temperature on the concentration of metals in fly ash and deposited ash during heavy-metal-contaminated woody biomass combustion was investigated. The biomass gathered from heavy-metal-contaminated soil was combusted in a 34 kWth boiler, and the metal flow was monitored through the metal content of solid residues for up to 30 elements. The flue gas temperature was controlled by the heat exchanger, and it was found that, by decreasing the temperature, more metals can be kept inside the combustion system, potentially lowering the environmental heavy metal pollution because more metal volatiles are being condensed on fly ash particles, which can be separated using known filtration techniques. The concentrations of Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Sn, Ti, V, and Zr were significantly higher in fly ash samples collected at 150 °C flue gas temperature compared to the 250 °C case, indicating a strong temperature dependence. A minor temperature depen...
Torrefaction is a method for upgrading raw biomass to produce solid fuels that exhibit higher ene... more Torrefaction is a method for upgrading raw biomass to produce solid fuels that exhibit higher energy density relative to that of the raw material. In countries that produce significant amounts of agricultural residues, torrefaction may facilitate the utilization of waste in the energy sector by adding value to the raw fuel and opening pathways for new applications. In typical scenarios for utilization as fuel, both the raw and torrefied materials are stored in granular form. Dependent upon the properties of the granular material, the risk of dust explosion may be significant. Torrefaction changes the physical and chemical properties of the biomass and, therefore, affect explosion risk and severity. This work investigates the dust explosion characteristics of raw and torrefied agricultural wastes typically produced in Central European countries. The objective is to provide a characterization of these fuels in terms of explosion properties and make recommendations on storage design and safety. Three residue...
Abstract All creature of nature needs metals for subsistence. The plants and trees contain this e... more Abstract All creature of nature needs metals for subsistence. The plants and trees contain this element in a different amount. During biomass combustion and energy production this element could cause environmental and health problems, thus, the cognition of burning and determination of material flow is a very important question. The high amount of metals steps out from the combustion chamber in gaseous form. To determine the metal distribution inside the burning equipment system, we have to get samples from the solid combustion remains and flue gas, and we have to measure the material flows. At the first stage, we made a biomass combustion experiment using ligneous plants with high metal content. The experiment was carried out with a Binder RRK 500 type wood chips-, briquette- and bark-fueled heating system. The fuel was wood chips, and the operational parameters were automatically set by the temperature control so that the circulating water was kept at a constant temperature. The amount of flue gas was calculated based on the theoretical estimate. The analysed metals were Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Co, and Fe. The metal content of the wood chips, ash and fly ash was determined by ICP spectrometry, and the ash content and fly ash concentration in the flue gas was measured. The material flow was calculated in the matter of metals. The results show that under the experimental circumstances, the solid burning residues (bottom ash, fly ash) contain the following percent of metals referred to the fuel metal concentration: Zn - 17–18%, Cu - 2–7%, Cd - 4–20%, Pb - 14–15%, Cr - 0.5%, Ni - 2%, Co - 10–11%, and Fe - 5–7%. The results proved that the metals are very volatile in the combustion temperature (800 °C) and flue gas temperature (250–300 °C).
This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance gene... more This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of different types of food substance generally involved in the daily menu of a university canteen. The data obtained from proximate analysis (i.e. elemental composition, moisture and ash content) suggest that the tested food samples are suitable for synthesis gas production but should be mixed with dry matter from additional resources to make the process commercially viable.
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