The paper presents test methods (mechanical, electrical and optical) for the fuel spray research ... more The paper presents test methods (mechanical, electrical and optical) for the fuel spray research in combustion engines. Optical methods, imaging and non-imaging can be used in laboratory and engine tests. Imaging methods include flash photography and holography. Their use is limited to testing droplet dimensions larger than 5 µm. Imaging methods have an advantage over non-imaging ones because they allow the droplet to be seen at the point and time where its measurement is required. Non-imaging methods can be divided into two groups: the first, which counts and measures, individual droplets one at a time, and the second, which measures a large number of droplets simultaneously. Exemplary results of research of droplet size distribution in fuel sprays are shown. In tests of atomized fuel spray, in conditions reflecting the conditions of the internal combustion engine, the size of droplets, their distribution in the spray and the velocity of individual droplets are presented. To determ...
The paper analyses the mechanisms of creation of toxic exhaust gases, which mainly derived from i... more The paper analyses the mechanisms of creation of toxic exhaust gases, which mainly derived from inexact fuel metering and improper air-fuel mixture preparation. The paper describes the process of creating toxic components in the exhaust gases of piston engines during engine operation, and impact on the emission of these components determining the composition of the fuel mixture determined equivalence factor Φ. The principal mechanisms of formation of toxic exhaust gases, in particular nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and also essential according to create each of toxic exhaust gases are the subject of the paper. Moreover, empirical relationships, by means of which it is possible to determine the time of creation of the individual components of toxic exhaust gases, are presented. For example, one of the mechanisms for prompt formation of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons graphic illustration of formation as a function of crank angle is described. At the conclusion, t...
In the study AVL BOOST™ is used to perform a thermodynamic simulation of a six-stroke engine, bei... more In the study AVL BOOST™ is used to perform a thermodynamic simulation of a six-stroke engine, being built by a research team based in Saudi Arabia. The six-stroke cycle consists of a standard four-stroke Otto Cycle followed by a heat recovering steam expansion cycle. Water is injected into the hot combustion chamber towards the end of the Otto expansion stroke producing steam, which is used to perform work on a piston. This process produces power using waste heat and therefore increases the overall efficiency of the engine. The Robin EY28D engine, which is a single cylinder, four-stroke, gasoline engine was used for this simulation study. The engine was modelled and converted into six-stroke engine in AVL BOOST. The results show that six-stroke engine is more efficient than four-stroke engine. In six-stroke engine, the engine power is increased by 33.1% and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is decreased by approximately 16%. Where emissions are concerned, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) e...
The paper outlines the analysis dedicated to possibilities of using the type Bypass air bleed in ... more The paper outlines the analysis dedicated to possibilities of using the type Bypass air bleed in a single-flow jet engine. Attention is focused on development of formulas for key operational parameters of the engine, such as overall work of the thermal cycle, unit thrust and unit consumption of fuel. Simulation and modelling a single-flow jet engine were carried out for the K-15 engine of a Polish make where an air bleeding of that kind is applied. It was confirmed that such engines offer some slight benefits, in particular in terms of cost-efficiency, and such benefits increase in pace with growth of the mass air flow intensity through the bypass channel.
The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity... more The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity field at different configurations of the test injector. The test results allowed defining the relationship between the injector configuration and the distribution of velocities and dimensions of drops in the fuel stream. The effect of the fuel viscosity and injection pressure on the dimensions of fuel drop diameters and the distribution of the velocity field of drops in the stream were tested. The tests were carried out on a special test rig with a fixed volume chamber. The measurements were carried out with the use of laser Doppler measurement systems (PDPA, LDV). The tests were conducted for seven different fuel types varying in viscosity and surface tension. In addition, the injection pressure from 50 MPa to 130 MPa was applied. The test results allowed determining the relationship between the injector structure configuration, fuel types and fuel additives, and the distribution of ve...
In this article a passive system, which exploits the properties of the Coulomb friction and leads... more In this article a passive system, which exploits the properties of the Coulomb friction and leads to high affordability of controlling shocks and vibrations by means of cheap devices is presented. The friction force developed by the proposed device is dependent on the motion stroke by convenient modulation of contact force between the elements of friction coupling. For providing the system self-centring properties or necessary vertical load capacity, coil springs can be incorporated into the device structure. The device hysteresis characteristic can be simply adjusted to comply with requirements of the considered application. A general mathematical model of device dynamic behaviour is developed and applied to shock and vibration isolation systems. The article presents a novel passive device with variable friction which hysteresis force-displacement characteristics have “butterfly” shape, achieved by appropriate design of friction coupling. This shape of hysteresis loops can mitigate...
The results of the work on the development of a new composite alloy pistons designed for internal... more The results of the work on the development of a new composite alloy pistons designed for internal combustion engines are presented in the article. Tests of alloy crystallization, metallographic tests, tensile strength and hardness tests, coefficient of thermal expansion and tests for seizure resistance as well as the engine tests were performed. Tests of dimensional stability of the pistons in the thermal chamber was carried out and found that permanent deformations of the piston diameter do not exceed 2 μm. The engine with new pistons showed a lower consumption of lubricating oil, lower levels of exhaust emissions and lower noise levels in comparison to the standard engine.
The article presents the results of the investigations cover novel composite silumins with new al... more The article presents the results of the investigations cover novel composite silumins with new alloying additives, such as chromium and molybdenum (not yet used in this type of silumin) and increased content of nickel and copper. The samples strength tests were performed at room temperature (20°C) and at elevated temperatures (up to 350°C), and were carried out using the strength machine, equipped with the special climate chamber. The dimensional stability of the new aluminum alloy was investigated using the precision dilatometer. This device allows one to register and record the sample dimensions as a function of temperature, during sample heating and cooling. During the DTA crystallization process investigations, derivative curves have been determined, that allows the analysis of the solidification process and the analysis of the heat transfer process in the sample structure and phase transformations. In the article shows the derivative curve and representative microstructures, an...
The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity... more The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity field at different configurations of the test injector. The test results allowed defining the relationship between the injector configuration and the distribution of velocities and dimensions of drops in the fuel stream. The effect of the fuel viscosity and injection pressure on the dimensions of fuel drop diameters and the distribution of the velocity field of drops in the stream were tested. The tests were carried out on a special test rig with a fixed volume chamber. The measurements were carried out with the use of laser Doppler measurement systems (PDPA, LDV). The tests were conducted for seven different fuel types varying in viscosity and surface tension. In addition, the injection pressure from 50 MPa to 130 MPa was applied. The test results allowed determining the relationship between the injector structure configuration, fuel types and fuel additives, and the distribution of ve...
The article presents the modelling of the combustion process of liquid fuels using professional A... more The article presents the modelling of the combustion process of liquid fuels using professional ANSYS FLUENT software. This program allows modelling the dynamics of compressible and incompressible, laminar and turbulent flows as well as heat exchange phenomena with occurrence and without chemical reactions. The model presented in the article takes into account the influence of the gas phase on the liquid phase during the fuel combustion process. The influence of velocity and pressure of the flowing gas and the type of flow has a significant impact on the combustion of liquid fuels. The developed model is fully reliable and the presented results are consistent with experimental research. The occurrence of a laminar sublayer in a turbulent flow was confirmed, and the thickness of this layer and the turbulent layer significantly influences the course of the combustion process. The use of the flat flow model reflects the basic phenomena occurring during the combustion of liquid fuels un...
The paper presents a quarter car model two degrees of freedom (wheel and body), with vertical gui... more The paper presents a quarter car model two degrees of freedom (wheel and body), with vertical guiding system, the model being equipped with suspension stroke limiters and with excitation by wheel and/or by body. The model reproduces elastic and damping characteristics of wheel and of rebound and compression stopper bumpers, the spring elastic characteristic and the shock absorber damping characteristic on rebound and compression, function piston speed. The road profile is generated with simple or summation of harmonic functions, or by reproducing real roads. The forces acting on full vehicle body e.g. aerodynamic and inertial forces are reproduced in the proposed quarter model by vertical forces reduced to the analysed quarter part. Thus, the model can be used for evaluation the vertical and horizontal stability at acceleration, deceleration, pitch and roll, at aerial forces, the body ground clearance and the comfort. The model can evaluate the influence of the damping and elastic c...
The article presents a method of piston temperature measurement on a running engine using electro... more The article presents a method of piston temperature measurement on a running engine using electromagnetic induction for transferring measurement results from a moving measuring system placed in a piston to a stationary system attached to the engine crankcase and to measuring system located outside the engine. Selected test results that were carried out on a single-cylinder Diesel engine are presented. A system consisting of a thermistor and a secondary coil was mounted in the piston. The primary coil was mounted in the crankcase under the cylinder liner of the engine. Engine tests were aimed at determining the influence of the piston ring insert on the temperature distribution in the piston. Temperature measurements in the piston without the ring insert were carried out for comparison. In both cases, the pistons had the same geometrical dimensions. The tests were carried out in conditions of external characteristics (the maximum load as a function of engine speed) and load character...
The emulsion is a mixture of two or more insoluble liquids. Microemulsion is the emulsion with pa... more The emulsion is a mixture of two or more insoluble liquids. Microemulsion is the emulsion with particles dimension in a range of one micrometre and smaller. Such a microemulsion of water and diesel fuel will create a novel quality and allows one to simultaneously achieve environmental and economic effects, as well as eliminate the adverse impact of normal emulsions, or adverse effects of water injection into the engine intake system or directly into the combustion chamber, as well as the sequential injection of water directly into the combustion chamber. Application of microemulsion of water and diesel to fuel diesel engine positively affects the combustion process through the catalytic impact of microparticles of water, and improves the process of preparation of the microemulsion injection into the combustion chamber as a result of water microparticles’ microexplosions. This article presents the investigation results of an internal combustion engine fuelled by an emulsion of water ...
Combustion engine pistons are subject to variable mechanical and thermal loads, and to variable d... more Combustion engine pistons are subject to variable mechanical and thermal loads, and to variable deformations. The article presents the possibilities of using novel composite alloys for the construction of pistons for combustion engines. The novel alloys make it possible to meet high demands, especially for highly load designs, which practically cannot be met by conventional alloys used so far. These high requirements relate to the weight of the pistons, high temperature strength, alloy crystalline structure, abrasive wear resistance, dimensional stability. The requirements for pistons have an impact on the durability of the engine's operation, the level of noise emissions; exhaust gas blow-by into the crankcase, the level of emitted toxic exhaust components, mainly hydrocarbons. The research covered metallography (chemical composition, microstructure), material strength, abrasive wear, and thermal expansion. Investigations of the alloy crystallization process during casting were...
The paper presents a review of the suspension solutions used on the street vehicle up to the now ... more The paper presents a review of the suspension solutions used on the street vehicle up to the now a days, finalising with presentation of their damping characteristics and with evaluation of their advantages or disadvantages. Long time the suspension systems have been dominated by the classic passive suspensions realized with metallic springs, shock absorbers with constant damping coefficients and anti-roll bars, excepting some luxury and sport cars using semi-active and active suspensions. There are presented some semi-active suspension solutions with continuous or discontinuous damping characteristics adjustment and the evolution of the Citroen and other active suspensions. All of them improve in some matter the performances but all of them have not ability to recuperate energy and has auxiliary energy consumption so last period the electromagnetically shock absorbers are researched, the paper presenting some of them. The paper also presents magneto rheological MR damper, solutions...
The design of airports and the organization of their work requires the recognition of the basic c... more The design of airports and the organization of their work requires the recognition of the basic components of the air transport process, consisting of an "aerial" part, including the landing phase and the landing operation itself, as well as take-off, the "ground" part, including the task of taxiing aircraft on apron, ground handling tasks, "terminal" part, including passenger handling tasks. These elements form a cause-and-effect sequence, or a series-parallel structure that determines the quality of services provided by the airport, their efficiency, reliability and price. The article presents the issues of decision support for the operation and maintenance of airport infrastructure and traffic management on the ramp and within the airport, i.e. the operation of allocating aircraft to the gates of "gates" using simulation tools. Aircraft taxiing operations on the tarmac integrate the flight phase (along with its components and its problems, ...
The paper contains analysis of the impact on the quality of the fuel spray of droplets on the num... more The paper contains analysis of the impact on the quality of the fuel spray of droplets on the number and the value of the surface area of the droplets that have a direct impact on the efficiency of the combustion process. It presents a change in the level of toxic exhaust emissions with an increase in the so-called. Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of fuel droplets. The presented figures show that the increase in the average droplet diameter SMD in particular causes an increase of toxic exhaust gases emissions, i.e. mainly nitrogen oxides NO, carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbons HC and Particulate Matter (PM). This tendency is not constant, because it is changing according to changes of the coefficient of equivalence Φ. For example, emissions of nitrogen oxides for the lean mixtures (Φ <1), with an increase in average droplet diameter increases, while now for the rich mixtures (Φ> 1), this trend is significantly changed, i.e. the level of this emission decreases.
The paper presents test methods (mechanical, electrical and optical) for the fuel spray research ... more The paper presents test methods (mechanical, electrical and optical) for the fuel spray research in combustion engines. Optical methods, imaging and non-imaging can be used in laboratory and engine tests. Imaging methods include flash photography and holography. Their use is limited to testing droplet dimensions larger than 5 µm. Imaging methods have an advantage over non-imaging ones because they allow the droplet to be seen at the point and time where its measurement is required. Non-imaging methods can be divided into two groups: the first, which counts and measures, individual droplets one at a time, and the second, which measures a large number of droplets simultaneously. Exemplary results of research of droplet size distribution in fuel sprays are shown. In tests of atomized fuel spray, in conditions reflecting the conditions of the internal combustion engine, the size of droplets, their distribution in the spray and the velocity of individual droplets are presented. To determ...
The paper analyses the mechanisms of creation of toxic exhaust gases, which mainly derived from i... more The paper analyses the mechanisms of creation of toxic exhaust gases, which mainly derived from inexact fuel metering and improper air-fuel mixture preparation. The paper describes the process of creating toxic components in the exhaust gases of piston engines during engine operation, and impact on the emission of these components determining the composition of the fuel mixture determined equivalence factor Φ. The principal mechanisms of formation of toxic exhaust gases, in particular nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, and also essential according to create each of toxic exhaust gases are the subject of the paper. Moreover, empirical relationships, by means of which it is possible to determine the time of creation of the individual components of toxic exhaust gases, are presented. For example, one of the mechanisms for prompt formation of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons graphic illustration of formation as a function of crank angle is described. At the conclusion, t...
In the study AVL BOOST™ is used to perform a thermodynamic simulation of a six-stroke engine, bei... more In the study AVL BOOST™ is used to perform a thermodynamic simulation of a six-stroke engine, being built by a research team based in Saudi Arabia. The six-stroke cycle consists of a standard four-stroke Otto Cycle followed by a heat recovering steam expansion cycle. Water is injected into the hot combustion chamber towards the end of the Otto expansion stroke producing steam, which is used to perform work on a piston. This process produces power using waste heat and therefore increases the overall efficiency of the engine. The Robin EY28D engine, which is a single cylinder, four-stroke, gasoline engine was used for this simulation study. The engine was modelled and converted into six-stroke engine in AVL BOOST. The results show that six-stroke engine is more efficient than four-stroke engine. In six-stroke engine, the engine power is increased by 33.1% and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is decreased by approximately 16%. Where emissions are concerned, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) e...
The paper outlines the analysis dedicated to possibilities of using the type Bypass air bleed in ... more The paper outlines the analysis dedicated to possibilities of using the type Bypass air bleed in a single-flow jet engine. Attention is focused on development of formulas for key operational parameters of the engine, such as overall work of the thermal cycle, unit thrust and unit consumption of fuel. Simulation and modelling a single-flow jet engine were carried out for the K-15 engine of a Polish make where an air bleeding of that kind is applied. It was confirmed that such engines offer some slight benefits, in particular in terms of cost-efficiency, and such benefits increase in pace with growth of the mass air flow intensity through the bypass channel.
The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity... more The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity field at different configurations of the test injector. The test results allowed defining the relationship between the injector configuration and the distribution of velocities and dimensions of drops in the fuel stream. The effect of the fuel viscosity and injection pressure on the dimensions of fuel drop diameters and the distribution of the velocity field of drops in the stream were tested. The tests were carried out on a special test rig with a fixed volume chamber. The measurements were carried out with the use of laser Doppler measurement systems (PDPA, LDV). The tests were conducted for seven different fuel types varying in viscosity and surface tension. In addition, the injection pressure from 50 MPa to 130 MPa was applied. The test results allowed determining the relationship between the injector structure configuration, fuel types and fuel additives, and the distribution of ve...
In this article a passive system, which exploits the properties of the Coulomb friction and leads... more In this article a passive system, which exploits the properties of the Coulomb friction and leads to high affordability of controlling shocks and vibrations by means of cheap devices is presented. The friction force developed by the proposed device is dependent on the motion stroke by convenient modulation of contact force between the elements of friction coupling. For providing the system self-centring properties or necessary vertical load capacity, coil springs can be incorporated into the device structure. The device hysteresis characteristic can be simply adjusted to comply with requirements of the considered application. A general mathematical model of device dynamic behaviour is developed and applied to shock and vibration isolation systems. The article presents a novel passive device with variable friction which hysteresis force-displacement characteristics have “butterfly” shape, achieved by appropriate design of friction coupling. This shape of hysteresis loops can mitigate...
The results of the work on the development of a new composite alloy pistons designed for internal... more The results of the work on the development of a new composite alloy pistons designed for internal combustion engines are presented in the article. Tests of alloy crystallization, metallographic tests, tensile strength and hardness tests, coefficient of thermal expansion and tests for seizure resistance as well as the engine tests were performed. Tests of dimensional stability of the pistons in the thermal chamber was carried out and found that permanent deformations of the piston diameter do not exceed 2 μm. The engine with new pistons showed a lower consumption of lubricating oil, lower levels of exhaust emissions and lower noise levels in comparison to the standard engine.
The article presents the results of the investigations cover novel composite silumins with new al... more The article presents the results of the investigations cover novel composite silumins with new alloying additives, such as chromium and molybdenum (not yet used in this type of silumin) and increased content of nickel and copper. The samples strength tests were performed at room temperature (20°C) and at elevated temperatures (up to 350°C), and were carried out using the strength machine, equipped with the special climate chamber. The dimensional stability of the new aluminum alloy was investigated using the precision dilatometer. This device allows one to register and record the sample dimensions as a function of temperature, during sample heating and cooling. During the DTA crystallization process investigations, derivative curves have been determined, that allows the analysis of the solidification process and the analysis of the heat transfer process in the sample structure and phase transformations. In the article shows the derivative curve and representative microstructures, an...
The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity... more The conducted tests were aimed at determination of the drop diameters and shaping of the velocity field at different configurations of the test injector. The test results allowed defining the relationship between the injector configuration and the distribution of velocities and dimensions of drops in the fuel stream. The effect of the fuel viscosity and injection pressure on the dimensions of fuel drop diameters and the distribution of the velocity field of drops in the stream were tested. The tests were carried out on a special test rig with a fixed volume chamber. The measurements were carried out with the use of laser Doppler measurement systems (PDPA, LDV). The tests were conducted for seven different fuel types varying in viscosity and surface tension. In addition, the injection pressure from 50 MPa to 130 MPa was applied. The test results allowed determining the relationship between the injector structure configuration, fuel types and fuel additives, and the distribution of ve...
The article presents the modelling of the combustion process of liquid fuels using professional A... more The article presents the modelling of the combustion process of liquid fuels using professional ANSYS FLUENT software. This program allows modelling the dynamics of compressible and incompressible, laminar and turbulent flows as well as heat exchange phenomena with occurrence and without chemical reactions. The model presented in the article takes into account the influence of the gas phase on the liquid phase during the fuel combustion process. The influence of velocity and pressure of the flowing gas and the type of flow has a significant impact on the combustion of liquid fuels. The developed model is fully reliable and the presented results are consistent with experimental research. The occurrence of a laminar sublayer in a turbulent flow was confirmed, and the thickness of this layer and the turbulent layer significantly influences the course of the combustion process. The use of the flat flow model reflects the basic phenomena occurring during the combustion of liquid fuels un...
The paper presents a quarter car model two degrees of freedom (wheel and body), with vertical gui... more The paper presents a quarter car model two degrees of freedom (wheel and body), with vertical guiding system, the model being equipped with suspension stroke limiters and with excitation by wheel and/or by body. The model reproduces elastic and damping characteristics of wheel and of rebound and compression stopper bumpers, the spring elastic characteristic and the shock absorber damping characteristic on rebound and compression, function piston speed. The road profile is generated with simple or summation of harmonic functions, or by reproducing real roads. The forces acting on full vehicle body e.g. aerodynamic and inertial forces are reproduced in the proposed quarter model by vertical forces reduced to the analysed quarter part. Thus, the model can be used for evaluation the vertical and horizontal stability at acceleration, deceleration, pitch and roll, at aerial forces, the body ground clearance and the comfort. The model can evaluate the influence of the damping and elastic c...
The article presents a method of piston temperature measurement on a running engine using electro... more The article presents a method of piston temperature measurement on a running engine using electromagnetic induction for transferring measurement results from a moving measuring system placed in a piston to a stationary system attached to the engine crankcase and to measuring system located outside the engine. Selected test results that were carried out on a single-cylinder Diesel engine are presented. A system consisting of a thermistor and a secondary coil was mounted in the piston. The primary coil was mounted in the crankcase under the cylinder liner of the engine. Engine tests were aimed at determining the influence of the piston ring insert on the temperature distribution in the piston. Temperature measurements in the piston without the ring insert were carried out for comparison. In both cases, the pistons had the same geometrical dimensions. The tests were carried out in conditions of external characteristics (the maximum load as a function of engine speed) and load character...
The emulsion is a mixture of two or more insoluble liquids. Microemulsion is the emulsion with pa... more The emulsion is a mixture of two or more insoluble liquids. Microemulsion is the emulsion with particles dimension in a range of one micrometre and smaller. Such a microemulsion of water and diesel fuel will create a novel quality and allows one to simultaneously achieve environmental and economic effects, as well as eliminate the adverse impact of normal emulsions, or adverse effects of water injection into the engine intake system or directly into the combustion chamber, as well as the sequential injection of water directly into the combustion chamber. Application of microemulsion of water and diesel to fuel diesel engine positively affects the combustion process through the catalytic impact of microparticles of water, and improves the process of preparation of the microemulsion injection into the combustion chamber as a result of water microparticles’ microexplosions. This article presents the investigation results of an internal combustion engine fuelled by an emulsion of water ...
Combustion engine pistons are subject to variable mechanical and thermal loads, and to variable d... more Combustion engine pistons are subject to variable mechanical and thermal loads, and to variable deformations. The article presents the possibilities of using novel composite alloys for the construction of pistons for combustion engines. The novel alloys make it possible to meet high demands, especially for highly load designs, which practically cannot be met by conventional alloys used so far. These high requirements relate to the weight of the pistons, high temperature strength, alloy crystalline structure, abrasive wear resistance, dimensional stability. The requirements for pistons have an impact on the durability of the engine's operation, the level of noise emissions; exhaust gas blow-by into the crankcase, the level of emitted toxic exhaust components, mainly hydrocarbons. The research covered metallography (chemical composition, microstructure), material strength, abrasive wear, and thermal expansion. Investigations of the alloy crystallization process during casting were...
The paper presents a review of the suspension solutions used on the street vehicle up to the now ... more The paper presents a review of the suspension solutions used on the street vehicle up to the now a days, finalising with presentation of their damping characteristics and with evaluation of their advantages or disadvantages. Long time the suspension systems have been dominated by the classic passive suspensions realized with metallic springs, shock absorbers with constant damping coefficients and anti-roll bars, excepting some luxury and sport cars using semi-active and active suspensions. There are presented some semi-active suspension solutions with continuous or discontinuous damping characteristics adjustment and the evolution of the Citroen and other active suspensions. All of them improve in some matter the performances but all of them have not ability to recuperate energy and has auxiliary energy consumption so last period the electromagnetically shock absorbers are researched, the paper presenting some of them. The paper also presents magneto rheological MR damper, solutions...
The design of airports and the organization of their work requires the recognition of the basic c... more The design of airports and the organization of their work requires the recognition of the basic components of the air transport process, consisting of an "aerial" part, including the landing phase and the landing operation itself, as well as take-off, the "ground" part, including the task of taxiing aircraft on apron, ground handling tasks, "terminal" part, including passenger handling tasks. These elements form a cause-and-effect sequence, or a series-parallel structure that determines the quality of services provided by the airport, their efficiency, reliability and price. The article presents the issues of decision support for the operation and maintenance of airport infrastructure and traffic management on the ramp and within the airport, i.e. the operation of allocating aircraft to the gates of "gates" using simulation tools. Aircraft taxiing operations on the tarmac integrate the flight phase (along with its components and its problems, ...
The paper contains analysis of the impact on the quality of the fuel spray of droplets on the num... more The paper contains analysis of the impact on the quality of the fuel spray of droplets on the number and the value of the surface area of the droplets that have a direct impact on the efficiency of the combustion process. It presents a change in the level of toxic exhaust emissions with an increase in the so-called. Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of fuel droplets. The presented figures show that the increase in the average droplet diameter SMD in particular causes an increase of toxic exhaust gases emissions, i.e. mainly nitrogen oxides NO, carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbons HC and Particulate Matter (PM). This tendency is not constant, because it is changing according to changes of the coefficient of equivalence Φ. For example, emissions of nitrogen oxides for the lean mixtures (Φ <1), with an increase in average droplet diameter increases, while now for the rich mixtures (Φ> 1), this trend is significantly changed, i.e. the level of this emission decreases.
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Papers by Mirosław Kowalski