Pvd Coatings

Composite coatings, consisting mainly of transition metal nitride and gold-alloy thin films, are produced on stainless steel substrates using a combination of reactive arc evaporation and magnetron sputtering. The coatings are evaluated for their porosity, damage due to arcing, perspiration and adhesion. Thickness, surface roughness, surface morphology, hue and gloss are also determined. Based on these tests and measurements, a decorative coating is developed for an application to wrist-watch straps. The study on optimization of process parameters for the coating is presented in this paper.

The cutting tools of high speed steel or cemented carbide need to be regenerated in many cases. This involves stripping the remnants of the initial coatings. The effects of chemical removal of the PVD TiN, TiAlN, TiN/(TiAlSi)N/TiN and TiZrN/10x(TiN/ZrN)/TiN coatings on some elements of geometry of cutting edges and the adhesion of subsequent coatings deposited on the cutting inserts are considered. Design/methodology/approach: Scanning electron microscopy is used to examine the structures ...

For decades we have hearing that the chemical industry and there also the coating industry, need to break free from its dependency on oil because there are finite resources. Renewable raw materials are constantly under discussion. The paint and coatings industry are focused on innovation and being “green”. Green means a smaller carbon footprint, low VOC content, high renewable content and green processes. The use of renewable ingredients to reduce the carbon footprint, eliminating the use of hazardous materials, introducing biorenewables, incorporating recycled materials, lowering VOC emissions, decreasing energy consumption and reducing waste, while proving it can all be accomplished cost-effectively to become more environmentally responsible. The reduction of environmental damage done by coatings sometimes begins before manufacturing even starts. Research into the carbon footprint of coating materials, or the overall amount of climate-affecting carbon dioxide produced in their manufacture, application, transport and disposal, shows that some coatings simply use fewer resources throughout their life cycles. This paper discusses advances in the use of renewable resources in formulations for various types of coatings. The developments in the application of green and efficient technologies in coating systems are discussed here.

The methods of creating the advanced nanomaterials and nanotechnologies of functional multicomponent coatings Avinit (mono- and multilayer, nanostructured, gradient) to improve the performance of materials, components and parts are considered.
The vacuum-plasma nanotechnologies Avinit were developed based on the use of gas-phase and plasma-chemical processes of atomic-ionic surface modification and the formation of nanolayer coatings in the environment of non-steady low-temperature plasma.
Considerable attention is paid to the equipment for application of functional multilayer composite coatings: an experimental-technological vacuum-plasma automated cluster Avinit, which allows to implement complex methods of coating, combined in one technological cycle.
The information about the structure and service characteristics of Avinit coatings has a large place.
The results of metallographic, metallophysical, tribological investigations of properties of the created coatings and linking of their characteristics with parameters of sedimentation process are described. The possibilities of parameters processes regulation for the purpose of reception of functional materials with the set physicochemical, mechanical complex and other properties are considered.
The investigation of creating of multilayer protective surface coatings Аvinit based on Ti - TiN for turbine blades by vacuum-arc method was carried out.
The influence of different methods and modes of vacuum-plasma treatment of coated surface of substrates to the adhesion value of nanolayer protective Ti - TiN coatings is studied.
On the basis of carried out investigations the technology of coating the steam turbines blades for protection against flow-accelerated corrosions is developed.
The issues of development and industrial implementation of the latest technologies for applying wear-resistant antifriction coatings Avinit with the use of nanotechnology to increase the life of various critical elements of steam and nuclear turbines are covered in detail.
The book is aimed at specialists working in the field of ion-plasma surface modification of materials and functional coatings application.

The possibility for obtaining Cr-C/Cr-N/Cr coatings on a tool steel 9CrSi by reactive magnetron sputtering has been discussed. The influence of the deposition temperature and the distance “target - substrate ” on the chemical and phase composition of the coatings has been investigated. The microhardness has been measured on the cross section and the corrosion protecting properties have been evaluated in 3 % NaCl solution.

Bulk heterojunction solar cells made by vacuum co-evaporation of polythiophene (PTh) and fullerene (C60) are reported and the blend morphology control through donor–acceptor composition and post-situ annealing demonstrated. Co-deposited heterojunctions are shown to generate about 60% higher photocurrents than their thickness-optimized PTh/C60 planar heterojunction counterparts. Furthermore, by annealing the devices post-situ the power conversion efficiency is improved by as much as 80%. UV–vis, XRD and AFM analysis shows that the enhanced photoresponse is a result of favorable morphological development of PTh upon annealing. Annealing-induced improvement of the donor–acceptor network is demonstrated across a wide range of compositions (20–80% PTh). This illustrates that good morphology control is possible in co-evaporated polymer–fullerene blends through multiple parameters and differentiates this donor–acceptor combination from the standard small-molecule systems.

• Vacuum deposition of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells is reported.
• Their performance is optimized through composition as well as post-situ thermal annealing.
• Annealing enhances efficiency over a wide range of D:A blend compositions (1:4–4:1).
• Improved blend morphology results from favorable phase separation of the polymer.
• Morphology control in the polymer blend is superior to the equivalent oligomer blends.

In last decade, more research has been conducted in order to find the better way for utilizing the wastes product generated from food processing industries. The increasing demand of industrial by-products is one of the main reasons for the conversion of these wastes into valuable products. Among the different valuable products from the waste, the extraction of collagen and gelatin could be a better way of utilizing the wastes, due to their effective applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. The most abundant source of collagen and gelatin are landbased animals, such as cow and pig. However, the extraction of collagen and gelatin from non-mammalian sources such as fish has been high influences in current society due to some religious and disease transmission issues. Many studies have dealt with the extraction and functional properties of collagen and gelatin from fish wastes. The present work is a compilation of information on biomedical and pharmaceutical application of collagen and gelatin from fish processing wastes.

Аbstract: Surface treatments used in daily manufacturing of parts are selected to serve functional and decorative requirements achieved by mass production. Within the last decade, improved and new deposition techniques were developed in PVD and thermochemical heat treatment. Generating optimized surfaces for different types of substrate materials (e.g. Al-alloys, case hardened steels, etc.) and geometries (e.g. bores) also impacts the running costs. That’s why in the present study the appearance, surface roughness and some properties of oxy-nitrocarburized and PVD-coated 9XC alloyed tool steel are discussed and compared.
Keywords: PVD; vacuum oxy-nitrocarburizing; hardness; wear-resistance; friction; decoration

The vacuum thermal evaporation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(thiophene) (PTh) conductive polymers with and without side groups is reported. The role of side groups in relation to structural and electronic properties is examined. FT-IR and GPC analysis is used to study the effect deposition has on conjugation of the polymer. Topography and grain structure of the polymer films are studied using MicroXAM, AFM and TEM. XRD and TEM data reveal enhanced molecular packing and crystallinity of PTh. This results in significantly improved charge transport properties with relatively high hole mobilities (10−4 cm2/Vs). Evaluation of PTh and P3HT electronic properties is performed on simple geometry planar C60 heterojunction solar cells. PTh/C60 devices exhibit almost a 70% increase in efficiency as compared to P3HT/C60 devices, demonstrating enhanced charge collection in PTh films through improved molecular order.

► Vacuum evaporation of polymers with (P3HT) and without side groups (PTh) is reported.
► Polymer side groups influence structural and electronic properties of the films.
► Molecular order and charge transport in PTh are significantly better than in P3HT.
► High PTh hole mobilities (10−4 cm2/Vs) and PTh/C60 device efficiencies are achieved.
► Vacuum thermal evaporation is suitable for the deposition of low solubility polymers.

Purpose-This study aims to investigate the high-temperature wear behavior of the TiN-and AlTiN/TiSiN-coated WC materials. Design/methodology/approach-The coating process was carried out using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method. Wear tests were performed by a ball-on-disc wear device with a high-temperature wear module. In microstructural investigation of the materials, it was benefited from traditional characterization methods such as, SEM, EDX analysis and microhardness measurement. Findings-The best wear performance was obtained with AlTiN/TiSiN-coated WC materials at all loads and temperatures, followed by TiN-coated and uncoated WC samples. An important wear was not observed on the samples tested at room temperature tests. It was found that the temperature increase is an effective parameter on the decrease of the wear resistance of the samples. In addition, it was seen that the increasing load and temperature change the wear mechanism on the uncoated WC sample. The wear mechanisms observed at high temperatures were delamination and oxidation for the WC, fatigue for AlTiN/TiSiN-coated WC and micro-scratch and micro-spalling for TiN-coated WC. Originality/value-The results of the experimental studies demonstrated that hard coatings improving wear resistance of WC.

""(EN)Compositions are disclosed containing a solvated viscoelastic polymeric gel diluted into an ionically conductive aqueous solution which can be usefully applied to any surface that is hydrophobic to act, for example, as an antifogging coating with minimal optical distortion and excellent transparency. The compositions can also be used as lubricious agents on medical implants, shunts, and surgical supplies to minimize tissue trauma, to maximize bio-compatibility, and to increase healing by enhancing better irrigation and flow in adjacent tissue.
(FR)L'invention porte sur des compositions contenant un gel polymère viscoélastique solvaté, dilué dans une solution aqueuse ioniquement conductrice qui peut être utilement appliquée sur toute surface qui est hydrophobe, pour servir, par exemple, de revêtement antibuée avec une distorsion optique minimale et une excellente transparence. Les compositions peuvent également être utilisées en tant qu'agents lubrifiants sur des implants médicaux, des dérivations, et des fournitures chirurgicales, pour rendre minimal le traumatisme tissulaire, pour rendre maximale la biocompatibilité et pour augmenter la cicatrisation par une meilleure irrigation et une amélioration de la circulation dans le tissu adjacent""

The methods of creating the advanced nanomaterials and nanotechnolo-gies of functional multicomponent coatings Avinit (mono- and multilayer, nano-structured, gradient) to improve the performance of materials, components and parts are considered.The vacuum-plasma nanotechnologies Avinit were developed based on the use of gas-phase and plasma-chemical processes of atomic-ionic surface modifi-cation and the formation of nanolayer coatings in the environment of non-steady low-temperature plasma.Considerable attention is paid to the equipment for application of function-al multilayer composite coatings: an experimental-technological vacuum-plas-ma automated cluster Avinit, which allows to implement complex methods of coating, combined in one technological cycle. The information about the struc-ture and service characteristics of Avinit coatings has a large place.The results of metallographic, metallophysical, tribological investigations of properties of the created coatings and linking of their characteristics with pa-rameters of sedimentation process are described. The possibilities of parameters processes regulation for the purpose of reception of functional materials with the set physicochemical, mechanical complex and other properties are considered.The investigation of creating of multilayer protective surface coatings Аvinit based on Ti-TiN for turbine blades by vacuum-arc method was carried out.The influence of different methods and modes of vacuum-plasma treatment of coated surface of substrates to the adhesion value of nanolayer protective Ti-TiN coatings is studied. On the basis of carried out investigations the technology of coating the steam turbines blades for protection against flow-accelerated cor-rosions is developed. The issues of development and industrial implementation of the latest technologies for applying wear-resistant antifriction coatings Avinit with the use of nanotechnology to increase the life of various critical elements of steam and nuclear turbines are covered in detail.The book is aimed at specialists working in the field of ion-plasma surface modification of materials and functional coatings application

Abstract The hard coatings application on cutting tools improves the lifetime, performance and also quality of the workpiece, usually by increasing the wear resistance. Hafnium nitride and vanadium nitride multilayer coatings [HfN/VN]n present mechanical, tribological and physical-chemical properties that have been identified previously by other authors and are desirable for cutting tools. With physical vapor deposition (PVD) of hafnium nitride/vanadium nitride [HfN/VN]n multilayer coatings were deposited with bilayer numbers n  = 1, n  = 50 and n  = 80 onto High-speed steel (HSS) cutting tools by using the Multi-target Magnetron Sputtering technique, the machining tools used as a substrate were burin ASSAB 17 steel. The uncoated tools and coated tools with HfN/VN multilayers were used to machine AISI 1020 steel bars at the same turning parameters by using a CNC machine. The cutting efficiency, machining quality, and tool wear are influenced by coating nature and the temperature, therefore, as an evaluation method the tool temperature, the steel temperature, and the machining chip temperature were measured by means an infrared sensor. The data analyses were carried out in MatLab, to identify average temperature and temperature rate for all machining tools. The superficial roughnesses ( Ra ) of workpieces were evaluated by using a roughness tester. Tool wear and surface wear mechanism were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In this work it was found that temperature rates on machining tools and on machined workpieces were decreased, in relation to chip temperatures which exhibit an increasing. The workpiece roughness was reduced around 28%, and the wear rate was reduced around 50%, in relation to the uncoated and coated tools with [HfN/VN]n multilayers. Results showed in this research reveal that [HfN/VN]n multilayers, as function of bilayer number (n), improve the lifetime of the cutting tools due to the reduction of energy transfer and the increase in wear resistance, with low friction coefficient between cutting tool and workpiece evidenced in the surface roughness associated to the workpiece.

A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: W-B-C films Reactive magnetron sputtering Trimethylboron Nanoindentation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Thin film X-ray diffraction Scanning Electron microscope A B S T R A C T W-B-C films were deposited on Si(100) substrates held at elevated temperature by reactive sputtering from a W target in Kr/trimethylboron (TMB) plasmas. Quantitative analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the films are W-rich between ~ 73 and ~ 93 at.% W. The highest metal content is detected in the film deposited with 1 sccm TMB. The C and B concentrations increase with increasing TMB flow to a maximum of ~18 and ~7 at.%, respectively, while the O content remains nearly constant at 2-3 at.%. Chemical bonding structure analysis performed after samples sputter-cleaning reveals CeW and BeW bonding and no detectable WeO bonds. During film growth with 5 sccm TMB and 500 °C or with 10 sccm TMB and 300-600 °C thin film X-ray diffraction shows the formation of cubic 100-oriented WC 1-x with a possible solid solution of B. Lower flows and lower growth temperatures favor growth of W and W 2 C, respectively. Depositions at 700 and 800 °C result in the formation of WSi 2 due to a reaction with the substrate. At 900 °C, XPS analysis shows ~96 at.% Si in the film due to Si interdiffusion. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal a fine-grained microstructure for the deposited WC 1-x films. Nanoindentation gives hardness values in the range from ~23 to ~31 GPa and reduced elastic moduli between ~220 and 280 GPa in the films deposited at temperatures lower than 600 °C. At higher growth temperatures, the hardness decreases by a factor of 3 to 4 following the formation of WSi 2 at 700-800 °C and Si-rich surface at 900 °C.

We investigate sputtering of a Ti3SiC2 compound target at temperatures ranging from RT (no applied external heating) to 970 oC as well as the influence of the sputtering power at 850 oC for the deposition of Ti3SiC2 films on Al2O3(0001) substrates. Elemental composition obtained from time-of-flight energy elastic recoil detection analysis shows an excess of carbon in all films, which is explained by differences in angular distribution between C, Si and Ti, where C scatters the least during sputtering. The oxygen content is 2.6 at.% in the film deposited at RT and decreases with increasing deposition temperature, showing that higher temperatures favor high purity films. Chemical bonding analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows C-Ti and Si-C bonding in the Ti3SiC2 films and Si-Si bonding in the Ti3SiC2 compound target. X-ray diffraction reveals that the phases Ti3SiC2, Ti4SiC3, and Ti7Si2C5 can be deposited from a Ti3SiC2 compound target at substrate temperatures above 850 oC and with growth of TiC and the Nowotny phase Ti5Si3Cx at lower temperatures. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy shows epitaxial growth of Ti3SiC2, Ti4SiC3, and Ti7Si2C5 on TiC at 970 oC. Four-point probe resistivity measurements give values in the range 120 to 450 cm and with the lowest values obtained for films containing Ti3SiC2, Ti4SiC3, and Ti7Si2C5.

Hafnium nitride monolayer coatings were deposited as thin films on high-speed steel by magnetron sputtering physical vapor deposition. Uncoated high-speed steels ASSAB 17 were used as reference systems, for machining on AISI1020 steel by chip removal, measuring the temperature during the process. Wear resistance of the tools was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, and through of the surfaces of the steel using a roughness tester. It was evidenced that the use of monolayer hafnium coatings on uncoated high-speed steel reduces the adhesive wear of the tool and the energy transfer during the cutting process. Also, hafnium nitride coating offers advantages in its application to chip removal process of ferrous metals, by increasing the life of the tool, improving the quality of the work piece, and reducing cutting process time and cost.

Although the biocompatibility of Ti has been confirmed, it is still difficult to meet all the requirements, such as antibacterial ability, osseointegration and mechanical properties. Titanium alloys have a high friction coefficient while interacting with bone or tissue, which can cause wear debris, pain and loosening of implants. This situation could be avoided by using alloy surface modification by a durable, mechanically stable, wear resistant TiN coating with a low friction coefficient as a base for an overlaying adjacent nanostructured TiOx. The complex coating will ensure the lowering of friction and elasticity modulus 􀉨f the surface, while fatigue strength, mechanical, wear, cracking and corrosion resistances, biocompatibility and hydrophilicity will be enhanced. The influence of applied coating on the mechanical properties, adhesion strength and surface morphology of TiN and coatings vacuum oxidized in the chamber was studied. The surface morphology was analyzed by light microscopy after the film deposition. Surface roughness of the samples was evaluated and XRD analyzer was used to obtain diffraction patterns. The mechanical properties, i.e. hardness, modulus of elasticity and coating strength were characterized by nano-indentation technique. HV adhesion test was utilized to compare adhesion and brittleness of the coatings. Adhesion strength was evaluated by generally accepted scratch test technique. In addition, surface hydrophilicity was utilized to compare different surface contact angles.
Key words: biocompatibility; implant