In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun own... more In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership in America. The primary hypothesis, derived from the psychosexual theory of gun ownership, asserts that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises will be more likely to personally own guns. To test this hypothesis, we used data collected from the 2023 Masculinity, Sexual Health, and Politics (MSHAP) survey, a national probability sample of 1,840 men, and regression analyses to model personal gun ownership as a function of penis size dissatisfaction, experiences with penis enlargement, social desirability, masculinity, body mass, mental health, and a range of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises are less likely to personally own guns across outcomes, including any gun ownership, military-style rifle ownership, and total number of guns owned. The inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership is linear; however, the association is weakest among men ages 60 and older. With these findings in mind, we failed to observe any differences in personal gun ownership between men who have and have not attempted penis enlargement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to formally examine the association between penis size and personal gun ownership in America. Our findings fail to support the psychosexual theory of gun ownership. Alternative theories are posited for the apparent inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and personal gun ownership, including higher levels of testosterone and constructionist explanations.
In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun own... more In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership in America. The primary hypothesis, derived from the psychosexual theory of gun ownership, asserts that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises will be more likely to personally own guns. To test this hypothesis, we used data collected from the 2023 Masculinity, Sexual Health, and Politics (MSHAP) survey, a national probability sample of 1,840 men, and regression analyses to model personal gun ownership as a function of penis size dissatisfaction, experiences with penis enlargement, social desirability, masculinity, body mass, mental health, and a range of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises are less likely to personally own guns across outcomes, including any gun ownership, military-style rifle ownership, and total number of guns owned. The inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership is linear; however, the association is weakest among men ages 60 and older. With these findings in mind, we failed to observe any differences in personal gun ownership between men who have and have not attempted penis enlargement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to formally examine the association between penis size and personal gun ownership in America. Our findings fail to support the psychosexual theory of gun ownership. Alternative theories are posited for the apparent inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and personal gun ownership, including higher levels of testosterone and constructionist explanations.
ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complex... more ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complexities and latent dimensions of racial outgroup attitudes in the United States.MethodsUsing the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, we conduct a series of exploratory factor analyses to identify factorial structures of racial attitudes toward different ethnoracial groups and further establish the construct validity of identified dimensions by observing their association with a theoretically related concept, individualistic blame toward racial outgroups.ResultsWe identify a robust three‐factor solution that we label competence, warmth, and socioeconomic standing, the last of which is distinct from Fiske's SCM. We find that the dimensions of competence and socioeconomic standing are closely related to respondents’ individualistic attitudes toward their racial outgroups.ConclusionGiven the robustness and significance of the dimension of socioeconomic standing, we suggest employing our three dimensions to better conceptualize racial stereotypes.
ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complex... more ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complexities and latent dimensions of racial outgroup attitudes in the United States.MethodsUsing the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, we conduct a series of exploratory factor analyses to identify factorial structures of racial attitudes toward different ethnoracial groups and further establish the construct validity of identified dimensions by observing their association with a theoretically related concept, individualistic blame toward racial outgroups.ResultsWe identify a robust three‐factor solution that we label competence, warmth, and socioeconomic standing, the last of which is distinct from Fiske's SCM. We find that the dimensions of competence and socioeconomic standing are closely related to respondents’ individualistic attitudes toward their racial outgroups.ConclusionGiven the robustness and significance of the dimension of socioeconomic standing, we suggest employing ...
Latinos and Asian-Americans constitute the largest recent immigrant groups in the United States. ... more Latinos and Asian-Americans constitute the largest recent immigrant groups in the United States. Upon arrival, immigrants from these groups generally identify with their national origin despite being categorized as “Asian” or “Latino” for state enumeration. While both are racialized and excluded from mainstream identities, they differ in their internal linguistic and religious diversities, socioeconomic status, and immigration experiences. Sociologists theorized that Asian-American panethnicity is based on structural commonalities while Latino panethnicity is built upon cultural commonalities. We elaborate the theoretical understanding of contexts associated with this identification and find alternative underpinnings that shape both groups’ panethnic identification. We find generation since immigration is a common basis for elevated likelihood of panethnic identification for both groups. However, among Asian-Americans, we find English proficiency and age increase people’s odds of id...
In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun own... more In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership in America. The primary hypothesis, derived from the psychosexual theory of gun ownership, asserts that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises will be more likely to personally own guns. To test this hypothesis, we used data collected from the 2023 Masculinity, Sexual Health, and Politics (MSHAP) survey, a national probability sample of 1,840 men, and regression analyses to model personal gun ownership as a function of penis size dissatisfaction, experiences with penis enlargement, social desirability, masculinity, body mass, mental health, and a range of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises are less likely to personally own guns across outcomes, including any gun ownership, military-style rifle ownership, and total number of guns owned. The inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership is linear; however, the association is weakest among men ages 60 and older. With these findings in mind, we failed to observe any differences in personal gun ownership between men who have and have not attempted penis enlargement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to formally examine the association between penis size and personal gun ownership in America. Our findings fail to support the psychosexual theory of gun ownership. Alternative theories are posited for the apparent inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and personal gun ownership, including higher levels of testosterone and constructionist explanations.
In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun own... more In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership in America. The primary hypothesis, derived from the psychosexual theory of gun ownership, asserts that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises will be more likely to personally own guns. To test this hypothesis, we used data collected from the 2023 Masculinity, Sexual Health, and Politics (MSHAP) survey, a national probability sample of 1,840 men, and regression analyses to model personal gun ownership as a function of penis size dissatisfaction, experiences with penis enlargement, social desirability, masculinity, body mass, mental health, and a range of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises are less likely to personally own guns across outcomes, including any gun ownership, military-style rifle ownership, and total number of guns owned. The inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership is linear; however, the association is weakest among men ages 60 and older. With these findings in mind, we failed to observe any differences in personal gun ownership between men who have and have not attempted penis enlargement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to formally examine the association between penis size and personal gun ownership in America. Our findings fail to support the psychosexual theory of gun ownership. Alternative theories are posited for the apparent inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and personal gun ownership, including higher levels of testosterone and constructionist explanations.
ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complex... more ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complexities and latent dimensions of racial outgroup attitudes in the United States.MethodsUsing the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, we conduct a series of exploratory factor analyses to identify factorial structures of racial attitudes toward different ethnoracial groups and further establish the construct validity of identified dimensions by observing their association with a theoretically related concept, individualistic blame toward racial outgroups.ResultsWe identify a robust three‐factor solution that we label competence, warmth, and socioeconomic standing, the last of which is distinct from Fiske's SCM. We find that the dimensions of competence and socioeconomic standing are closely related to respondents’ individualistic attitudes toward their racial outgroups.ConclusionGiven the robustness and significance of the dimension of socioeconomic standing, we suggest employing our three dimensions to better conceptualize racial stereotypes.
ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complex... more ObjectiveThis study draws on Fiske's stereotype content model (SCM) to understand the complexities and latent dimensions of racial outgroup attitudes in the United States.MethodsUsing the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, we conduct a series of exploratory factor analyses to identify factorial structures of racial attitudes toward different ethnoracial groups and further establish the construct validity of identified dimensions by observing their association with a theoretically related concept, individualistic blame toward racial outgroups.ResultsWe identify a robust three‐factor solution that we label competence, warmth, and socioeconomic standing, the last of which is distinct from Fiske's SCM. We find that the dimensions of competence and socioeconomic standing are closely related to respondents’ individualistic attitudes toward their racial outgroups.ConclusionGiven the robustness and significance of the dimension of socioeconomic standing, we suggest employing ...
Latinos and Asian-Americans constitute the largest recent immigrant groups in the United States. ... more Latinos and Asian-Americans constitute the largest recent immigrant groups in the United States. Upon arrival, immigrants from these groups generally identify with their national origin despite being categorized as “Asian” or “Latino” for state enumeration. While both are racialized and excluded from mainstream identities, they differ in their internal linguistic and religious diversities, socioeconomic status, and immigration experiences. Sociologists theorized that Asian-American panethnicity is based on structural commonalities while Latino panethnicity is built upon cultural commonalities. We elaborate the theoretical understanding of contexts associated with this identification and find alternative underpinnings that shape both groups’ panethnic identification. We find generation since immigration is a common basis for elevated likelihood of panethnic identification for both groups. However, among Asian-Americans, we find English proficiency and age increase people’s odds of id...
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Journal Articles by Liwen Zeng
Papers by Liwen Zeng