FIGURE 11. Ab. chinensis Female reproductive system and bursa. A dorsal entire system with tergit... more FIGURE 11. Ab. chinensis Female reproductive system and bursa. A dorsal entire system with tergite 8 in place, spermatophore digesting gland to right; B detail bursa hooks dorsal. (Scale bar = 1 mm). BU, bursa; SDG, spermatophore digesting gland; V, valvifer.
Fireflies are a family of charismatic beetles known for their bioluminescent signals. Recent anec... more Fireflies are a family of charismatic beetles known for their bioluminescent signals. Recent anecdotal reports suggest that firefly populations in North America may be in decline. However, prior to this work, no studies have undertaken a systematic compilation of geographic distribution, habitat specificity, and threats facing North American fireflies. To better understand their extinction risks, we conducted baseline assessments according to the categories and criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for 132 species from the United States and Canada (approximately 79% of described species in the region). We found at least 18 species (14%) are threatened with extinction (e.g. categorized as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable) due to various pressures, including habitat loss, light pollution, and climate change (sea level rise and drought). In addition, more than half of the species (53%) could not be evaluated against the assessmen...
FIGURE 29. Abs. terminalis flash pattern. A flash pattern of patrolling male; B flash pattern of ... more FIGURE 29. Abs. terminalis flash pattern. A flash pattern of patrolling male; B flash pattern of male perched on tip of grass; C calling signal of female.
FIGURE 28. Number of emergent adults of Abs. terminalis from Laboratory rearing across a one mont... more FIGURE 28. Number of emergent adults of Abs. terminalis from Laboratory rearing across a one month period (Photoperiod = 12: 12, Temperature 25 ° C, humidity 70 – 80 %.)
FIGURE 25. Abs. terminalis fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D part of labium, maxilla and le... more FIGURE 25. Abs. terminalis fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D part of labium, maxilla and left antenna; E larva. (A anterior view slightly to one side with ventral surface uppermost; B, E, dorsal; C, D ventral). A 1 antennal segment 1; A 2 antennal segment 2; A 3 antennal segment 3; SC sensory cone; LP labial palp; G galea; MXP maxillary palpus.
FIGURE 24. Abs. terminalis Female reproductive system and bursa. A entire system with V 8 intact,... more FIGURE 24. Abs. terminalis Female reproductive system and bursa. A entire system with V 8 intact, spermatophore digesting gland to top of figure. B detail bursa hooks. (Scale bar = 1 mm). BU, bursa; SDG, spermatophore digesting gland; V, valvifer.
FIGURE 20. Habitus Abscondita terminalis. A, B male; C female; D, E larva; F male pupa (A, D dors... more FIGURE 20. Habitus Abscondita terminalis. A, B male; C female; D, E larva; F male pupa (A, D dorsal; B, C, E, F ventral) (Scale bar = 5 mm).
FIGURE 19. Luciola aegrota Olivier A, B, C, F, G (syntype male MCSN). Luciola promelaena (Walker)... more FIGURE 19. Luciola aegrota Olivier A, B, C, F, G (syntype male MCSN). Luciola promelaena (Walker) D, E (type female NHML). Locality labels H, I. A, C, D, dorsal, B, E ventral whole body; F aedeagus ventral; G dissected abdomen ventral.
FIGURE 18. Luciola perplexa Walker A, B (type male NHML). Luciola dubia Olivier C, D (type male N... more FIGURE 18. Luciola perplexa Walker A, B (type male NHML). Luciola dubia Olivier C, D (type male NHML), E, F female (NHML). A, C, E dorsal; B, D, F ventral.
FIGURE 15. Abs. chinensis male produced various single flashes. Males controlled their flashes by... more FIGURE 15. Abs. chinensis male produced various single flashes. Males controlled their flashes by manipulating relative intensity as increased-held-increased-held or decreased-held-decreased-held ways. D the most complex-manipulated flash with 10 times fluctuated intensity; C the least manipulated flash with only 1 time fluctuated intensity.
FIGURE 14. Luminescence of pupae and adults of Abs. chinensis (Scale bar = 5 mm). A, B, C pupae, ... more FIGURE 14. Luminescence of pupae and adults of Abs. chinensis (Scale bar = 5 mm). A, B, C pupae, D adult. A three day old male ventral (F 4.5, exposure time 526 seconds, ISO 200); B three day old male lateral (F 4.5, exposure time 369.9 seconds, ISO 200); C three day old female ventral (F 7.1, exposure time 423 seconds, ISO 800); D Newly eclosed female within 3 hours (F 5.6, exposure time 92.1 seconds, ISO 1250).
FIGURE 13. Abs. chinensis life history. A Larvae feeding on body of dead ant Polyrhachis vicina; ... more FIGURE 13. Abs. chinensis life history. A Larvae feeding on body of dead ant Polyrhachis vicina; B pupal cell; C Male feeding on flower of pomegranate Punica granatum; D male and female in copulo.
FIGURE 10. Ab. chinensis male genitalia. A, B aedeagal sheath; C, D, E aedeagus (A, C dorsal; B, ... more FIGURE 10. Ab. chinensis male genitalia. A, B aedeagal sheath; C, D, E aedeagus (A, C dorsal; B, D ventral; E right lateral) (Scale bar = 1 mm).
FIGURE 7. Habitus Abs. chinensis. A, B male; C, D female; E, F larva (A, C, E dorsal; B, D, F ven... more FIGURE 7. Habitus Abs. chinensis. A, B male; C, D female; E, F larva (A, C, E dorsal; B, D, F ventral) (Scale bar = 5 mm).
FIGURE 6. Habitats. A, Abs. chinensis (Mt. Dabie, Yingshan City, Hubei Province) and B, Abs. term... more FIGURE 6. Habitats. A, Abs. chinensis (Mt. Dabie, Yingshan City, Hubei Province) and B, Abs. terminalis (Red flag village, Wuhan City, Hubei Province).
FIGURE 5. Abscondita anceyi flash pattern. A, male fast flash on top of bamboos; B, female slow g... more FIGURE 5. Abscondita anceyi flash pattern. A, male fast flash on top of bamboos; B, female slow glow when flying to top of bamboos after dark; C, female flash on top of bamboos (recorded in Mt. E Mei, temperature 18 ° C, humidity 80 %).
FIGURE 4. Abscondita anceyi fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D antenna, terminal three segme... more FIGURE 4. Abscondita anceyi fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D antenna, terminal three segments (A dorsal; B, D ventral; C anterior, dorsal surface uppermost).
FIGURE 11. Ab. chinensis Female reproductive system and bursa. A dorsal entire system with tergit... more FIGURE 11. Ab. chinensis Female reproductive system and bursa. A dorsal entire system with tergite 8 in place, spermatophore digesting gland to right; B detail bursa hooks dorsal. (Scale bar = 1 mm). BU, bursa; SDG, spermatophore digesting gland; V, valvifer.
Fireflies are a family of charismatic beetles known for their bioluminescent signals. Recent anec... more Fireflies are a family of charismatic beetles known for their bioluminescent signals. Recent anecdotal reports suggest that firefly populations in North America may be in decline. However, prior to this work, no studies have undertaken a systematic compilation of geographic distribution, habitat specificity, and threats facing North American fireflies. To better understand their extinction risks, we conducted baseline assessments according to the categories and criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for 132 species from the United States and Canada (approximately 79% of described species in the region). We found at least 18 species (14%) are threatened with extinction (e.g. categorized as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable) due to various pressures, including habitat loss, light pollution, and climate change (sea level rise and drought). In addition, more than half of the species (53%) could not be evaluated against the assessmen...
FIGURE 29. Abs. terminalis flash pattern. A flash pattern of patrolling male; B flash pattern of ... more FIGURE 29. Abs. terminalis flash pattern. A flash pattern of patrolling male; B flash pattern of male perched on tip of grass; C calling signal of female.
FIGURE 28. Number of emergent adults of Abs. terminalis from Laboratory rearing across a one mont... more FIGURE 28. Number of emergent adults of Abs. terminalis from Laboratory rearing across a one month period (Photoperiod = 12: 12, Temperature 25 ° C, humidity 70 – 80 %.)
FIGURE 25. Abs. terminalis fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D part of labium, maxilla and le... more FIGURE 25. Abs. terminalis fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D part of labium, maxilla and left antenna; E larva. (A anterior view slightly to one side with ventral surface uppermost; B, E, dorsal; C, D ventral). A 1 antennal segment 1; A 2 antennal segment 2; A 3 antennal segment 3; SC sensory cone; LP labial palp; G galea; MXP maxillary palpus.
FIGURE 24. Abs. terminalis Female reproductive system and bursa. A entire system with V 8 intact,... more FIGURE 24. Abs. terminalis Female reproductive system and bursa. A entire system with V 8 intact, spermatophore digesting gland to top of figure. B detail bursa hooks. (Scale bar = 1 mm). BU, bursa; SDG, spermatophore digesting gland; V, valvifer.
FIGURE 20. Habitus Abscondita terminalis. A, B male; C female; D, E larva; F male pupa (A, D dors... more FIGURE 20. Habitus Abscondita terminalis. A, B male; C female; D, E larva; F male pupa (A, D dorsal; B, C, E, F ventral) (Scale bar = 5 mm).
FIGURE 19. Luciola aegrota Olivier A, B, C, F, G (syntype male MCSN). Luciola promelaena (Walker)... more FIGURE 19. Luciola aegrota Olivier A, B, C, F, G (syntype male MCSN). Luciola promelaena (Walker) D, E (type female NHML). Locality labels H, I. A, C, D, dorsal, B, E ventral whole body; F aedeagus ventral; G dissected abdomen ventral.
FIGURE 18. Luciola perplexa Walker A, B (type male NHML). Luciola dubia Olivier C, D (type male N... more FIGURE 18. Luciola perplexa Walker A, B (type male NHML). Luciola dubia Olivier C, D (type male NHML), E, F female (NHML). A, C, E dorsal; B, D, F ventral.
FIGURE 15. Abs. chinensis male produced various single flashes. Males controlled their flashes by... more FIGURE 15. Abs. chinensis male produced various single flashes. Males controlled their flashes by manipulating relative intensity as increased-held-increased-held or decreased-held-decreased-held ways. D the most complex-manipulated flash with 10 times fluctuated intensity; C the least manipulated flash with only 1 time fluctuated intensity.
FIGURE 14. Luminescence of pupae and adults of Abs. chinensis (Scale bar = 5 mm). A, B, C pupae, ... more FIGURE 14. Luminescence of pupae and adults of Abs. chinensis (Scale bar = 5 mm). A, B, C pupae, D adult. A three day old male ventral (F 4.5, exposure time 526 seconds, ISO 200); B three day old male lateral (F 4.5, exposure time 369.9 seconds, ISO 200); C three day old female ventral (F 7.1, exposure time 423 seconds, ISO 800); D Newly eclosed female within 3 hours (F 5.6, exposure time 92.1 seconds, ISO 1250).
FIGURE 13. Abs. chinensis life history. A Larvae feeding on body of dead ant Polyrhachis vicina; ... more FIGURE 13. Abs. chinensis life history. A Larvae feeding on body of dead ant Polyrhachis vicina; B pupal cell; C Male feeding on flower of pomegranate Punica granatum; D male and female in copulo.
FIGURE 10. Ab. chinensis male genitalia. A, B aedeagal sheath; C, D, E aedeagus (A, C dorsal; B, ... more FIGURE 10. Ab. chinensis male genitalia. A, B aedeagal sheath; C, D, E aedeagus (A, C dorsal; B, D ventral; E right lateral) (Scale bar = 1 mm).
FIGURE 7. Habitus Abs. chinensis. A, B male; C, D female; E, F larva (A, C, E dorsal; B, D, F ven... more FIGURE 7. Habitus Abs. chinensis. A, B male; C, D female; E, F larva (A, C, E dorsal; B, D, F ventral) (Scale bar = 5 mm).
FIGURE 6. Habitats. A, Abs. chinensis (Mt. Dabie, Yingshan City, Hubei Province) and B, Abs. term... more FIGURE 6. Habitats. A, Abs. chinensis (Mt. Dabie, Yingshan City, Hubei Province) and B, Abs. terminalis (Red flag village, Wuhan City, Hubei Province).
FIGURE 5. Abscondita anceyi flash pattern. A, male fast flash on top of bamboos; B, female slow g... more FIGURE 5. Abscondita anceyi flash pattern. A, male fast flash on top of bamboos; B, female slow glow when flying to top of bamboos after dark; C, female flash on top of bamboos (recorded in Mt. E Mei, temperature 18 ° C, humidity 80 %).
FIGURE 4. Abscondita anceyi fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D antenna, terminal three segme... more FIGURE 4. Abscondita anceyi fifth instar larva SEM. A, B, C head; D antenna, terminal three segments (A dorsal; B, D ventral; C anterior, dorsal surface uppermost).
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