Proceedings of 21th Hellenic Forestry Conference, Loutra Edipsou, Greece, 2023
Köppen's climate classification was and will always be important and useful, not only due to its ... more Köppen's climate classification was and will always be important and useful, not only due to its simplicity in application, but also because of its correlation with the Vegetation Formations of the Earth. With the methodology followed, this fact is easily confirmed, dispelling any objections that have been raised from time to time, thanks to the detailed nowadays, satellite mapping of vegetation and land uses across the planet, as well as the existence of freely accessible, online tools such as Google Earth. Thus, Köppen's climate classification and the correspondence of its climates with the Earth's main Vegetation Formations constitute essential knowledge for foresters, as well as all geotechnical scientists and biologists.
The research on the relationship between forest fires and meteorology is carried out using simple... more The research on the relationship between forest fires and meteorology is carried out using simple meteorological variables (Temperature, Wind and Precipitation) from a few, but well selected Greek meteorological stations. The 5 years (1998, 2000, 2007, 2012 and 2021), which recorded burnt areas more than the 25-year average (37000 ha), had as a common characteristic on the one hand a much drier than usual two-month period (July-August) following a winter period with a shortage of rainfall, and on the other hand a number of days with very high temperatures higher than the average of the last 25 years. The latter implies average temperatures in all three summer months at least 1°C above their normal values. In the years following, the burnt areas were below their average regardless of the precipitation and summer temperature patterns. However, when pre-cipitation during the two-month period (July-August) was 2 or more times more than normal, fire seasons had at most one-third of the 25-year average of burned areas, regardless of the precipita-tion of the winter periods preceding and summer temperatures in those years. This is very im-portant as already in the early days of each fire season it will be possible to have an estimation of its outcome and to prepare more appropriately when the accuracy of the long-term seasonal forecast of temperature and rainfall anomalies is improved.
Aim of this work is to define the most important air temperature-related variables that best corr... more Aim of this work is to define the most important air temperature-related variables that best correlate with the lower and higher altitudinal distribution limits of tree- and shrub-species in Greece. We selected several extreme sites (in terms of altitude) where fir (Abies spp.), black pine (Pinus nigra), beech (Fagus sylvatica s.l.), kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and mastic tree (lentisc – Pistacia lentiscus) occur throughout Greece. For each site we estimated, using regression equations, the mean monthly and mean maximum air temperature of the warmest month, the mean air temperature of the vegetation period, the mean monthly and mean minimum air temperature of the coldest month, and the mean annual air temperature. For all temperature variables we calculated and compared the standard deviation. We concluded that air temperature values related to the warmest month correlate better with the lower altitudinal distribution limits than those related to the coldest month and vice versa. It is of great importance that the mean annual air temperature will be also considered.
The necessity for Greece to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines convenience ... more The necessity for Greece to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines convenience and objectivity was the reason to analyze once again the suitability of the Lowveld Fire Danger Index (LFDI) applied in Greece. The analysis proved that LFDI is based on the Swedish Angstrom Index and it is structured on the shape of the Canadian Forest Fire Index. LFDI is related to the Rate of Spread (ROS) of the Greek forest fires and it is the same effective in predicting ROS like other well-known and long used, simple fire weather indices. LFDI’s maximum daily values serve as an indicator of the maximum possible burnt areas, while its 5 fire danger classes as an indicator of the average burnt area per fire. Due to its mathematical structure, modifications are possible for an even better adaptation to Greek physical conditions. Apparently, LFDI is also applicable in other extra tropical countries.
In this study the plant associations of Hymettus Mountain are investigated. For this purpose, 198... more In this study the plant associations of Hymettus Mountain are investigated. For this purpose, 198 relevés were taken in all possible environments according to the Braun-Blanquet method. The usual area of the relevés was 300m² for the garrigues and 500m² for the dense Pinus forests. The result of working of the relevés elements was the differential tables A, B and C. The first table contains the dense forests of Pinus halepensis, the second and the third contain the phryganic associations on soils made from marbles and slates respectively. There were found 12 vegetation units, which distinguish very well from each other from a floristic and ecological point of view. We have also taken at least one soil sample for each vegetation unit to give an indicative picture of their soil conditions. Soil analysis contains particle-size analysis, pH and content of soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbonic salts. From the phytosociological tables and the existing bibliography, we hav...
The life-form and the chorological spectra of the vegetation units of Mt. Hymettus were investiga... more The life-form and the chorological spectra of the vegetation units of Mt. Hymettus were investigated in the present study. The spectra were produced using both the Raunkiaer’s and the Tüxen-Ellenberg’s methods. The first method was used mainly to compare our spectra with those of existing floristic studies in Greece, while the second one was used to determine the differences between the vegetation units of Mt. Hymettus. The results revealed the general climatic character of the study area and the significant variations of the spectra between the vegetation units due to their different environmental conditions (altitude, bedrock, soil, etc.).
On the basis of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the various forest tree- and shrub-sp... more On the basis of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the various forest tree- and shrub-species it was considered that forests and bushes of Greece can be assigned to 7 major classes, depending on the climatic conditions where they are grown, the so-called Forest Climatic Zones (ΔΚΖ) and more precisely: 1) the warmest and driest zone of broadleaf evergreens (ΔΚΖ1), 2) the wettest zone of broadleaf evergreens (ΔΚΖ2), 3) the coldest zone of broadleaf evergreens (ΔΚΖ3), 4) the warmest zone of broadleaf deciduous forests (ΔΚΖ4), 5) the zone of Mediterranean mountainous conifers (ΔΚΖ5), 6) the coldest zone of broadleaf deciduous forests (ΔΚΖ6), 7) the zone of cold temperate conifers (ΔΚΖ7) and 8) the alpine and pseudo-alpine zone (ΔΚΖ8). With the help of a great number (>500) of meteorological stations from all over Greece the relationship of the aforementioned Forest Climatic Zones with various climatic indices, classifications and diagrams was studied. From this study a lot o...
The Climatic maps of Greece were produced by calculation of climatic parameters in 0.01°x0.01° gr... more The Climatic maps of Greece were produced by calculation of climatic parameters in 0.01°x0.01° grid points (φ, λ, Z and only over land) and interpolation by «Natural neighbors» method of 3D Field program. By the same way the altitude contours of 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 meters were produced, used as cartographic background.
All parameters were calculated for each grid point by the estimation equations of Gouvas and Sakellariou (2011), adding equation residuals as mapped in Figures 9, 10 and 22-35 of the book " Climate and forest vegetation of Greece "(pp. 48, 55-67 and 107-120).
Temperature contours of 1°C.
Tx: mean monthly maximum air temperature in °C
Tn: mean monthly minimum air temperature in °C
T: mean monthly air temperature in °C
T 13 annual: mean annual temperature in °C
T 14 MAY_AUG: average temperature of the four months from May to August in °C
P: mean monthly precipitation amount in mm
P 13 annual: mean annual rainfall amount in mm
P 14 MAY_AUG: average rainfall amount of the period from May to August in mm
BT: Holdridge's average biotemperature in °C
NT10: Number of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with T > 10°C)
Nx: Number of months of the dry season according to Gaussen, with P<2T (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with P<2T)
MWI: (sum of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C)/12
Ιθ: Thornthwaite’s thermal efficiency index (mean annual potential evapotranspiration in mm)
Cθ: Thornthwaite’s summer concentration of thermal efficiency
Dan: Thornthwaite’s mean annual water deficit in mm
Ia: Thornthwaite’s dryness index
Ih: Thornthwaite’s humidity index
Im: Thornthwaite’s moisture index
Ip: Pinna’s aridity index
ABSTRACT In this study, regression equations to estimate the monthly and annual values of the mea... more ABSTRACT In this study, regression equations to estimate the monthly and annual values of the mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures in Greece are derived. For this purpose, data from 87 meteorological stations distributed all over Greece are used. Geographical parameters, i.e., altitude, latitude, longitude, minimum distance from the sea and an index of terrain morphology, are used as independent variables. These equations explain 79–97% of the variance of the temperature values and have standard error of estimate between 0.59 and 1.20°C. Data from 37 other meteorological stations are used to validate the accuracy of the equations. Topographic or climatic factors, which could not be introduced into the equations, are responsible for most temperature residuals &gt;0.5°C or &lt;−0.5°C. Moreover, some particular emphasis has been given to the values of the regression coefficient for the altitude, since it is the estimator for the mean lapse rate of air temperature.
In this paper some statistical parameters of the mean monthly air temperatures in Athens are exam... more In this paper some statistical parameters of the mean monthly air temperatures in Athens are examined, namely trends, periodicities and cross-correlations between months. It is found that there is not any signi®cant trend for most of the months and the periodicities don't allow the extraction of any general conclusion. On the other hand, cross-correlation analysis shows that some correlation between the temperature in certain months exists.
The aim of this study was to prove that altitudinal variability of average monthly and annual pre... more The aim of this study was to prove that altitudinal variability of average monthly and annual precipitation is better summarised when the altitude observed within a radius of several kilometres around a meteorological station is taken into consideration, instead of the altitude of the station itself. The use of the variable Z′, which combines the altitude of the closest mountain with its distance from the station, is compared against the use of altitude alone in simple linear and multiple quadratic regression equations for the altitudinal interpolation of precipitation over Greece. The data-set comprised precipitation observations from 516 meteorological stations. The comparison between the two variables is discussed on the basis of the resulting determination coefficients (R2) and standard errors of estimate (S). For all seasons, except summer, it was found that the variable Z′ improves the predictive ability of the regression equations, thus showing its potential for further use in interpolation procedures.
Proceedings of 21th Hellenic Forestry Conference, Loutra Edipsou, Greece, 2023
Köppen's climate classification was and will always be important and useful, not only due to its ... more Köppen's climate classification was and will always be important and useful, not only due to its simplicity in application, but also because of its correlation with the Vegetation Formations of the Earth. With the methodology followed, this fact is easily confirmed, dispelling any objections that have been raised from time to time, thanks to the detailed nowadays, satellite mapping of vegetation and land uses across the planet, as well as the existence of freely accessible, online tools such as Google Earth. Thus, Köppen's climate classification and the correspondence of its climates with the Earth's main Vegetation Formations constitute essential knowledge for foresters, as well as all geotechnical scientists and biologists.
The research on the relationship between forest fires and meteorology is carried out using simple... more The research on the relationship between forest fires and meteorology is carried out using simple meteorological variables (Temperature, Wind and Precipitation) from a few, but well selected Greek meteorological stations. The 5 years (1998, 2000, 2007, 2012 and 2021), which recorded burnt areas more than the 25-year average (37000 ha), had as a common characteristic on the one hand a much drier than usual two-month period (July-August) following a winter period with a shortage of rainfall, and on the other hand a number of days with very high temperatures higher than the average of the last 25 years. The latter implies average temperatures in all three summer months at least 1°C above their normal values. In the years following, the burnt areas were below their average regardless of the precipitation and summer temperature patterns. However, when pre-cipitation during the two-month period (July-August) was 2 or more times more than normal, fire seasons had at most one-third of the 25-year average of burned areas, regardless of the precipita-tion of the winter periods preceding and summer temperatures in those years. This is very im-portant as already in the early days of each fire season it will be possible to have an estimation of its outcome and to prepare more appropriately when the accuracy of the long-term seasonal forecast of temperature and rainfall anomalies is improved.
Aim of this work is to define the most important air temperature-related variables that best corr... more Aim of this work is to define the most important air temperature-related variables that best correlate with the lower and higher altitudinal distribution limits of tree- and shrub-species in Greece. We selected several extreme sites (in terms of altitude) where fir (Abies spp.), black pine (Pinus nigra), beech (Fagus sylvatica s.l.), kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and mastic tree (lentisc – Pistacia lentiscus) occur throughout Greece. For each site we estimated, using regression equations, the mean monthly and mean maximum air temperature of the warmest month, the mean air temperature of the vegetation period, the mean monthly and mean minimum air temperature of the coldest month, and the mean annual air temperature. For all temperature variables we calculated and compared the standard deviation. We concluded that air temperature values related to the warmest month correlate better with the lower altitudinal distribution limits than those related to the coldest month and vice versa. It is of great importance that the mean annual air temperature will be also considered.
The necessity for Greece to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines convenience ... more The necessity for Greece to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines convenience and objectivity was the reason to analyze once again the suitability of the Lowveld Fire Danger Index (LFDI) applied in Greece. The analysis proved that LFDI is based on the Swedish Angstrom Index and it is structured on the shape of the Canadian Forest Fire Index. LFDI is related to the Rate of Spread (ROS) of the Greek forest fires and it is the same effective in predicting ROS like other well-known and long used, simple fire weather indices. LFDI’s maximum daily values serve as an indicator of the maximum possible burnt areas, while its 5 fire danger classes as an indicator of the average burnt area per fire. Due to its mathematical structure, modifications are possible for an even better adaptation to Greek physical conditions. Apparently, LFDI is also applicable in other extra tropical countries.
In this study the plant associations of Hymettus Mountain are investigated. For this purpose, 198... more In this study the plant associations of Hymettus Mountain are investigated. For this purpose, 198 relevés were taken in all possible environments according to the Braun-Blanquet method. The usual area of the relevés was 300m² for the garrigues and 500m² for the dense Pinus forests. The result of working of the relevés elements was the differential tables A, B and C. The first table contains the dense forests of Pinus halepensis, the second and the third contain the phryganic associations on soils made from marbles and slates respectively. There were found 12 vegetation units, which distinguish very well from each other from a floristic and ecological point of view. We have also taken at least one soil sample for each vegetation unit to give an indicative picture of their soil conditions. Soil analysis contains particle-size analysis, pH and content of soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and carbonic salts. From the phytosociological tables and the existing bibliography, we hav...
The life-form and the chorological spectra of the vegetation units of Mt. Hymettus were investiga... more The life-form and the chorological spectra of the vegetation units of Mt. Hymettus were investigated in the present study. The spectra were produced using both the Raunkiaer’s and the Tüxen-Ellenberg’s methods. The first method was used mainly to compare our spectra with those of existing floristic studies in Greece, while the second one was used to determine the differences between the vegetation units of Mt. Hymettus. The results revealed the general climatic character of the study area and the significant variations of the spectra between the vegetation units due to their different environmental conditions (altitude, bedrock, soil, etc.).
On the basis of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the various forest tree- and shrub-sp... more On the basis of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the various forest tree- and shrub-species it was considered that forests and bushes of Greece can be assigned to 7 major classes, depending on the climatic conditions where they are grown, the so-called Forest Climatic Zones (ΔΚΖ) and more precisely: 1) the warmest and driest zone of broadleaf evergreens (ΔΚΖ1), 2) the wettest zone of broadleaf evergreens (ΔΚΖ2), 3) the coldest zone of broadleaf evergreens (ΔΚΖ3), 4) the warmest zone of broadleaf deciduous forests (ΔΚΖ4), 5) the zone of Mediterranean mountainous conifers (ΔΚΖ5), 6) the coldest zone of broadleaf deciduous forests (ΔΚΖ6), 7) the zone of cold temperate conifers (ΔΚΖ7) and 8) the alpine and pseudo-alpine zone (ΔΚΖ8). With the help of a great number (>500) of meteorological stations from all over Greece the relationship of the aforementioned Forest Climatic Zones with various climatic indices, classifications and diagrams was studied. From this study a lot o...
The Climatic maps of Greece were produced by calculation of climatic parameters in 0.01°x0.01° gr... more The Climatic maps of Greece were produced by calculation of climatic parameters in 0.01°x0.01° grid points (φ, λ, Z and only over land) and interpolation by «Natural neighbors» method of 3D Field program. By the same way the altitude contours of 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 meters were produced, used as cartographic background.
All parameters were calculated for each grid point by the estimation equations of Gouvas and Sakellariou (2011), adding equation residuals as mapped in Figures 9, 10 and 22-35 of the book " Climate and forest vegetation of Greece "(pp. 48, 55-67 and 107-120).
Temperature contours of 1°C.
Tx: mean monthly maximum air temperature in °C
Tn: mean monthly minimum air temperature in °C
T: mean monthly air temperature in °C
T 13 annual: mean annual temperature in °C
T 14 MAY_AUG: average temperature of the four months from May to August in °C
P: mean monthly precipitation amount in mm
P 13 annual: mean annual rainfall amount in mm
P 14 MAY_AUG: average rainfall amount of the period from May to August in mm
BT: Holdridge's average biotemperature in °C
NT10: Number of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with T > 10°C)
Nx: Number of months of the dry season according to Gaussen, with P<2T (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with P<2T)
MWI: (sum of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C)/12
Ιθ: Thornthwaite’s thermal efficiency index (mean annual potential evapotranspiration in mm)
Cθ: Thornthwaite’s summer concentration of thermal efficiency
Dan: Thornthwaite’s mean annual water deficit in mm
Ia: Thornthwaite’s dryness index
Ih: Thornthwaite’s humidity index
Im: Thornthwaite’s moisture index
Ip: Pinna’s aridity index
ABSTRACT In this study, regression equations to estimate the monthly and annual values of the mea... more ABSTRACT In this study, regression equations to estimate the monthly and annual values of the mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures in Greece are derived. For this purpose, data from 87 meteorological stations distributed all over Greece are used. Geographical parameters, i.e., altitude, latitude, longitude, minimum distance from the sea and an index of terrain morphology, are used as independent variables. These equations explain 79–97% of the variance of the temperature values and have standard error of estimate between 0.59 and 1.20°C. Data from 37 other meteorological stations are used to validate the accuracy of the equations. Topographic or climatic factors, which could not be introduced into the equations, are responsible for most temperature residuals &gt;0.5°C or &lt;−0.5°C. Moreover, some particular emphasis has been given to the values of the regression coefficient for the altitude, since it is the estimator for the mean lapse rate of air temperature.
In this paper some statistical parameters of the mean monthly air temperatures in Athens are exam... more In this paper some statistical parameters of the mean monthly air temperatures in Athens are examined, namely trends, periodicities and cross-correlations between months. It is found that there is not any signi®cant trend for most of the months and the periodicities don't allow the extraction of any general conclusion. On the other hand, cross-correlation analysis shows that some correlation between the temperature in certain months exists.
The aim of this study was to prove that altitudinal variability of average monthly and annual pre... more The aim of this study was to prove that altitudinal variability of average monthly and annual precipitation is better summarised when the altitude observed within a radius of several kilometres around a meteorological station is taken into consideration, instead of the altitude of the station itself. The use of the variable Z′, which combines the altitude of the closest mountain with its distance from the station, is compared against the use of altitude alone in simple linear and multiple quadratic regression equations for the altitudinal interpolation of precipitation over Greece. The data-set comprised precipitation observations from 516 meteorological stations. The comparison between the two variables is discussed on the basis of the resulting determination coefficients (R2) and standard errors of estimate (S). For all seasons, except summer, it was found that the variable Z′ improves the predictive ability of the regression equations, thus showing its potential for further use in interpolation procedures.
15th International Conference on Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, , 2021
The necessity for our country to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines conveni... more The necessity for our country to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines convenience and objectivity was the reason to document the suitability of the F - INDEX for the Greek physical conditions. F - INDEX is related to Rate Of Spread of the Greek forest fires. The maximum daily values serve as a measure of the maximum possible burned area, while the 5 risk classes serve as a measure of the average burned area per fire. Due to its mathematical structure, modifications of the F - INDEX are possible for an even better adaptation to Greek physical conditions, although with the available data the index responds very well.
Proceedings of 20th Hellenic Forestry Conference, Trikala, Greece, 3-6 October 2021 , 2021
In the absence of threat to settlements, other infrastructure, as well as το important agricultur... more In the absence of threat to settlements, other infrastructure, as well as το important agricultural areas, forest fires must be fight with the main aim of minimizing the time of post-fire vegetation restoration to the pre-fire composition and structure. This can be achieved by classifying all Greek forest species and vegetation types into three classes (great, medium and small) of fire protection need, detailed mapping of which will help in the correct decision take on what must be protected and what could let be burnt. In addition to maintain the current plant species composition, such a categorization will lead to a reduction in the cost of forest firefighting, the cost of reforestation as well as that one of fuel management.
Proceedings of 19th Hellenic Forestry Conference, Litochoro, Pieria, Greece, September 29-October 2, 2019
The necessity for our country to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines conveni... more The necessity for our country to adopt a National Fire Danger Rating System that combines convenience and objectivity was the reason to document once again the suitability of the Lowveld Fire Danger Index (LFDI) for the Greek physical conditions. This work proved that LFDI is based on the Swedish Angstrom Index and it is structured on the Canadian Forest Fire Index. LFDI is related to Rate Of Spread of the Greek forest fires, its maximum daily values serve as a measure of the maximum possible burned area, while the 5 risk classes as a measure of the average burned area per fire. Due to its mathematical structure, modifications are possible for an even better adaptation to Greek physical conditions.
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Papers by MARKOS GOUVAS
Formations constitute essential knowledge for foresters, as well as all geotechnical scientists and biologists.
All parameters were calculated for each grid point by the estimation equations of Gouvas and Sakellariou (2011), adding equation residuals as mapped in Figures 9, 10 and 22-35 of the book " Climate and forest vegetation of Greece "(pp. 48, 55-67 and 107-120).
Temperature contours of 1°C.
Tx: mean monthly maximum air temperature in °C
Tn: mean monthly minimum air temperature in °C
T: mean monthly air temperature in °C
T 13 annual: mean annual temperature in °C
T 14 MAY_AUG: average temperature of the four months from May to August in °C
P: mean monthly precipitation amount in mm
P 13 annual: mean annual rainfall amount in mm
P 14 MAY_AUG: average rainfall amount of the period from May to August in mm
BT: Holdridge's average biotemperature in °C
NT10: Number of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with T > 10°C)
Nx: Number of months of the dry season according to Gaussen, with P<2T (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with P<2T)
MWI: (sum of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C)/12
Ιθ: Thornthwaite’s thermal efficiency index (mean annual potential evapotranspiration in mm)
Cθ: Thornthwaite’s summer concentration of thermal efficiency
Dan: Thornthwaite’s mean annual water deficit in mm
Ia: Thornthwaite’s dryness index
Ih: Thornthwaite’s humidity index
Im: Thornthwaite’s moisture index
Ip: Pinna’s aridity index
FREE AVAILABLE AT
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BVHxjWcQZxf5fTuiINzERon_WUkcsir9
Formations constitute essential knowledge for foresters, as well as all geotechnical scientists and biologists.
All parameters were calculated for each grid point by the estimation equations of Gouvas and Sakellariou (2011), adding equation residuals as mapped in Figures 9, 10 and 22-35 of the book " Climate and forest vegetation of Greece "(pp. 48, 55-67 and 107-120).
Temperature contours of 1°C.
Tx: mean monthly maximum air temperature in °C
Tn: mean monthly minimum air temperature in °C
T: mean monthly air temperature in °C
T 13 annual: mean annual temperature in °C
T 14 MAY_AUG: average temperature of the four months from May to August in °C
P: mean monthly precipitation amount in mm
P 13 annual: mean annual rainfall amount in mm
P 14 MAY_AUG: average rainfall amount of the period from May to August in mm
BT: Holdridge's average biotemperature in °C
NT10: Number of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with T > 10°C)
Nx: Number of months of the dry season according to Gaussen, with P<2T (map contours distinguish months number, e.g contour 6.5 distinguish areas with 6 and 7 months with P<2T)
MWI: (sum of months with mean monthly air temperature > 10°C)/12
Ιθ: Thornthwaite’s thermal efficiency index (mean annual potential evapotranspiration in mm)
Cθ: Thornthwaite’s summer concentration of thermal efficiency
Dan: Thornthwaite’s mean annual water deficit in mm
Ia: Thornthwaite’s dryness index
Ih: Thornthwaite’s humidity index
Im: Thornthwaite’s moisture index
Ip: Pinna’s aridity index
FREE AVAILABLE AT
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1BVHxjWcQZxf5fTuiINzERon_WUkcsir9