The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory autho... more The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory authority within a given country has to ensure in order both to protect the public health and the integrity of its health care system. For the same purpose pharmacovigilance was established. According to WHO, Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the collection, detection, and assessment of ADR's. It promotes the systematic, rational use and assures the confidence for the safety of drugs. It improves patient care and safety. Significance of pharmacovigilance is growing as the patients or consumers have become more responsive about the advantage and hazard of medicines. Pharmacovigilance is a complex process and a robust system is essential to undertake the activity. A good pharmacovigilance system will identify the hazard aspects in the short period of time. This review article tries to explain the some basic principles, history and developments, methods and some scope of this developing field i.e. Pharmacovigilance in India.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 2019
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is valued at Rs. 90000 crore and is growing at a rate of 12-14... more The Indian pharmaceutical industry is valued at Rs. 90000 crore and is growing at a rate of 12-14% annually. Exports are growing at a rate of 25% compound annual growth rate. The total exports of Pharma products is to extent of Rs. 40000 crore. India has also emerged as a hub for the clinical trials and drug discovery and development. Further more and more drug entities are being introduced which includes new chemical entities, Pharma products, vaccines, dosage forms, and new routes of administration and new therapeutic claims of existing drug moieties. The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory authority within a given country has to ensure in order to protect the public health and the integrity of its health care system. Drug induced disease is defined as the unintended effect of a drug that results in mortality or morbidity with symptoms sufficient to prompt a patient to seek medical attention and/or to require hospitalization and may persist even after the offending drug has been withdrawn. Drug induced diseases also called as iatrogenic diseases, are well known but least studied entity. In this review, we have collected the information from review and research articles related to the drug induced diseases. This review is intended to aid the understanding of some basic concepts regarding the drug induced diseases. This tends to provide information about the some commonly occurring drug induced disorders, the drugs responsible for inducing disorders, their prevention and some of the treatments.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Since many centuries, Ayurveda regarded neem as a cure for many ailments, predominantly due to it... more Since many centuries, Ayurveda regarded neem as a cure for many ailments, predominantly due to its superb antimicrobial activity. It possesses anti-bacterial, anti-cariogenic, anti-hermitic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, astringent, anti-viral, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Nimbidin, Azadirachtin and nimbinin are active compounds present in Neem which are responsible for antibacterial activity. Neem bark has anti-bacterial properties; it is quite useful in dentistry for curing gingival problems and maintaining oral health in a natural way. Neem twigs are used as oral deodorant, toothache reliever and for cleaning of teeth. It has been a practice since time immemorial to use tender twigs of neem as dentifrice. In addition to the antimicrobial activity it was thought that the small fibers in the powder may act as abrasive thereby potentiating the activity of the dentifrice. The scope of the present work is limited to testing the antibacterial activity of neem extract and neem powder in a tooth paste form. The formulated herbal toothpaste compared with marketed preparation. Physical examination: smooth in nature, Odour-Characteristic, pH-8.5, homogeneity-good, Taste-Characteristic, spreadability-good and stable the formulation. The antimicrobial evaluation Streptococcus viridans reveals that formulated growth of microorganism was inhibited.
Indo American journal of pharmaceutical research, 2019
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal i... more Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. T he oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility, and drug release.
The intension of present work is to incorporate economically cheap, easily available but effectiv... more The intension of present work is to incorporate economically cheap, easily available but effective herbal ingredient in personal hygiene products. Leaves of species Psidium Guajava belonging to familyMyrtaceae(Guava) have many properties like antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant etc. The leaf extract of guava has traditionally been used for its health benefits. Toothpaste is a dentifrice used clean, maintain and improve the health of teeth. Toothpaste is mainly used to promote oral cleanliness and also acts as an abrasive that helps to prevent dental plaque and food particles from the teeth. The main aim of this investigation is to incorporate the herbal ingredient to that toothpaste that can effectively cleanse oral bacteria. Guava leaves were obtained from domestic garden. Guava leaves were washed with distilled water and shade dried for three days and then powdered for extraction. Guava leaf extraction was performed by Soxhlet apparatus with 70% ethanol for its antibacterial activity. This extract was used as principle ingredient for herbal toothpaste. Toothpaste formulation performed at laboratory level. The formulation was subjected to various evaluation tests like pH, spreadability, foaming ability, moisture content and zone of inhibition. All the results of evaluation tests found within the limits. For getting antibacterial property extraction is done against ethanol and agar well diffusion method used to identify its antibacterial activity shown by guava leaf extract on Escherchia coli, staphylococcus aureus depends on saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Even the extract can be used directly for treatment of inflamed gum. Pentacyclictri-terpenoidguajanoic acid is main constituent of guava leaf extract.
World journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of mac... more Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of macromolecular material. Nanoparticles could be polymeric or lipidic (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles). Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophilic delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are most developing formulations of nanotechnology with several applications in different fields like drug delivery, clinical medicine and research as well as in other varied sciences. SLN are defined as the spherical particles of nanometer range which immersed in water or aqueous surfactant solution either using lipophilic and hydrophilic drug. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophilic drug delivery. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. In this present review this new approach is discussed in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, preparation methods, characterization and special features and their applications. And it was found that, if properly investigated, SLNs may open new vistas in therapy of complex diseases.
Conventional methods of hair dyeing involve use of chemicals that result in unpleasant untoward e... more Conventional methods of hair dyeing involve use of chemicals that result in unpleasant untoward effects which include irritation, breakage of hair, skin discoloration and cancer. Marketed hair colors containing crude plant powders require processing prior to use, which is inconvenient to the consumer and these products also have poor rinsability. Hence, there was a need to develop a formulation of hair dye with colour extract from plant source which is ready to use with good rinsability. In the context of above objective, the attempt was made to formulate a gel for hair dye containing herbal extract and other additives from plant source. Five different formulations were prepared and formulation G5 was found to be most optimized formulation with the most promising results on hair color.
Indo-American journal of pharmaceutical research, 2019
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal i... more Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. T he oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility, and drug release.
Paliperidone is a well known dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class. In present ... more Paliperidone is a well known dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class. In present study Paliperidone was formulated as matrix type sustained release tablets using natural polymers. Gum exudates are among the oldest natural polymers. They are already being used as thickening and stabilizing agent from last several years. The plant derived polymers comply with many requirements of pharmaceutical excipients. The aim of sustained release formulation is to reduce the frequency of dosing. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The optimized formulations contain Paliperidone as active ingredient and Guar gum, xanthum gum and Acacia gum are used as polymers. The evaluation parameters include the thickness, weight variation test, drug content, hardness, friability and in vitro release studies. Based on the results of in-vitro studies it was concluded that the natural polymers can be used as an efficient matrix former to provide sustained release of Paliperidone. The release of Paliperidone was prolonged for 20 hrs, indicating the usefulness of the formulations for once daily dosage forms. Thus the reducing frequency of dosing increases patient compliance.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae has a long... more Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae has a long history of medicinal use for more than 2000 years as one of the most versatile medicinal plants having a wide spectrum of biological activity and a common condiment for various foods and beverages. Currently, there is a renewed interest in ginger, and several scientific investigations aimed at isolation, identification of active constituents, scientific verification of its pharmacological actions for treatment of several diseases and conditions. The chemicals responsible for medicinal properties of ginger are considerably variable, main components are gingerol, paradol, shogaols and their homologous which are responsible for its pungent taste. Ginger is used as a food and medicine and as an aromatic, carminative, expectorant in cough and cold, antiemetic and digestive and as common herbal remedy. It is also useful in sore throat and other infectious diseases. Chewable tablets are among the convenient dosage forms which patients prefer due to their advantages. Chewable tablets are the tablets which are required to be chewed or broken in between the teeth before ingestion. This study was aimed at formulating the aqueous extract of ginger rhizome to chewable tablet using syrup (66.7%). In the present research work, the chewable tablets of ginger were prepared by wet granulation. Compression of chewable tablets was done by Karnavati lab scale tablet compression machine. The pre-compression parameters assessed for the granules produced include angle of repose, bulk and tapped density, Carr's index, Housner's ratio. Compressed tablets were evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution time.
The most emerging branch in pharmaceutical sciences known as “Pharmaceutical nanotechnology” pres... more The most emerging branch in pharmaceutical sciences known as “Pharmaceutical nanotechnology” presents new tools, opportunities and scope, which are expected to have significant applications in disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology comprised of nano-sized products which can be transformed in numerous ways to improve their characteristics. A Nanosponge is a novel and emerging technology which offers targeted & controlled drug delivery for topical as well as oral use. Nanosponges are based on nano, polymer-based spheres that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, lotions, cream, ointments, liquid or powder. This technology offers entrapment of ingredients and thus reduced side effects, improved stability, increases elegance and enhanced formulation flexibility. Nanosponge is the part of advance drug delivery. It is a specific aiding system for targeted drug delivery of both kind of drugs either it is lipophilic or hydrophilic in a controlled manner. These have three dimensional networks or scaffold which is filled with drug and porous insoluble nanoparticles with a crystalline or amorphous structure and have spherical shape or swelling properties. The polarity and dimension of the polymer mesh can be easily varied by varying the type of cross-linker and degree of cross-linking. This review article deals with the general introduction of nanosponges, classification of nanosponges, characteristic features of nanosponges, their advantages, disadvantages, chemicals used in their preparation, preparation methodologies, factors affecting on their preparation, mechanism of action and evaluation parameters along with some applications of nanosponges.
The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory autho... more The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory authority within a given country has to ensure in order both to protect the public health and the integrity of its health care system. For the same purpose pharmacovigilance was established. According to WHO, Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the collection, detection, and assessment of ADR's. It promotes the systematic, rational use and assures the confidence for the safety of drugs. It improves patient care and safety. Significance of pharmacovigilance is growing as the patients or consumers have become more responsive about the advantage and hazard of medicines. Pharmacovigilance is a complex process and a robust system is essential to undertake the activity. A good pharmacovigilance system will identify the hazard aspects in the short period of time. This review article tries to explain the some basic principles, history and developments, methods and some scope of this developing field i.e. Pharmacovigilance in India.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 2019
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is valued at Rs. 90000 crore and is growing at a rate of 12-14... more The Indian pharmaceutical industry is valued at Rs. 90000 crore and is growing at a rate of 12-14% annually. Exports are growing at a rate of 25% compound annual growth rate. The total exports of Pharma products is to extent of Rs. 40000 crore. India has also emerged as a hub for the clinical trials and drug discovery and development. Further more and more drug entities are being introduced which includes new chemical entities, Pharma products, vaccines, dosage forms, and new routes of administration and new therapeutic claims of existing drug moieties. The safe use of medicines is perhaps the single most important criteria that any regulatory authority within a given country has to ensure in order to protect the public health and the integrity of its health care system. Drug induced disease is defined as the unintended effect of a drug that results in mortality or morbidity with symptoms sufficient to prompt a patient to seek medical attention and/or to require hospitalization and may persist even after the offending drug has been withdrawn. Drug induced diseases also called as iatrogenic diseases, are well known but least studied entity. In this review, we have collected the information from review and research articles related to the drug induced diseases. This review is intended to aid the understanding of some basic concepts regarding the drug induced diseases. This tends to provide information about the some commonly occurring drug induced disorders, the drugs responsible for inducing disorders, their prevention and some of the treatments.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Since many centuries, Ayurveda regarded neem as a cure for many ailments, predominantly due to it... more Since many centuries, Ayurveda regarded neem as a cure for many ailments, predominantly due to its superb antimicrobial activity. It possesses anti-bacterial, anti-cariogenic, anti-hermitic, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, astringent, anti-viral, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Nimbidin, Azadirachtin and nimbinin are active compounds present in Neem which are responsible for antibacterial activity. Neem bark has anti-bacterial properties; it is quite useful in dentistry for curing gingival problems and maintaining oral health in a natural way. Neem twigs are used as oral deodorant, toothache reliever and for cleaning of teeth. It has been a practice since time immemorial to use tender twigs of neem as dentifrice. In addition to the antimicrobial activity it was thought that the small fibers in the powder may act as abrasive thereby potentiating the activity of the dentifrice. The scope of the present work is limited to testing the antibacterial activity of neem extract and neem powder in a tooth paste form. The formulated herbal toothpaste compared with marketed preparation. Physical examination: smooth in nature, Odour-Characteristic, pH-8.5, homogeneity-good, Taste-Characteristic, spreadability-good and stable the formulation. The antimicrobial evaluation Streptococcus viridans reveals that formulated growth of microorganism was inhibited.
Indo American journal of pharmaceutical research, 2019
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal i... more Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. T he oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility, and drug release.
The intension of present work is to incorporate economically cheap, easily available but effectiv... more The intension of present work is to incorporate economically cheap, easily available but effective herbal ingredient in personal hygiene products. Leaves of species Psidium Guajava belonging to familyMyrtaceae(Guava) have many properties like antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant etc. The leaf extract of guava has traditionally been used for its health benefits. Toothpaste is a dentifrice used clean, maintain and improve the health of teeth. Toothpaste is mainly used to promote oral cleanliness and also acts as an abrasive that helps to prevent dental plaque and food particles from the teeth. The main aim of this investigation is to incorporate the herbal ingredient to that toothpaste that can effectively cleanse oral bacteria. Guava leaves were obtained from domestic garden. Guava leaves were washed with distilled water and shade dried for three days and then powdered for extraction. Guava leaf extraction was performed by Soxhlet apparatus with 70% ethanol for its antibacterial activity. This extract was used as principle ingredient for herbal toothpaste. Toothpaste formulation performed at laboratory level. The formulation was subjected to various evaluation tests like pH, spreadability, foaming ability, moisture content and zone of inhibition. All the results of evaluation tests found within the limits. For getting antibacterial property extraction is done against ethanol and agar well diffusion method used to identify its antibacterial activity shown by guava leaf extract on Escherchia coli, staphylococcus aureus depends on saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Even the extract can be used directly for treatment of inflamed gum. Pentacyclictri-terpenoidguajanoic acid is main constituent of guava leaf extract.
World journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of mac... more Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and composed of macromolecular material. Nanoparticles could be polymeric or lipidic (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles). Industry estimates suggest that approximately 40% of lipophilic drug candidates fail due to solubility and formulation stability issues, prompting significant research activity in advanced lipophilic delivery technologies. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are most developing formulations of nanotechnology with several applications in different fields like drug delivery, clinical medicine and research as well as in other varied sciences. SLN are defined as the spherical particles of nanometer range which immersed in water or aqueous surfactant solution either using lipophilic and hydrophilic drug. Solid lipid nanoparticle technology represents a promising new approach to lipophilic drug delivery. The bioacceptable and biodegradable nature of SLNs makes them less toxic as compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Supplemented with small size which prolongs the circulation time in blood, feasible scale up for large scale production and absence of burst effect makes them interesting candidates for study. In this present review this new approach is discussed in terms of their advantages, disadvantages, preparation methods, characterization and special features and their applications. And it was found that, if properly investigated, SLNs may open new vistas in therapy of complex diseases.
Conventional methods of hair dyeing involve use of chemicals that result in unpleasant untoward e... more Conventional methods of hair dyeing involve use of chemicals that result in unpleasant untoward effects which include irritation, breakage of hair, skin discoloration and cancer. Marketed hair colors containing crude plant powders require processing prior to use, which is inconvenient to the consumer and these products also have poor rinsability. Hence, there was a need to develop a formulation of hair dye with colour extract from plant source which is ready to use with good rinsability. In the context of above objective, the attempt was made to formulate a gel for hair dye containing herbal extract and other additives from plant source. Five different formulations were prepared and formulation G5 was found to be most optimized formulation with the most promising results on hair color.
Indo-American journal of pharmaceutical research, 2019
Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal i... more Itraconazole is an imidazole derivative and used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. It is a BCS Class II drug having very low solubility in water i.e. 1-4ng/ml. T he oral use of Itraconazole is not much recommended as it has many side effects. The present research has been undertaken with the aim to develop a topical hydrogel formulation of Itraconazole loaded nanosponges to increase the solubility, permeability and stability of itraconazole. Itraconazole loaded nanosponge was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method by using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose as a polymer, Polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant and dichloromethane as cross linking agent. Physical characteristics of the nanosponges as well as the drug entrapment efficiency, percentage drug content, Percent yield, drug polymer compatibility, solubility studies of the nanosponges were investigated. Particle size analysis and surface morphology of nanosponges were performed. The scanning electron microscopy of nanosponges showed that they were spherical in shape and spongy in nature. Drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 42.75 % to 73.10 %. The optimized nanosponge formulation was loaded into hydrogel using carbopol 940 and studied for pH, viscosity, in vitro drug release. Of the nanosponge formulations prepared, F4 was found to show drug release of 70.62%. It was concluded that Itraconazole nanosponge hydrogel may have increased solubility, and drug release.
Paliperidone is a well known dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class. In present ... more Paliperidone is a well known dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class. In present study Paliperidone was formulated as matrix type sustained release tablets using natural polymers. Gum exudates are among the oldest natural polymers. They are already being used as thickening and stabilizing agent from last several years. The plant derived polymers comply with many requirements of pharmaceutical excipients. The aim of sustained release formulation is to reduce the frequency of dosing. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The optimized formulations contain Paliperidone as active ingredient and Guar gum, xanthum gum and Acacia gum are used as polymers. The evaluation parameters include the thickness, weight variation test, drug content, hardness, friability and in vitro release studies. Based on the results of in-vitro studies it was concluded that the natural polymers can be used as an efficient matrix former to provide sustained release of Paliperidone. The release of Paliperidone was prolonged for 20 hrs, indicating the usefulness of the formulations for once daily dosage forms. Thus the reducing frequency of dosing increases patient compliance.
World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019
Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae has a long... more Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae has a long history of medicinal use for more than 2000 years as one of the most versatile medicinal plants having a wide spectrum of biological activity and a common condiment for various foods and beverages. Currently, there is a renewed interest in ginger, and several scientific investigations aimed at isolation, identification of active constituents, scientific verification of its pharmacological actions for treatment of several diseases and conditions. The chemicals responsible for medicinal properties of ginger are considerably variable, main components are gingerol, paradol, shogaols and their homologous which are responsible for its pungent taste. Ginger is used as a food and medicine and as an aromatic, carminative, expectorant in cough and cold, antiemetic and digestive and as common herbal remedy. It is also useful in sore throat and other infectious diseases. Chewable tablets are among the convenient dosage forms which patients prefer due to their advantages. Chewable tablets are the tablets which are required to be chewed or broken in between the teeth before ingestion. This study was aimed at formulating the aqueous extract of ginger rhizome to chewable tablet using syrup (66.7%). In the present research work, the chewable tablets of ginger were prepared by wet granulation. Compression of chewable tablets was done by Karnavati lab scale tablet compression machine. The pre-compression parameters assessed for the granules produced include angle of repose, bulk and tapped density, Carr's index, Housner's ratio. Compressed tablets were evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution time.
The most emerging branch in pharmaceutical sciences known as “Pharmaceutical nanotechnology” pres... more The most emerging branch in pharmaceutical sciences known as “Pharmaceutical nanotechnology” presents new tools, opportunities and scope, which are expected to have significant applications in disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology comprised of nano-sized products which can be transformed in numerous ways to improve their characteristics. A Nanosponge is a novel and emerging technology which offers targeted & controlled drug delivery for topical as well as oral use. Nanosponges are based on nano, polymer-based spheres that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, lotions, cream, ointments, liquid or powder. This technology offers entrapment of ingredients and thus reduced side effects, improved stability, increases elegance and enhanced formulation flexibility. Nanosponge is the part of advance drug delivery. It is a specific aiding system for targeted drug delivery of both kind of drugs either it is lipophilic or hydrophilic in a controlled manner. These have three dimensional networks or scaffold which is filled with drug and porous insoluble nanoparticles with a crystalline or amorphous structure and have spherical shape or swelling properties. The polarity and dimension of the polymer mesh can be easily varied by varying the type of cross-linker and degree of cross-linking. This review article deals with the general introduction of nanosponges, classification of nanosponges, characteristic features of nanosponges, their advantages, disadvantages, chemicals used in their preparation, preparation methodologies, factors affecting on their preparation, mechanism of action and evaluation parameters along with some applications of nanosponges.
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