International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences
Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of ethanol extract and its fractions of Rhaphid... more Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of ethanol extract and its fractions of Rhaphidophora glauca leaves in anthelmintic (in vitro) and α-amylase inhibitory activity (in vitro). Methods: Leaves of Rhaphidophora glauca was extracted with pure ethanol and fractioned with chloroform (CHFRG), petroleum ether (PEFRG), n-hexane (NHFRG) and ethyl acetate (EAFRG), which are tested for anthelmintic activity on aquarium worm Tubifex tubifex by using three concentrations viz., 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml of each. α-amylase inhibitory activity estimated by modified starch iodine protocol. Result: Among the EERG and various fractions, PEFRG exhibited strong anthelmintic activity in vitro. Where it paralyzed (4.54±0.39 min) and produced death (8.37±0.86 min) of the Tubifex tubifex at 20 mg/ml dose near the value of the standard, Levamisole (3.3±0.38 min and 6.5±0.76 min) at 1 mg/ml. EERG and its all fractions showed good α-amylase inhibitory activity, but PEFRG [IC50=1.757±0.025mg/ml] showed ...
The objective of the present study was to investigate the antiradical and xanthine oxidase inhibi... more The objective of the present study was to investigate the antiradical and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of leaves. Hence, crude methanolic leaves extract and its resultant fractions, namely hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol were evaluated for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. The active constituents were tentatively identified through LC-QTOF-MS/MS and molecular docking approaches. The n-butanol fraction of crude methanolic leaves extract displayed significant DPPH radical scavenging effect with IC (4.14 ± 0.21 μg/mL) ( < 0.05), as well as xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with IC (64.84 ± 3.93 μg/mL) ( < 0.05). Afzelechin 3--alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside and cucumerin A were tentatively identified as possible metabolites that contribute to the antioxidant activity of the n-butanol fraction.
This study shows the thrombolytic effect of different ethanol extracts and fractions of the leave... more This study shows the thrombolytic effect of different ethanol extracts and fractions of the leaves of Anogeissus acuminata by thrombolysis which is also known as thrombolytic therapy, we mean a treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs. In this experiment fraction of leaves of A. acuminata, as this is a medicinal plant. These were used in the treatment of thrombolytic therapy because it shows remarkable result in thrombolytic activity. Using an in vitro antithrombotic model, all extracts, fractions, and Streptokinase exhibited significant (P < 0.0001) clot lysis. EEAA extract exhibited highest % of clot lysis 44.14 ± 3.26 (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001). So this plant can further be used in cardiovascular diseases. One of the main causes of multiple cardiovascular diseases is intravascular thrombosis and current agents, which are used for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis but have some serious side effects. Therefore, new antithrombotic and thrombolytic agents are still needed. So this experiment can be referred over the drugs with hazardous side effects.
Anisomeles Indica (L.) Kuntze (Family-Lamiaceae) is commonly known as Gobura, is found in fallow ... more Anisomeles Indica (L.) Kuntze (Family-Lamiaceae) is commonly known as Gobura, is found in fallow lands throughout Bangladesh. The plant has used for carminative, astringent, tonic properties and uterine infection by the tribal in Khagrachari, Bangladesh. Our aim of the study to performed molecular docking studies to identify potential binding affinities of the phytocompounds from Anisomeles indica (L.), namely acteoside, β-Sitosterol, campneoside II, isoacteoside and stigmasterol towards BACE1 for searching of lead molecule against alzheimer's disease. A wide range of docking score found during molecular docking by Schrodinger. Acteoside, β-Sitosterol, campneoside II, isoacteoside and stigmasterol showed the docking score-6.457,-4.163,-6.300,-6.428 and-2.021 respectively. Among all the compounds acteoside showed best docking score towards BACE1. So, acteoside is the best compounds for selective BACE1 enzyme inhibition, as it possessed best value in Molecular docking. Further in vivo investigation need to identify BACE1enzyme inhibitory activity of isolated compounds from A. indica.
The aim of the study to find the mechanism of action of the isolated compounds from Nauclea latif... more The aim of the study to find the mechanism of action of the isolated compounds from Nauclea latifolia was explored the α-amylase inhibitory activity by molecular docking analysis used for five phytoconstituents namely beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, quinovic acid, rotundic acid and ursolic aldehyde isolated from N. latifolia, to identify whether these compounds interact with the responsible protein (α-amylase enzyme). And also ADME/T properties of the phytoconstituents were analyzed using Qikprop 3.2 module. A wide range of docking score found during molecular docking by CPI server. beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, quinovic acid, rotundic acid and ursolic aldehyde isolated showed the docking score-3.211,-3.526,-3.569,-4.199,-4.262, respectively. Among all the compounds, rotundic acid and ursolic aldehyde showed well docking score, glide emodel and glide energy. Predicted properties of beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, quinovic acid were not within the range for satisfying all the Lipinski's rule of five to be considered as drug like potential. But rotundic acid was satisfying all the Lipinski's rule of five to be considered as drug like potential. Ursolic aldehyde was satisfying all the Lipinski's rule of five except in lipophilicity (LogP) property. So, among all
The aim of the present study was to evaluate antibacterial activity on three Gram positive and fo... more The aim of the present study was to evaluate antibacterial activity on three Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria and antihelmintic activity on Tubifex tubifex worm of methanol extract of M. denticulata (Muell. Arg.) bark. The extract showed zone of inhibition in highest concentration of 900 μg/ml against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (8mm), Bacillus subtilis (12mm), Bacillus cereus(8mm)and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi (12mm), Salmonella paratyphi (Nil), Escherichia coli (13mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11mm).M. denticulata bark extract exhibited strong anthelmintic activity in vitro. Where it paralyzed (6.52±0.53 min) and produced death (12.36±0.81 min) of the Tubifex tubifex at 20 mg/ml dose near the value of the standard, Levamisole (3.3±0.38 min and 6.5±0.76 min) at 1 mg/ml. So methanol extract of M. denticulata barks showed moderate antibacterial activity and well antihelmintic activity Key words: Macaranga denticulata; bark; disk diffusion method; antihelmintic activity; Tubifex tubifex worm
ABSTRACT Objective: Our study includes the investigation of the phytochemical composition and in ... more ABSTRACT Objective: Our study includes the investigation of the phytochemical composition and in vitro free radical content and antiinflammatory activity of Mimosa pudica. Materials and Method: Free radical scavenging assay was done to evaluate the dose dependent reduction of free radical by ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica, this activity was compared with a reference antioxidant i.e. Ascorbic acid. The anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica has been determined by using carrageenan-induced paw edema assay and Cotton wool granuloma in rats. Results: The IC50 of our sample was 24.55 μg/ml, it’s a very much promising result comparing to same reference. At the dose of 300 mg/kg the extract shows considerable inhibitory effect on paw increase 1 hour after carrageenan administration, by inhibiting nearly 50%. The maximum inhibition (43.48%; p&amp;lt;0.001) elicited by the ethanolic extract was recorded after 4 hours after carrageenan injection. Diclofenac sodium which is a reference drug showed a similar inhibitory effect 4 hours after carrageenan administration (50.31%). The cotton wool granuloma is widely used to evaluate the transudative and proliferative components of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation occurs by means of the developments of proliferated cells and which can be spread in granuloma form. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the size of granuloma which results from cellular reaction by inhibiting granulocyte infiltration, preventing generation of collagen fibers and suppressing mucopolysaccharides. The extract showed significant (p&amp;lt;0.01) anti-inflammatory activity in cotton wool induced granuloma with 33.64% of inhibition at higher dose. Conclusion: This finding suggests that ethanolic extract of M. pudica possess potent anti-inflammatory activity possibly due to its free radical scavenging properties.
ABSTRACT Background: The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Dalbergia stipulacea an... more ABSTRACT Background: The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Dalbergia stipulacea and Hymendictyon excelsum has indicated the presence of steroid, flavonoid and glycoside like antioxidative and cardioprotective compounds. Methods: Since these compounds are of pharmacological interest, we got curious to check D. stipulacea and H. excelsum for their possible anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell) membrane stabilization method, anti-arthritic activity by the inhibition of protein denaturation method and anti-thrombotic activity. Results: The methanolic extracts of these plants exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity and remarkable anti-arthritic, anti-thrombotic action. The maximum membrane stabilization of D. stipulacea and H. excelsum was found to be 72.33±2.52% and 69.33±2.52% at a dose of 1000 μg and that of protein denaturation was found to be 73.50±1.32% and 70.17±3.01% at the same dose, correspondingly. On the other hand when compared to Streptokinase for their anti-thrombotic activity, it was found that they were close to standard with p&amp;lt;0.0001 (from paired t-test), D. stipulacea and H. excelsum results 46.79±2.43% and 39.01±2.24%, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, our studies support the isolation and the use of active constituents from D. stipulacea and H. excelsum in treating inflammations and rheumatism as well as we should check for reason of its thrombolytic activity.
Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bang... more Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh is described and compared with its relevant congeners both in morphology and mitochondrial gene sequences. The new species differs from its close relative H. tigerinus ...
Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bang... more Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh is described and compared with its relevant congeners both in morphology and mitochondrial gene sequences. The new species differs from its close relative H. tigerinus ...
ABSTRACT Given a set of symmetric/antisymmetric filter vectors containing only regular multiresol... more ABSTRACT Given a set of symmetric/antisymmetric filter vectors containing only regular multiresolution filters, the method we present in this article can establish a balanced multiresolution scheme for images, allowing their balanced decomposition and subsequent perfect reconstruction without the use of any extraordinary boundary filters. We define balanced multiresolution such that it allows balanced decomposition i.e. decomposition of a high-resolution image into a low-resolution image and corresponding details of equal size. Such a balanced decomposition makes on-demand reconstruction of regions of interest efficient in both computational load and implementation aspects. We find this balanced decomposition and perfect reconstruction based on an appropriate combination of symmetric/antisymmetric extensions near the image and detail boundaries. In our method, exploiting such extensions correlates to performing sample (pixel/voxel) split operations. Our general approach is demonstrated for some commonly used symmetric/antisymmetric multiresolution filters. We also show the application of such a balanced multiresolution scheme in real-time focus+context visualization.
The Indian bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and its four congeneric species are common frog spec... more The Indian bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and its four congeneric species are common frog species and distributed throughout South Asia. Due to recent human activity, they are facing a changing environment and reduction in natural population size. For effective conservation and molecular ecological studies, we therefore isolated and characterized microsatellite loci for these frogs. We obtained genomic data using an Ion Torrent PGM sequencer and designed 54 primer sets for candidate loci. By screening for polymorphic loci in individuals of H. tigerinus and its congeneric species, we isolated 27 loci as highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. Eight of these loci were commonly applicable for all species except H. chinensis. Within two populations of H. tigerinus, the total number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity ranged from 2 to 18 and 0.271 to 0.938, respectively. No significant linkage disequilibrium was observed across all loci, and five showed a significant devi...
International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences
Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of ethanol extract and its fractions of Rhaphid... more Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of ethanol extract and its fractions of Rhaphidophora glauca leaves in anthelmintic (in vitro) and α-amylase inhibitory activity (in vitro). Methods: Leaves of Rhaphidophora glauca was extracted with pure ethanol and fractioned with chloroform (CHFRG), petroleum ether (PEFRG), n-hexane (NHFRG) and ethyl acetate (EAFRG), which are tested for anthelmintic activity on aquarium worm Tubifex tubifex by using three concentrations viz., 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml of each. α-amylase inhibitory activity estimated by modified starch iodine protocol. Result: Among the EERG and various fractions, PEFRG exhibited strong anthelmintic activity in vitro. Where it paralyzed (4.54±0.39 min) and produced death (8.37±0.86 min) of the Tubifex tubifex at 20 mg/ml dose near the value of the standard, Levamisole (3.3±0.38 min and 6.5±0.76 min) at 1 mg/ml. EERG and its all fractions showed good α-amylase inhibitory activity, but PEFRG [IC50=1.757±0.025mg/ml] showed ...
The objective of the present study was to investigate the antiradical and xanthine oxidase inhibi... more The objective of the present study was to investigate the antiradical and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of leaves. Hence, crude methanolic leaves extract and its resultant fractions, namely hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol were evaluated for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. The active constituents were tentatively identified through LC-QTOF-MS/MS and molecular docking approaches. The n-butanol fraction of crude methanolic leaves extract displayed significant DPPH radical scavenging effect with IC (4.14 ± 0.21 μg/mL) ( < 0.05), as well as xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with IC (64.84 ± 3.93 μg/mL) ( < 0.05). Afzelechin 3--alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside and cucumerin A were tentatively identified as possible metabolites that contribute to the antioxidant activity of the n-butanol fraction.
This study shows the thrombolytic effect of different ethanol extracts and fractions of the leave... more This study shows the thrombolytic effect of different ethanol extracts and fractions of the leaves of Anogeissus acuminata by thrombolysis which is also known as thrombolytic therapy, we mean a treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs. In this experiment fraction of leaves of A. acuminata, as this is a medicinal plant. These were used in the treatment of thrombolytic therapy because it shows remarkable result in thrombolytic activity. Using an in vitro antithrombotic model, all extracts, fractions, and Streptokinase exhibited significant (P < 0.0001) clot lysis. EEAA extract exhibited highest % of clot lysis 44.14 ± 3.26 (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001). So this plant can further be used in cardiovascular diseases. One of the main causes of multiple cardiovascular diseases is intravascular thrombosis and current agents, which are used for the treatment and prevention of thrombosis but have some serious side effects. Therefore, new antithrombotic and thrombolytic agents are still needed. So this experiment can be referred over the drugs with hazardous side effects.
Anisomeles Indica (L.) Kuntze (Family-Lamiaceae) is commonly known as Gobura, is found in fallow ... more Anisomeles Indica (L.) Kuntze (Family-Lamiaceae) is commonly known as Gobura, is found in fallow lands throughout Bangladesh. The plant has used for carminative, astringent, tonic properties and uterine infection by the tribal in Khagrachari, Bangladesh. Our aim of the study to performed molecular docking studies to identify potential binding affinities of the phytocompounds from Anisomeles indica (L.), namely acteoside, β-Sitosterol, campneoside II, isoacteoside and stigmasterol towards BACE1 for searching of lead molecule against alzheimer's disease. A wide range of docking score found during molecular docking by Schrodinger. Acteoside, β-Sitosterol, campneoside II, isoacteoside and stigmasterol showed the docking score-6.457,-4.163,-6.300,-6.428 and-2.021 respectively. Among all the compounds acteoside showed best docking score towards BACE1. So, acteoside is the best compounds for selective BACE1 enzyme inhibition, as it possessed best value in Molecular docking. Further in vivo investigation need to identify BACE1enzyme inhibitory activity of isolated compounds from A. indica.
The aim of the study to find the mechanism of action of the isolated compounds from Nauclea latif... more The aim of the study to find the mechanism of action of the isolated compounds from Nauclea latifolia was explored the α-amylase inhibitory activity by molecular docking analysis used for five phytoconstituents namely beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, quinovic acid, rotundic acid and ursolic aldehyde isolated from N. latifolia, to identify whether these compounds interact with the responsible protein (α-amylase enzyme). And also ADME/T properties of the phytoconstituents were analyzed using Qikprop 3.2 module. A wide range of docking score found during molecular docking by CPI server. beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, quinovic acid, rotundic acid and ursolic aldehyde isolated showed the docking score-3.211,-3.526,-3.569,-4.199,-4.262, respectively. Among all the compounds, rotundic acid and ursolic aldehyde showed well docking score, glide emodel and glide energy. Predicted properties of beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, quinovic acid were not within the range for satisfying all the Lipinski's rule of five to be considered as drug like potential. But rotundic acid was satisfying all the Lipinski's rule of five to be considered as drug like potential. Ursolic aldehyde was satisfying all the Lipinski's rule of five except in lipophilicity (LogP) property. So, among all
The aim of the present study was to evaluate antibacterial activity on three Gram positive and fo... more The aim of the present study was to evaluate antibacterial activity on three Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria and antihelmintic activity on Tubifex tubifex worm of methanol extract of M. denticulata (Muell. Arg.) bark. The extract showed zone of inhibition in highest concentration of 900 μg/ml against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (8mm), Bacillus subtilis (12mm), Bacillus cereus(8mm)and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhi (12mm), Salmonella paratyphi (Nil), Escherichia coli (13mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11mm).M. denticulata bark extract exhibited strong anthelmintic activity in vitro. Where it paralyzed (6.52±0.53 min) and produced death (12.36±0.81 min) of the Tubifex tubifex at 20 mg/ml dose near the value of the standard, Levamisole (3.3±0.38 min and 6.5±0.76 min) at 1 mg/ml. So methanol extract of M. denticulata barks showed moderate antibacterial activity and well antihelmintic activity Key words: Macaranga denticulata; bark; disk diffusion method; antihelmintic activity; Tubifex tubifex worm
ABSTRACT Objective: Our study includes the investigation of the phytochemical composition and in ... more ABSTRACT Objective: Our study includes the investigation of the phytochemical composition and in vitro free radical content and antiinflammatory activity of Mimosa pudica. Materials and Method: Free radical scavenging assay was done to evaluate the dose dependent reduction of free radical by ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica, this activity was compared with a reference antioxidant i.e. Ascorbic acid. The anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic extract of Mimosa pudica has been determined by using carrageenan-induced paw edema assay and Cotton wool granuloma in rats. Results: The IC50 of our sample was 24.55 μg/ml, it’s a very much promising result comparing to same reference. At the dose of 300 mg/kg the extract shows considerable inhibitory effect on paw increase 1 hour after carrageenan administration, by inhibiting nearly 50%. The maximum inhibition (43.48%; p&amp;lt;0.001) elicited by the ethanolic extract was recorded after 4 hours after carrageenan injection. Diclofenac sodium which is a reference drug showed a similar inhibitory effect 4 hours after carrageenan administration (50.31%). The cotton wool granuloma is widely used to evaluate the transudative and proliferative components of chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation occurs by means of the developments of proliferated cells and which can be spread in granuloma form. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the size of granuloma which results from cellular reaction by inhibiting granulocyte infiltration, preventing generation of collagen fibers and suppressing mucopolysaccharides. The extract showed significant (p&amp;lt;0.01) anti-inflammatory activity in cotton wool induced granuloma with 33.64% of inhibition at higher dose. Conclusion: This finding suggests that ethanolic extract of M. pudica possess potent anti-inflammatory activity possibly due to its free radical scavenging properties.
ABSTRACT Background: The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Dalbergia stipulacea an... more ABSTRACT Background: The phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Dalbergia stipulacea and Hymendictyon excelsum has indicated the presence of steroid, flavonoid and glycoside like antioxidative and cardioprotective compounds. Methods: Since these compounds are of pharmacological interest, we got curious to check D. stipulacea and H. excelsum for their possible anti-inflammatory activity by HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell) membrane stabilization method, anti-arthritic activity by the inhibition of protein denaturation method and anti-thrombotic activity. Results: The methanolic extracts of these plants exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity and remarkable anti-arthritic, anti-thrombotic action. The maximum membrane stabilization of D. stipulacea and H. excelsum was found to be 72.33±2.52% and 69.33±2.52% at a dose of 1000 μg and that of protein denaturation was found to be 73.50±1.32% and 70.17±3.01% at the same dose, correspondingly. On the other hand when compared to Streptokinase for their anti-thrombotic activity, it was found that they were close to standard with p&amp;lt;0.0001 (from paired t-test), D. stipulacea and H. excelsum results 46.79±2.43% and 39.01±2.24%, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, our studies support the isolation and the use of active constituents from D. stipulacea and H. excelsum in treating inflammations and rheumatism as well as we should check for reason of its thrombolytic activity.
Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bang... more Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh is described and compared with its relevant congeners both in morphology and mitochondrial gene sequences. The new species differs from its close relative H. tigerinus ...
Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bang... more Abstract A new cryptic species of the genus Hoplobatrachus from Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh is described and compared with its relevant congeners both in morphology and mitochondrial gene sequences. The new species differs from its close relative H. tigerinus ...
ABSTRACT Given a set of symmetric/antisymmetric filter vectors containing only regular multiresol... more ABSTRACT Given a set of symmetric/antisymmetric filter vectors containing only regular multiresolution filters, the method we present in this article can establish a balanced multiresolution scheme for images, allowing their balanced decomposition and subsequent perfect reconstruction without the use of any extraordinary boundary filters. We define balanced multiresolution such that it allows balanced decomposition i.e. decomposition of a high-resolution image into a low-resolution image and corresponding details of equal size. Such a balanced decomposition makes on-demand reconstruction of regions of interest efficient in both computational load and implementation aspects. We find this balanced decomposition and perfect reconstruction based on an appropriate combination of symmetric/antisymmetric extensions near the image and detail boundaries. In our method, exploiting such extensions correlates to performing sample (pixel/voxel) split operations. Our general approach is demonstrated for some commonly used symmetric/antisymmetric multiresolution filters. We also show the application of such a balanced multiresolution scheme in real-time focus+context visualization.
The Indian bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and its four congeneric species are common frog spec... more The Indian bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and its four congeneric species are common frog species and distributed throughout South Asia. Due to recent human activity, they are facing a changing environment and reduction in natural population size. For effective conservation and molecular ecological studies, we therefore isolated and characterized microsatellite loci for these frogs. We obtained genomic data using an Ion Torrent PGM sequencer and designed 54 primer sets for candidate loci. By screening for polymorphic loci in individuals of H. tigerinus and its congeneric species, we isolated 27 loci as highly polymorphic microsatellite loci. Eight of these loci were commonly applicable for all species except H. chinensis. Within two populations of H. tigerinus, the total number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity ranged from 2 to 18 and 0.271 to 0.938, respectively. No significant linkage disequilibrium was observed across all loci, and five showed a significant devi...
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Papers by Mahmudul Hasan
Key words: Macaranga denticulata; bark; disk diffusion method; antihelmintic activity; Tubifex tubifex worm
Key words: Macaranga denticulata; bark; disk diffusion method; antihelmintic activity; Tubifex tubifex worm