Magnetic resonant coupling between two coils allows effective wireless transfer of power over dis... more Magnetic resonant coupling between two coils allows effective wireless transfer of power over distances in the range of tens of centimeters to a few meters. The strong resonant magnetic field also extends to the immediate surroundings of the power transfer system. When a user or bystander is exposed to this magnetic field, electric fields are induced in the body. For the purposes of human and product safety, it is necessary to evaluate whether these fields satisfy the human exposure limits specified in international guidelines and standards. This work investigates the effectiveness of the quasistatic approximation for computational modeling human exposure to the magnetic fields of wireless power transfer systems. It is shown that, when valid, this approximation can greatly reduce the computational requirements of the assessment of human exposure. Using the quasistatic modeling approach, we present an example of the assessment of human exposure to the non-uniform magnetic field of a realistic WPT system for wireless charging of an electric vehicle battery, and propose a coupling factor for practical determination of compliance with the international exposure standards.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017
Electric vehicles (EV) are now considered the present and future of road transportation to reduce... more Electric vehicles (EV) are now considered the present and future of road transportation to reduce the emission of CO2 into the environment and thus progressively reduce global warming and climate change. However, EVs currently have some weaknesses such as the available range of battery-powered EVs and the recharging time of the batteries. To overcome these problems, some electrification projects have been proposed for road transportation such as the dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), where an EV charges as it moves along an electrified lane using magnetoresonant coupling between short tracks mounted on the road pavement and the vehicle's onboard pickup coils. While the results are encouraging from an electrical point of view, there is concern regarding the magnetic field in the environment produced by the DWPT coils, which can produce adverse health effects in humans and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electronic devices. The latter also includes implantable medical devices (IMDs) and in particular cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), which may be present among vehicle passengers and pedestrians in areas surrounding the vehicle. The aim of this study is the numerical analysis of the EMI produced by a DWPT system in CIEDs with leads such as pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), etc. EMI is mainly produced by the incident magnetic field and the induced voltage at the input port of a CIED; therefore, in this work the magnetic field levels produced by a DWPT system operating at 85 kHz are calculated first, then the voltage at the input port of a pacemaker is evaluated as that produced by the magnetic field incident on the loop surface formed by a lead implanted in the venous system. According to ISO 14117 standard, it is assumed that the lead loop is planar, semicircular in shape and with an area equal to 225 cm 2. Since the lead can be placed anywhere where a human can be and with any orientation, an innovative and sophisticated roto-translation algorithm is proposed to find the maximum value of the peak-to-peak induced loop voltage in the most critical regions inside the vehicle cabin and beside the vehicle near the DWPT coils. The preliminary results obtained show that there is no EMI risk inside the vehicle for the passengers with CIEDs, while some concern for pedestrians is due to the induced voltage at the input port of a CIED with unipolar leads which can exceed the ISO 14117 limit in the region next to the vehicle.
2020 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2020
This study deals with the analysis of an optimum configuration for a wireless powering system app... more This study deals with the analysis of an optimum configuration for a wireless powering system applied to a left ventricular assisted device (LVAD). The current models of LVAD are miniaturized pump that are attached directly to heart by mini-invasive technique and can be used to treat advanced heart pathologies. The pump is electrically driven by a DC brushless motor powered by an external battery connected to the motor by percutaneous driveline cable. This last is cause of many infections and should be eliminated. Aim of this work is the study of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system used to power the motor replacing the percutaneous driveline. Electrical performances, safety aspects and reliability of the system are all aspects of paramount importance. A backup battery integrated with the implanted secondary coil is also proposed. This solution permits to improve the system reliability with a minimum number of components that must be subcutaneously implanted.
2019 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE
The paper provides a parametric investigation on the magnetic field produced by a wireless power ... more The paper provides a parametric investigation on the magnetic field produced by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle (EV), varying the position of the secondary coil in the car underbody. The considered WPT charging system operates at the frequency of 85 kHz with a power of 7.7 kW. The WPT system creates a very strong magnetic field that can be critical for human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and for immunity of implanted medical devices. The presence of the conductive body-frame of the vehicle permits to shield the magnetic field inside the cabin, but beside the vehicle the field level is significant. Several factors (installation position of the secondary coil; coil alignment; vehicle shape and dimensions; ground clearance; body material; etc.) that influence the magnetic field behavior are considered. Different EV-WPT coil configurations are examined and the magnetic field levels are predicted by numerical simulations. From the obtained results general guidelines for the optimal position of the WPT system are provided.
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2021
This article deals with an innovative wireless charging system for an implanted capsule robot. Th... more This article deals with an innovative wireless charging system for an implanted capsule robot. The transmitting coil is given by a combination of a Helmholtz coil and a birdcage coil. This coil configuration generates a magnetic field with all nonzero field components for any location within the human torso. Therefore, a single axis receiving coil wound around a cylindrical shaped ferrite core is able to receive a significant quantity of electrical energy for any capsule orientation and position. Design guidelines are provided and illustrative examples are given. Assuming a capsule of 2 cm length and 1 cm diameter we can transfer at least 1 W to the load with a minimum power transfer efficiency larger than 10% without considering electronic losses. Finally, compliance with electromagnetic field safety limits is assessed by a numerical dosimetric analysis.
This paper deals with the shielding of the magnetic field generated by two planar coils of a wire... more This paper deals with the shielding of the magnetic field generated by two planar coils of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system at the frequency of tens of kilohertz used in automotive applications. Different shielding techniques using conductive and magnetic materials are examined and discussed highlighting strong and weak points of each other. Finally, the proposed shielding configuration consisting of a combined conductive and magnetic material is applied to model an electric vehicle equipped with a WPT charging system. With this configuration, compliance with the electromagnetic field safety standards can be achieved inside (passengers) or near (pedestrian) the car.
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2017
In this study, the inter-and intralaboratory comparison of coupling factors is discussed for huma... more In this study, the inter-and intralaboratory comparison of coupling factors is discussed for human exposure to nonuniform magnetic field from different wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. In order to derive the coupling factors, different laboratories computed the internal electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) for different WPT configurations. The concept of coupling factors was originally introduced in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62311 and 62233 standards, for product safety assessment. For WPT systems, extension of the coupling factors is discussed in the IEC working group. This factor enables the estimation of the internal electric field and the SAR without detailed computation using human anatomical models. The coupling factors were computed for different WPT systems, such as an electric vehicle charging at approximately 100 kHz, induction coupling systems (140 kHz band), and home appliances (6.78 MHz). Four in-house codes were used in this inter-and intralaboratory comparison study to compute the coupling factors for the systems. Similar tendencies were observed in the coupling factors obtained by the groups. The difference between the coupling factors of different research groups is 30% when considering the same exposure scenarios. The coupling factors for different WPT systems are different because of the frequency, coil size, and existence of the magnetic sheet (shield). The variability of the internal electric field for WPT systems is also investigated to set the coupling factor required for practical use.
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2019
The shielding technique by active coils is proposed to mitigate the magnetic field produced by a ... more The shielding technique by active coils is proposed to mitigate the magnetic field produced by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on near field coupling. General guidelines are provided for the active shielding design to shield the source for emission reduction or to shield the victim for immunity enhancement. Then, a method is proposed to identify the suitable excitation of the active coils. The proposed method permits the mitigation of the magnetic field in a specific point or of the induced effects in a loop area. Furthermore, the influence of the active shielding on the performance of a WPT system is also investigated. Finally, the proposed solution for active shielding is validated by measurements. A shielding effectiveness (SE) of about 20 dB on the considered area is obtained with a negligible degradation of the WPT system efficiency.
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2017
A new artificial material single layer (AMSL) model is presented to solve shielding problem. The ... more A new artificial material single layer (AMSL) model is presented to solve shielding problem. The field penetration through the conductive shield is described by lossy transmission line equations. The resulting equations are used to numerically synthetize an equivalent material for the shield region having the same geometrical configuration of the original shield, but different specific constants. The AMSL method is very accurate and highly efficient since it allows to discretizing the shield region using only a single layer of finite elements avoiding the fine discretization required by the finite-element method (FEM) to model the skin effect. The most relevant aspect of the proposed procedure is that the AMSL method can be easily implemented in FEM-based commercial software tools.
The aim of this study is to predict the electromagnetic interference (EMI) effect produced by a d... more The aim of this study is to predict the electromagnetic interference (EMI) effect produced by a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system on a buried multiconductor signal cable. The short-track DWPT system architecture is here considered with an operating frequency of 85 kHz and maximum power transferred to an EV equal to 10 kW. The EMI source is the DWPT transmitting coil which is activated when a vehicle passes over it. The electric and magnetic fields in the earth produced by the DWPT coil currents are calculated numerically using the finite elements method (FEM). These fields are then used to derive the voltage and current sources that appear in the field-excited multiconductor transmission line (MTL) model, used for the buried shielded cable. The MTL is analyzed considering the first ten harmonics of the current. The currents and voltages at the terminal ends are calculated considering the wireless charging of a single electric vehicle (EV) first, and then the simultaneous...
2020 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE, 2020
The diagnostic tool of code current parameters and return traction current interferences is propo... more The diagnostic tool of code current parameters and return traction current interferences is proposed. This apparatuses allows to analyze the spectrum and the value of interferences in the track circuits and to determine their sources. The research results are illustrated. The probability characteristics of return traction current interferences are determined.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This study deals with the design of a near-field wireless power transfer (WPT) system applied to ... more This study deals with the design of a near-field wireless power transfer (WPT) system applied to a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to treat patients with heart-failure problems. An LVAD is an implanted electrically driven pump connected to the heart and is traditionally powered by batteries external to the human body via a percutaneous driveline cable. The main challenge of wirelessly powering an LVAD implanted deep in the human body is to transfer relatively high power with high efficiency levels. Here the optimal design of the primary and secondary WPT coils is proposed to improve the performance of the WPT, avoiding possible safety problems of electromagnetic fields (EMF). As a main result, an average power of 5 W is continuously delivered to the LVAD by the WPT system working at 6.78 MHz with a total (DC–to–DC) efficiency of approximately 65% for the worst-case configuration.
This study deals with the inductive-based wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to pow... more This study deals with the inductive-based wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to power a deep implant with no fixed position. The usage of a large primary coil is here proposed in order to obtain a nearly uniform magnetic field inside the human body at intermediate frequencies (IFs). A simple configuration of the primary coil, derived by the Helmholtz theory, is proposed. Then, a detailed analysis is carried out to assess the compliance with electromagnetic field (EMF) safety standards. General guidelines on the design of primary and secondary coils are provided for powering or charging a deep implant of cylindrical shape with or without metal housing. Finally, three different WPT coil demonstrators have been fabricated and tested. The obtained results have demonstrated the validity of the proposed technology.
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2016
A wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on magnetic resonant coupling is applied to a pacema... more A wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on magnetic resonant coupling is applied to a pacemaker for recharge its battery. The primary coil is assumed to be on-body, while the secondary coil is in-body. Three different configurations of the secondary coil are hereby investigated placing it inside the titanium case of the pacemaker, on the top surface of the case, or being part of the top surface case. The operational frequency is fixed to be at a relatively low frequency (20 kHz) in order to allow field penetration through the case and to limit the electric and magnetic field safety and thermal increase issues. For each examined configuration, these aspects are investigated by numerical and experimental techniques. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solutions highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
Magnetic resonant coupling between two coils allows effective wireless transfer of power over dis... more Magnetic resonant coupling between two coils allows effective wireless transfer of power over distances in the range of tens of centimeters to a few meters. The strong resonant magnetic field also extends to the immediate surroundings of the power transfer system. When a user or bystander is exposed to this magnetic field, electric fields are induced in the body. For the purposes of human and product safety, it is necessary to evaluate whether these fields satisfy the human exposure limits specified in international guidelines and standards. This work investigates the effectiveness of the quasistatic approximation for computational modeling human exposure to the magnetic fields of wireless power transfer systems. It is shown that, when valid, this approximation can greatly reduce the computational requirements of the assessment of human exposure. Using the quasistatic modeling approach, we present an example of the assessment of human exposure to the non-uniform magnetic field of a realistic WPT system for wireless charging of an electric vehicle battery, and propose a coupling factor for practical determination of compliance with the international exposure standards.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2017
Electric vehicles (EV) are now considered the present and future of road transportation to reduce... more Electric vehicles (EV) are now considered the present and future of road transportation to reduce the emission of CO2 into the environment and thus progressively reduce global warming and climate change. However, EVs currently have some weaknesses such as the available range of battery-powered EVs and the recharging time of the batteries. To overcome these problems, some electrification projects have been proposed for road transportation such as the dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), where an EV charges as it moves along an electrified lane using magnetoresonant coupling between short tracks mounted on the road pavement and the vehicle's onboard pickup coils. While the results are encouraging from an electrical point of view, there is concern regarding the magnetic field in the environment produced by the DWPT coils, which can produce adverse health effects in humans and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electronic devices. The latter also includes implantable medical devices (IMDs) and in particular cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), which may be present among vehicle passengers and pedestrians in areas surrounding the vehicle. The aim of this study is the numerical analysis of the EMI produced by a DWPT system in CIEDs with leads such as pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), etc. EMI is mainly produced by the incident magnetic field and the induced voltage at the input port of a CIED; therefore, in this work the magnetic field levels produced by a DWPT system operating at 85 kHz are calculated first, then the voltage at the input port of a pacemaker is evaluated as that produced by the magnetic field incident on the loop surface formed by a lead implanted in the venous system. According to ISO 14117 standard, it is assumed that the lead loop is planar, semicircular in shape and with an area equal to 225 cm 2. Since the lead can be placed anywhere where a human can be and with any orientation, an innovative and sophisticated roto-translation algorithm is proposed to find the maximum value of the peak-to-peak induced loop voltage in the most critical regions inside the vehicle cabin and beside the vehicle near the DWPT coils. The preliminary results obtained show that there is no EMI risk inside the vehicle for the passengers with CIEDs, while some concern for pedestrians is due to the induced voltage at the input port of a CIED with unipolar leads which can exceed the ISO 14117 limit in the region next to the vehicle.
2020 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2020
This study deals with the analysis of an optimum configuration for a wireless powering system app... more This study deals with the analysis of an optimum configuration for a wireless powering system applied to a left ventricular assisted device (LVAD). The current models of LVAD are miniaturized pump that are attached directly to heart by mini-invasive technique and can be used to treat advanced heart pathologies. The pump is electrically driven by a DC brushless motor powered by an external battery connected to the motor by percutaneous driveline cable. This last is cause of many infections and should be eliminated. Aim of this work is the study of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system used to power the motor replacing the percutaneous driveline. Electrical performances, safety aspects and reliability of the system are all aspects of paramount importance. A backup battery integrated with the implanted secondary coil is also proposed. This solution permits to improve the system reliability with a minimum number of components that must be subcutaneously implanted.
2019 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE
The paper provides a parametric investigation on the magnetic field produced by a wireless power ... more The paper provides a parametric investigation on the magnetic field produced by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle (EV), varying the position of the secondary coil in the car underbody. The considered WPT charging system operates at the frequency of 85 kHz with a power of 7.7 kW. The WPT system creates a very strong magnetic field that can be critical for human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and for immunity of implanted medical devices. The presence of the conductive body-frame of the vehicle permits to shield the magnetic field inside the cabin, but beside the vehicle the field level is significant. Several factors (installation position of the secondary coil; coil alignment; vehicle shape and dimensions; ground clearance; body material; etc.) that influence the magnetic field behavior are considered. Different EV-WPT coil configurations are examined and the magnetic field levels are predicted by numerical simulations. From the obtained results general guidelines for the optimal position of the WPT system are provided.
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2021
This article deals with an innovative wireless charging system for an implanted capsule robot. Th... more This article deals with an innovative wireless charging system for an implanted capsule robot. The transmitting coil is given by a combination of a Helmholtz coil and a birdcage coil. This coil configuration generates a magnetic field with all nonzero field components for any location within the human torso. Therefore, a single axis receiving coil wound around a cylindrical shaped ferrite core is able to receive a significant quantity of electrical energy for any capsule orientation and position. Design guidelines are provided and illustrative examples are given. Assuming a capsule of 2 cm length and 1 cm diameter we can transfer at least 1 W to the load with a minimum power transfer efficiency larger than 10% without considering electronic losses. Finally, compliance with electromagnetic field safety limits is assessed by a numerical dosimetric analysis.
This paper deals with the shielding of the magnetic field generated by two planar coils of a wire... more This paper deals with the shielding of the magnetic field generated by two planar coils of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system at the frequency of tens of kilohertz used in automotive applications. Different shielding techniques using conductive and magnetic materials are examined and discussed highlighting strong and weak points of each other. Finally, the proposed shielding configuration consisting of a combined conductive and magnetic material is applied to model an electric vehicle equipped with a WPT charging system. With this configuration, compliance with the electromagnetic field safety standards can be achieved inside (passengers) or near (pedestrian) the car.
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2017
In this study, the inter-and intralaboratory comparison of coupling factors is discussed for huma... more In this study, the inter-and intralaboratory comparison of coupling factors is discussed for human exposure to nonuniform magnetic field from different wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. In order to derive the coupling factors, different laboratories computed the internal electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) for different WPT configurations. The concept of coupling factors was originally introduced in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62311 and 62233 standards, for product safety assessment. For WPT systems, extension of the coupling factors is discussed in the IEC working group. This factor enables the estimation of the internal electric field and the SAR without detailed computation using human anatomical models. The coupling factors were computed for different WPT systems, such as an electric vehicle charging at approximately 100 kHz, induction coupling systems (140 kHz band), and home appliances (6.78 MHz). Four in-house codes were used in this inter-and intralaboratory comparison study to compute the coupling factors for the systems. Similar tendencies were observed in the coupling factors obtained by the groups. The difference between the coupling factors of different research groups is 30% when considering the same exposure scenarios. The coupling factors for different WPT systems are different because of the frequency, coil size, and existence of the magnetic sheet (shield). The variability of the internal electric field for WPT systems is also investigated to set the coupling factor required for practical use.
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2019
The shielding technique by active coils is proposed to mitigate the magnetic field produced by a ... more The shielding technique by active coils is proposed to mitigate the magnetic field produced by a wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on near field coupling. General guidelines are provided for the active shielding design to shield the source for emission reduction or to shield the victim for immunity enhancement. Then, a method is proposed to identify the suitable excitation of the active coils. The proposed method permits the mitigation of the magnetic field in a specific point or of the induced effects in a loop area. Furthermore, the influence of the active shielding on the performance of a WPT system is also investigated. Finally, the proposed solution for active shielding is validated by measurements. A shielding effectiveness (SE) of about 20 dB on the considered area is obtained with a negligible degradation of the WPT system efficiency.
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2017
A new artificial material single layer (AMSL) model is presented to solve shielding problem. The ... more A new artificial material single layer (AMSL) model is presented to solve shielding problem. The field penetration through the conductive shield is described by lossy transmission line equations. The resulting equations are used to numerically synthetize an equivalent material for the shield region having the same geometrical configuration of the original shield, but different specific constants. The AMSL method is very accurate and highly efficient since it allows to discretizing the shield region using only a single layer of finite elements avoiding the fine discretization required by the finite-element method (FEM) to model the skin effect. The most relevant aspect of the proposed procedure is that the AMSL method can be easily implemented in FEM-based commercial software tools.
The aim of this study is to predict the electromagnetic interference (EMI) effect produced by a d... more The aim of this study is to predict the electromagnetic interference (EMI) effect produced by a dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system on a buried multiconductor signal cable. The short-track DWPT system architecture is here considered with an operating frequency of 85 kHz and maximum power transferred to an EV equal to 10 kW. The EMI source is the DWPT transmitting coil which is activated when a vehicle passes over it. The electric and magnetic fields in the earth produced by the DWPT coil currents are calculated numerically using the finite elements method (FEM). These fields are then used to derive the voltage and current sources that appear in the field-excited multiconductor transmission line (MTL) model, used for the buried shielded cable. The MTL is analyzed considering the first ten harmonics of the current. The currents and voltages at the terminal ends are calculated considering the wireless charging of a single electric vehicle (EV) first, and then the simultaneous...
2020 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC EUROPE, 2020
The diagnostic tool of code current parameters and return traction current interferences is propo... more The diagnostic tool of code current parameters and return traction current interferences is proposed. This apparatuses allows to analyze the spectrum and the value of interferences in the track circuits and to determine their sources. The research results are illustrated. The probability characteristics of return traction current interferences are determined.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This study deals with the design of a near-field wireless power transfer (WPT) system applied to ... more This study deals with the design of a near-field wireless power transfer (WPT) system applied to a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to treat patients with heart-failure problems. An LVAD is an implanted electrically driven pump connected to the heart and is traditionally powered by batteries external to the human body via a percutaneous driveline cable. The main challenge of wirelessly powering an LVAD implanted deep in the human body is to transfer relatively high power with high efficiency levels. Here the optimal design of the primary and secondary WPT coils is proposed to improve the performance of the WPT, avoiding possible safety problems of electromagnetic fields (EMF). As a main result, an average power of 5 W is continuously delivered to the LVAD by the WPT system working at 6.78 MHz with a total (DC–to–DC) efficiency of approximately 65% for the worst-case configuration.
This study deals with the inductive-based wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to pow... more This study deals with the inductive-based wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to power a deep implant with no fixed position. The usage of a large primary coil is here proposed in order to obtain a nearly uniform magnetic field inside the human body at intermediate frequencies (IFs). A simple configuration of the primary coil, derived by the Helmholtz theory, is proposed. Then, a detailed analysis is carried out to assess the compliance with electromagnetic field (EMF) safety standards. General guidelines on the design of primary and secondary coils are provided for powering or charging a deep implant of cylindrical shape with or without metal housing. Finally, three different WPT coil demonstrators have been fabricated and tested. The obtained results have demonstrated the validity of the proposed technology.
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2016
A wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on magnetic resonant coupling is applied to a pacema... more A wireless power transfer (WPT) system based on magnetic resonant coupling is applied to a pacemaker for recharge its battery. The primary coil is assumed to be on-body, while the secondary coil is in-body. Three different configurations of the secondary coil are hereby investigated placing it inside the titanium case of the pacemaker, on the top surface of the case, or being part of the top surface case. The operational frequency is fixed to be at a relatively low frequency (20 kHz) in order to allow field penetration through the case and to limit the electric and magnetic field safety and thermal increase issues. For each examined configuration, these aspects are investigated by numerical and experimental techniques. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solutions highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
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