Brave, M., Kroll, M.W., Ross, D.L., Kunz, S.N., Peters, Jr., J.G., Luceri, R.M., Karch, S., Vilke G.M., Bloodgood, M., Park, P., Wetli, C., and Mash, D. (2024). Non-Firearm Temporal Officer-Associated Death Incident Features Information/Disclosure Reference Bundle. 20 May 2024., 2024
Non-Firearm (NF) Temporal (not causal) Law Enforcement Officer (LEO) Associated Death (TO-AD) is ... more Non-Firearm (NF) Temporal (not causal) Law Enforcement Officer (LEO) Associated Death (TO-AD) is very rare with ≈ 82 deaths (on average) annually in the United States of America (U.S.A.). 1 Associated Press Lethal Restraint 10-year database (2012-2021) a "excited delirium"-142, of which homicide 21. "Key" NF TOAD incident behavioral and other features, factors, or characteristics (historically often referred to as "excited delirium" or "excited delirium syndrome" (ExDS b) epidemiological studies (14,760,000+ police-public interactions) including: Baldwin (2022), 2 Baldwin (2018), 3 Ross (2018), 4 Baldwin (2016), 5 Strote (2014), 6,7 Hall (2013), 8 and others. 9 Numerous papers and book chapters recommend or suggest Conducted Energy Weapons (CEWs), c in broad-probe spread deployment mode, to rapidly capture, restrain, facilitate control, and deliver subject to medical personnel. 4,5,10-15. d NF TOAD is only one form of potential sudden death that LEOs may encounter. Other potential causes of unexpected law enforcement TOADs include, but are not limited to: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), 16,17 sickle cell sudden death, 18 various cardiomyopathies, 19 drug induced arrhythmias (including those caused by alcohol 20,21 and marijuana 22-26), psychiatric arrhythmias (whether due to schizophrenia 27 or medications 28), severe coronary artery disease, and stress. 29,30 A syndrome is an aggregate of signs and symptoms that define a medical condition. Not all persons with a certain syndrome have all the same signs and symptoms. Not all cases of a syndrome result from the same cause. For example, some persons with carpal tunnel syndrome will have numbness and tingling, while others will have weakness and pain. Also, some persons with carpal tunnel syndrome will have it because of trauma, while others will have the syndrome because of pregnancy, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or thyroid disease. Persons exhibiting NF TOAD incident behaviors, characteristics, or features may have various combinations of some of the signs and symptoms listed herein. The cause (etiology) in any individual may be due to one or more of a number of conditions. The most common conditions are mental illness and illegal stimulant abuse (especially cocaine and methamphetamine). 31 The terms "excited delirium," "excited delirium syndrome," or similar terms have been or are in the process of being banned, prohibited, and/or restricted from use, and are not recognized or included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR ®) (published in 2022). In some jurisdictions many physicians do not recognize the term even though they may be very familiar with agitation and deaths due to drugs and other conditions. 32 It is important to avoid the distraction of the various terms that have been applied to this syndrome. For example, what has historically been referred to as excited delirium 31,33-56 or agitated delirium 57-104 has also been called: Bell's mania, 105 acute exhaustive mania, 106 acute delirious mania, 105 delirium grave, 105 typhoma, 105 acute delirium, 105 manic-depressive exhaustion, 107 excited catatonia, 77 lethal catatonia, 108 and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. 37,60,108-110 Full autopsy, causation, contribution, degrees of certainty are extremely important with NF TOADs and are often not consistent with Federal Rule of Evidence (702) and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (26) requirements and are not methodologically reliable to a reasonable degree of certainty.
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